Arithmetic Instructions
• Inc
• Dec
• Add
• Sub
• Neg
INC and DEC instruction
• The INC and DEC instructions add 1 to or subtract 1 from a single
operand, respectively.
• Syntax:
– INC destination
– DEC destination
• Destination may be an 8 or 16 bit register or memory operand.
• INC and DEC are faster than the ADD and SUB instructions, so they
should be used where practical
• All status flags are affected except the Carry Flag.
INC and DEC instruction
• Example:
– inc al ; increment an 8-bit register
– dec bx ; decrement of a 16-bit register
– inc membyte ; increment memory operand
ADD instruction
• The ADD instructions adds an 8-bit or 16-bit source operand to a
destination operand of the same size.
• Syntax:
– ADD destination, source
• Source is unchanged by the operation
• The sizes of the operands must match, & only one memory operand
may be used.
• A segment register may not be the destination.
• All status flags are affected.
ADD instruction
• Examples:
– Add al, 1 ; add immediate value to 8-bit register.
– Add cl, al ; add 8 bit register to register.
– Add bx, 1000h ; add immediate value
– Add var1, ax ; add 16-bit register to memory
– Add var1, 10 ; add immediate value to memory
SUB instruction
• The SUB instructions subtracts a source operand from a destination
operand.
• Syntax:
– SUB destination, source
• The sizes of the two operands must match, & only one may be a
memory operand.
• A segment register may not be the destination operand.
• All status flags are affected.
SUB instruction
• Examples:
– Sub al, 1 ; subtract immediate value from 8-bit register
– Sub cl, al ; subtract 8-bit register from register
– Sub bx, 1000h ; subtract immediate value from 16-bit register
memory
– Sub var1, 10 ; subtract immediate value from memory
Flags Affected by ADD and SUB
• If the result of an addition operation is too large for the destination
operand, the Carry Flag is set:
– Mov al, FA
Add al, 32; Carry Flag set
(the result is 300 (12C), too large to fit into AL)
• If the source is larger than the destination, a subtraction operation
requires a borrow, the Carry Flag is set:
– Mov al, 5
sub al, 10 ; Carry Flag set
Flags Affected by ADD and SUB
• If the result of an arithmetic operation is zero, the Zero flag is set:
– Mov bl, 0
mov al, 0
add al, bl ; Zero Flag is set
mov al, 10
sub al, 10 ; Zero Flag is set
• When an addition operation generates a result exactly 1 too large for the
destination, it sets the Zero Flag.
– Mov bl, FF
add bl, 1 ; Zero Flag set, & BL= 0h.
Flags Affected by ADD and SUB
• The Overflow Flag is set when an addition operation generates a signed
number that is out of range.
• Range of a signed 8-bit value is -128 to +127 & a singed 16-bit value is
limited to -32768 to +32767 because of the highest bit is reserved for the
sign
– Mov cl, 7F
add cl, 2 ; Overflow flag set & CL = 80
NEG instruction
• The NEG instructions performs 1st and 2nd complement to the
destination operand.
• Actually, it reverses each bit of the operand and then adds 1 to it.
• The execution on NEG instruction to a +ve number will result in a –ve
number, and –ve number will result in a +ve number.
• Syntax:
– NEG destination
• The destination operand can be a register or memory operand.
• All status flags are affected (CF, ZF, SF, OF, PF and AF).
NEG instruction
• Examples:
– MOV BL, 100 ; BX = 0064h
– NEG BL ; BX = 009Ch
*SF = 1,C= 1, PF = 1, ZF = 0, OF = 0, AF = 0
