Murang’a University of Technology

EET404: Power systems I

Tutorial I

1. If v = 141.4sin(ωt+30°) V and i = 11.31cos(ωt-30°) A, find for each:

i) The maximum value (141.4 V; 11.31 A)
ii) The RMS value (100 V; 8 A)
iii) The phasor expression in polar and rectangular form if voltage is the reference.
(100∠0°V; 8∠-60°A)
2. A single phase AC voltage of 240 V is applied to a series circuit whose impedance is 10∠60°Ω.
Find R, X, P, Q and the power factor of the circuit. (5Ω; 8.66Ω; 2.88 kW; 5 kVAr; 0.5 lag)
3. In a balanced three phase system, the star connected impedances are 10∠30°Ω. If VBC =
415∠90°V, find Icn in polar form. (24.02∠-90° A)
4. A single phase motor connected to a 400 V, 50 Hz supply takes 31.7 A at a power factor of 0.7
lagging. Calculate the capacitance required in parallel with the motor to raise the power factor to
0.9 lagging. (94.3µF)
5. A single phase two-winding transformer is rated 25 kVA, 1,100/440 V, 50 Hz. The equivalent
leakage impedance of the transformer referred to the low voltage side is 0.06∠78° Ω. Using
transformer rating as base values, determine the per-unit leakage impedance referred to low
voltage winding and referred to high voltage winding. (0.00774∠78° pu)
6. Figure 1 shows the single line diagram of a single phase circuit. Using the base values of 3 kVA
and 230 V, draw the per-unit circuit and determine the per-unit impedances and the per-unit source
voltage. Also calculate the load current both in per-unit and in amps. (XT1 = 0.10 pu, XT2
= 0.1548 pu, XLine = 0.048 pu, ZL = 0.1724 + j 0.0646 pu; VS = 0.956∠0° pu; IL = 2.355∠-65°
pu = 59.83∠-65° A)

Figure 1: Single phase circuit

7. The single line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown in Fig. 2. Select a common
base of 100 MVA and 13.8 kV on the generator side. Draw the per-unit impedance diagram.
 Figure 2: Three phase circuit
G : 90 MVA, 13.8 kV, Xg = 18%
T1 : 50 MVA, 13.8/220 kV, XT1 = 10%
T2 : 50 MVA, 220/11 kV, XT2 = 10%
T3 : 50 MVA, 13.8/132 kV, XT3 = 10%
T4 : 50 MVA, 132/11 kV, XT4 = 10%
M : 80 MVA, 10.45 kV, Xm = 20%
Load : 57 MVA, 0.8 pf lagging at 10.45 kV
XLine1 = 50 Ω and XLine2 = 70 Ω
(Xg = 0.20 pu, XT1 = 0.20 pu, XT2 = 0.20 pu, XT3 = 0.20 pu, XT4 = 0.20 pu, Xm = 0.20 pu, XLine1
= 0.1033 pu, XLine2 = 0.4017 pu, ZL = 1.266 + j 0.95 pu)
8. A single phase AC generator supplies the following loads:
i) Lighting load of 20 kW at unity power factor.
ii) Induction motor load of 100 kW at 0.707 p.f. lagging.
iii) Synchronous motor load of 50 kW at 0.9 p.f. leading.
Determine the total kW and KVA delivered by the generator and the power factor at which it
operates. (170 kW; 186 kVA; 0.914 lag)
9. A synchronous motor improves the power factor of a load of 200 kW from 0.8 lagging to 0.9
lagging. Simultaneously, the motor carries a load of 80 kW. Find
i) The leading kVAr taken by the motor. (14.4 kVAr)
ii) kVA rating of the motor. (81.28 kVA)
iii) Power factor at which the motor operates. (0.984 lead)
 Murang’a University of Technology
EET 404: Power systems I

Tutorial II: Transmission line parameters (RL)

1. A three phase transmission line 100 km long has its conductor of 4 mm diameter spaced at the
vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 1.1 m. Find the inductance and reactance per phase of the system
if the system is operated at 50 Hz. (L = 131.2 mH/phase; X = 41.218 Ω/phase)
2. Determine the inductance per kilometer of a three phase transmission line having two conductors per
phase, as shown in Fig. Q2. The diameter of each conductor is 25 mm and carries 50% of the phase current.

35 cm

a c’
a’ b b’ c
6m 6m
Fig. Q2
3. Determine the inductance of the double circuit line shown in Fig. Q3. The diameter of each conductor
is 4 cm. (0.601 mH/km per phase)

a c’

6m
b’
b 14 m

6m

c 10 m
a
Fig. Q3
4. A three phase 50 km long single circuit, 66 kV transposed overhead transmission line has its
conductors horizontally arranged. The spacing between adjacent conductors is 3 m and 6 m between outer
conductors. The conductor diameter is 2 cm. Find the inductance per phase. (61.85 mH)
5. A three phase line has an equilateral spacing of 6 m. It is desired to rebuild the line with same Deq and
horizontal configuration so that the central conductor is midway between the outers. Find the spacing
between the outer conductor and central conductor. (4.762 m)
6. A single phase 60 Hz, overhead transmission line consists of two solid aluminum conductors having a
radius of 2.5 cm, with a spacing of 3.6 m between centres.
a. Determine the total line inductance in mH/m.
b. Find the total inductive reactance of the line in Ω/km.
c. If the spacing is doubled to 7.2 m, how does the reactance change?
7. A 3-phase overhead transmission line is designed to deliver 190.5 MVA at 220 kV over a distance of
63 km, such that the total line loss is not to exceed 2.5% of the rated line MVA. Given the resistivity
of the conductor material to be 2.84 x 10-8 Ω-m, determine the required conductor diameter. Neglect power
losses due to insulator leakage currents and corona.
 Murang’a University of Technology
EET 404: Power systems I

Tutorial III: Transmission line parameters and modelling

1. Three identical impedances Z∆ = 20∠60°Ω are connected in delta to a balanced three-phase 415 V
source by three identical line conductors with impedance ZL = (0.8 + j0.6) Ω per line. Calculate the line-
to-line voltage at the load terminals.
2. A three phase single circuit, completely transposed overhead transmission line has its conductors
horizontally arranged 12 m above the earth’s surface. The spacing between adjacent conductors is 6 m.
The diameter of each conductor is 3 cm. Find the capacitance per km per phase to neutral (i) neglecting
earth’s effect (8.928 pF/km) and, (ii) considering the effect of the earth. (9.0112 pF/km)
3. A 100 km long three-phase, double-circuit transmission line has its conductor of 20 mm diameter
arranged as shown in Fig. Q3. Find the capacitive reactance to neutral per phase of the line if the system
is operated at 50 Hz. (XC = 3.03 kΩ/phase)
40 cm

a a’ 10 m
b b’ c c’
10 m

Fig. Q3
4. A 3-phase 110 kV, 50 Hz transmission line has its conductors arranged in a horizontal plane with 3.5 m
between middle conductor and each outside conductor. Each conductor has a radius of 8.9 mm. The
line is completely transposed. Determine:
a) the inductive reactance per phase per km (XL = 0.4056 Ω)
b) the capacitive reactance to neutral per km (XC = 355.6 kΩ)
c) the charging current per km (IC = 0.179 A)
d) the reactive power generated per km.( QC = 34.03 kVAr)
5. A three-phase 750 kV, transmission line has a quadruple-conductor circuit with horizontal arrangement.
Each sub-conductor has a diameter of 35 mm and the distance between adjacent sub-conductors in
a bundle is 46 cm. The distance between conductors of adjacent phases is 17 m.
a) Calculate the inductive reactance per phase per km at 50 Hz. Each conductor carriers 25% of
the phase current and the line is properly transposed. (0.291 Ω/km)
b) Find the size of a hypothetical single conductor line that would have the same inductance as
the given line. (53.4 mm diameter)
c) If the line charge per phase divides equally between four sub-conductors, determine
the shunt capacitance per phase of the line. ( 4.84 pF/km)
6. Choosing 13.8 kV, machine 3 voltage, as the base voltage and 25 MVA as the base MVA, draw
a per unit reactance diagram for the system represented by the one-line diagram of Fig. Q6.
15 MVA
13 kV
15 % Line
(j0.222)
j65 Ω
25 MVA
10 MVA 25 MVA (j0.312) 25 MVA
13.8 kV
13 kV 13.2/69 kV 69/13.2 kV
15 %
15 % 11 % 11 %
(j0.15)
(j0.333) (j0.101) (j0.101)
Fig. Q6