University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar

CE-117: Engineering Mechanics

MODULE 1:

Introduction to Engineering Mechanics

(Fundamental concepts)

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 COURSE OBJECTIVE

This course aims at enabling the Civil engineering students to

analyze various systems of forces and thereby be able to
calculate the magnitude of these forces on various systems in
statics and dynamics.
 COURSE LEARNING OUT COMES (CLOs)

By the end of semester, students should be able to:

CLO1. Compute moment, couple, component of a force,

geometrical properties of plane areas (C3, PLO weightage=50%).

CLO2. Calculate Resultant of Planar force systems

(C3, PLO weightage=50%)

CLO3. Analyze Statically determinate Planar force systems to calculate external

forces and displacements (C4, PLO weightage=100%)
 COURSE OUTLINES
Week Hrs TOPIC CLOs Quiz/ HA
addressed
1 Concepts of measurement of mass, force, time and space. Force 2
(12.2.24- 17.2.24) 3 Classification. Principle of Transmissibility. System of units.
(Module 1)
2 Trigonometry & Geometry used in Engg Mech. Vector and scalar 2
(19.2.24- 24.2.24) 3 quantities. Type of vectors. Vector Operations. Laws of
(Module 2) Parallelogram and Polygon of vectors addition.
3 Resultant of two, coplanar concurrent forces by Parallelogram law. Quiz 1
(26.2.24- 01.3.24) 3 Resolution of a force into rectangular and non-rectangular 2 (Module 1& 2)
(Module 3) components. Resultant of coplanar concurrent force system by (25.2.24)
summing rectangular components.
4-5 Position Vector, Moment (vector and various scalar methods).
(4.3.24- 16.3.24) 5 Varignon’s theorem. Couple. Resolution of force into a force-couple 1
(Module 4) system. Replacing a force-couple system with i) Equivalent force – (Module 4)
couple system ii) Single force.
 COURSE OUTLINES
5-6 4 Resultant of Coplanar Parallel force (point and Quiz 2 (Module 3 & 4)
(11.3.24- 23.3.24) distributed) system. Resultant of Coplanar non- 2 & HA 1 (Module 1 to 4)
(Module 5) parallel, non-concurrent force system. (192.3.24)

7 3 Centroid of simples areas (by integration) Centroid of Quiz 3 (Module 6)

(25.3.24- 30.3.24) composite areas 1 (26.3.24)
(Module 5)

Mid Term Exam

8-9 4 Moment of inertia of simple areas (by integration) and
(08.4.24- 20.4.24) composite areas. Product of inertia of simple areas (by 3
(Module 7) integration)and composite areas.

10 2 Free Body Diagram development. 2

(22.4.24- 27.4.24)
(Module 8)
11 3 Triangle and Polygon laws of forces. Lami’s theorem. Quiz 4 (Module 8)
(29.4.24- 03.5.24) Equilibrium analysis of coplanar concurrent and 3 (30.4.24)
(Module 9) Parallel force systems
 COURSE OUTLINES
12-13 4 Equilibrium analysis of coplanar non-parallel, non- 4
(06.5.24- 17.5.24) concurrent force systems. Two force and three force bodies
(Module 10-11) concept for equilibrium analysis. Equilibrium analysis of
Multi forces pin jointed frames.

13-14 4 Friction on flat and curved surfaces Quiz 5

(13.5.24- 24.5.24) (Module 9-11)
(Module 12) & HA 2(Module 6-11)
(14.5.24)

14-15 4 Work. Energy. Work- Energy Principle. Conservative and 1

(20.5.24- 31.5.24) non-conservative forces. Conservation of Mechanical
(Module 13) Energies.

Final Term examination

 RECOMMENDED BOOKS

Text Books:
Engineering Mechanics by J.L. Meriam and L.G. Craige, McGraw Hill.

Reference Books:
Engineering Mechanics by R.C. Hibbler, Prentice-Hall.
Marks Distribution

• Sessional marks 20-30%

• Mid term 20-30%
• Final term (from full course) 50%

Sessional Marks Distribution:

• Quizzes: 70 % of sessional marks (5 Quizzes = 70%) ( Each quiz

will be taken as per date mentioned in course out lines. First 15 minutes of relevant
class will be dedicated for conducting Quiz.

• Assignments: 30% of sessional marks (Total 2 assignments)

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 Assignment & Exam policy

• Assignment policy:

The assignments are due 01 week after they are assigned, and should
be done in a neat and orderly fashion.
• Late submission will not be accepted.

• Examination policy:

Failure to take the mid-term examination or the final examination will

result in a failing grade for the course.

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 Lecture’s Objectives

• To define and discuss various branches of Mechanics

• To discuss some of fundamental concepts used in Engineering Mechanics

• To discuss system of units used in Engineering

 Introduction to Mechanics

• Mechanics is the branch of Science which deals with the effect of forces
on bodies.

• Figure 1: What is the effect of 2kg mass (Force ?)

on attached cables (Body) ?

• Figure 2: What is the effect of 800 N reaction Figure 1

(Force ?) on Tendon (Body ?)

Figure 2 11
 Introduction to Mechanics

• Figure 3: What is the effect of Force ‘F’

on rod (Body) of length ‘L’?

Figure 3

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 CLASSIFICATION OF MECHANICS
Mechanics

Rigid Deformable Fluids

bodies bodies (Fluid Mechanics)
(Engineering (Solid Mechanics)
Mechanics)
Engineering Mechanics

Statics Dynamics

Kinematics Kinetics
 RIGID BODY MECHANICS
A rigid body is a body which does not deform under the influence of forces. In all real
applications, there is always deformation, however, many structures exhibit very small
deformations under normal loading conditions, and rigid body mechanics can be used with
sufficient accuracy in those cases. Also, the principles of rigid body mechanics are some of
the building blocks needed for the mechanics of deformable bodies.

Rigid body (Engineering Mechanics ) Deformable body (Mechanics of Solid)

Deformable body Rigid body
 RIGID BODY MECHANICS
Consider the given figure. The calculation of the tension in the cable which
supports the boom of a mobile crane under load is essentially unaffected by
the small internal deformations in the structural members of the boom.

For the purpose of determining the

external forces which act on the boom, we may
treat it as a rigid body.

Actually solid bodies are never rigid; they deform

under the action of applied forces.
In many cases this deformation is negligible
compared to the size of the body and the body is
assumed to be rigid
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 DEFORMABLE BODY MECHANICS
• Deformable Body: Bodies in which
appreciable deformation is produced under
application of load.
• Deformable Body Mechanics
Deformable body mechanics (Mechanics of
solids course) deals with how forces are
distributed inside bodies, and with the
deformations caused by these internal force
distributions. These internal force produce
"stresses" in the body, which could ultimately
result in the failure of the material itself.

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 FLUID MECHANICS

The Mechanics of fluids is the branch of mechanics that deals with liquids or
gases.
 Fluids are commonly used in engineering applications. They can be
classified as incompressible, or compressible.

 While all real fluids are compressible to some degree, most liquids can be
analyzed as incompressible in many engineering applications.
 The study of the mechanics of fluids will be studied in “Fluid Mechanics”,
“Hydraulics” and other relevant subjects.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF RIGID BODY MECHANICS
• Statics: It is that branch of Engineering Mechanics, which deals with the forces and
their effects, while acting upon the bodies at rest or or moving with constant velocity
(acceleration = 0 ?).

• Dynamics: It is that branch of Engineering Mechanics, which deals with the forces
and their effects, while acting upon the bodies in motion. The subject of Dynamics
may be further sub-divided into the following two branches : 1. Kinetics, and 2.
Kinematics.

• Kinematics: Kinematics is the branch of mechanics which deals with motion

parameters without considering the forces responsible for motion.
S= vit +1/2 at2
• Kinetics: Kinetics is the branch of mechanics which deals with motion parameters as
well as forces responsible for motion.

Fi= ma
Applications of Statics

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 Civil Engineering courses requiring knowledge of
Engineering Mechanics as pre-requisite
1. Mechanics of solids I &II (2nd & 3rd semester)
2. Fluid Mechanics I &II (3rd & 4th semester)
3. Hydraulics Engineering (5th semester)
4. Irrigation Engg and Water Management (8th semester)
5. Structural Analysis I &II (4th & 5th semester)
6. Reinforced concrete design I & II (6th & 7th semester)
7. Steel Structures (8th semester)
8. Geotechnical Engineering I &II (4th & 5th semester)
9. Foundation Engineering (6th semester)
10. Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering
(8th semester)
 Definitions
Space: It is the geometric region occupied by bodies whose positions are described
by linear and angular measurements relative to a coordinate system. For three-
dimensional problems, three independent coordinates are needed. For two-dimensional
problems, only two coordinates are required.

Two dimensional rectangular Coordinate system

Three dimensional Coordinate system

Time: It is conceived as a succession of events. Although the principles of statics are

time independent, this quantity plays an important role in the study of dynamics.
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 Definitions

Mass : The quantity of the matter possessed by a body is called mass.

 The mass of a body will not change unless the body is damaged and part of it is
physically separated.
 When a body is taken out in a space craft, the mass will not change but its weight
may change due to change in gravitational force. Even the body may become
weightless when gravitational force vanishes but the mass remain the same.

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 Definitions

Particle: A particle is an object whose mass is concentrated at a point. For this

reason, a particle is also called a point mass, and it is said to have zero volume

Size of earth is insignificant compared to the

size of its orbit. Earth can be modelled as a
particle when studying its orbital motion

Body: A body has mass and occupies a volume of space

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 Force
A force represents the action of one body on another.

It can be exerted by actual contact or at a distance, as in the case of gravitational

forces and magnetic forces.
The action of a force is completely characterized by its 1. Magnitude, 2. Direction,
and 3. Point of application.
Magnitude and point of application are same
but due to different directions, different type of
internal forces are produced

σx P
x x x x
Magnitude and direction is same but due
P P different point of application internal stresses
are different (internal effect) However, 𝑃
Reactions (external effect) have same magnitude 𝜎 = P 𝜎 =0
𝐴 24
 Fundamental Principles of mechanics
The study of elementary mechanics rests on six fundamental
principles based on experimental evidence.

1-3: Newton’s Three fundamental Laws.

4. Newton’s Law of Gravitation.

5. The Parallelogram Law for the Addition of Forces.

6. The Principle of Transmissibility.

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 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

1. First Law:
Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless or until some
external force acts on it.
2. Second Law:
A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F experiences an acceleration a that has
the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the force.
3. Third Law:
The forces of action and reaction between bodies in contact are equal in magnitude,
opposite in direction and collinear (same line of action).

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 4. Newton’s Law of Gravitation
This states that two particles of mass M and m are mutually attracted with equal and
opposite forces F and -F of magnitude F given by the formula.

The force F exerted by the earth on the particle is then defined as the weight W of the particle.
Taking M equal to the mass of the earth, m equal to the mass of the particle, and r equal to the
radius R of the earth, and introducing the constant

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 5. The Parallelogram Law for the Addition of Forces.
This states that two forces acting on a particle may be replaced by a single force,
called their resultant, obtained by drawing the diagonal of the parallelogram which
has sides equal to the given forces.

Why we use dotted line for

indicatingresultant force ?

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 6. Principle of Transmissibility

“A force may be applied at any point on its given line of action without altering the
resultant effects of the force external to the rigid body on which it acts “

Reaction,
R R

O O

σx P
x x x x
Shifting the applied force from C to O using Principle of
Transmissibility does not change the external effect as Reaction C C
𝑃 P 𝜎 =0
in both cases are same. However, by doing so internal effect, for 𝜎 =
𝐴
instance internal stress at section x-x change from σx to 0
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 External and Internal Effects of a force

External force
For the bracket of Fig. 2/1 the effects of P external
to the bracket are the reactive forces (not shown) exerted
on the bracket by the foundation and bolts because of the
action of P.
 Forces external to a body can be either applied forces or
reactive forces.

Applied force

What are the other external effects ? 30

 External and Internal Effects of a force

Internal force
The effects of P internal to the bracket are the
resulting internal forces and deformations distributed
throughout the material of the bracket.

 The relation between internal forces and internal

deformations depends on the material properties of
the body and is studied in strength of material (also
known as Mechanics of Solids or Mechanics of
materials)

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 Type of Internal forces

Tension

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 Stress

Stress is a term used to express the

internal force or resistance, offered by
a particle to the adjacent particle in a
body under the action of external
loads.
• Stress is the internal resistance per
unit area.

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Normal

Torsional

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 Classification of Force

For the application of such

forces contact between the
Body Force surfaces is not essential. e.g.,
gravitational force, magnetic
force etc.
Force
For the application of this
type of force contact
between the surfaces is
Surface Force
necessary i.e. friction force,
Reaction force of the roller
and hinge support

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Classification of Force

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 Classification of Force

Concentrated
Force
Force
Distributed Force

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 Classification of Force

1. Concentrated force
concentrated forces exerted at
point or location
Concentrated forces, P1, P 2
What are other concentrated forces ?
2. Distributed force
A force applied along a length or over
an area. The distribution can be uniform
or non-uniform.

Distributed forces 38
 Structural loads

Load is a term frequently used in engineering to mean the force

exerted on a surface or body.

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 Type of Structural loads

Dead Loads: Vertical loads that are fixed in position and are produced
by the weight of the elements of the structure or the whole structure
with all its permanent components.

Examples are: own weight of structural member and super imposed

loads (e.g. walls and flooring cover)

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 Type of Structural loads

Live Loads: consist mainly of

occupancy loads (e.g. people and
furniture) in buildings and traffic
loads on bridges.
They may be either fully or partially in
place or not present at all, and may
also change in location.

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 Type of Structural loads

Wind Loads: are the positive or negative

pressures exerted on a building when
it obstructs the flow of moving air.

Wind loads generally act perpendicular

the surface of the structure.

Value of load varies depending on the

geographic location of the building
and its height.
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 Type of Structural loads
Seismic Loads: are the inertial forces that act on the structure due to
earthquake-induced ground motions.

Inertial
force =ma

Ground acceleration, a

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 Type of Structural loads

Snow Loads: the amount of snow load on a roof structure is

dependent on a variety of factors:
• Roof geometry,
• Size of the structure,
• Insulation of the structure,
• Wind frequency,
• Snow duration,
• Geographical location of the structure.

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 Type of Structural loads

Lateral Soil and Hydro-static Loads:

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 Type of Structural loads
Thermal and Settlement Loads:

Thermal Loads Settlement Loads 46

Classification of Force system

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 Classification of Coplanar Force system

TYPES OF FORCES & FORCE SYSTEM

collinear forces concurrent forces

Parallel forces Non-concurrent & non-parallel forces

 Units of Measurement

• In mechanics we use four fundamental quantities called

fundamental mechanical dimensions. These are length, mass,
force, and time.
• Although there are a number of different systems of units
major systems of units are

1. The International System of Units (SI units)

2. U.S. Customary Units

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 Units of Measurement

SI Units. The International System of units, abbreviated SI is a modern

version of the metric system which has received worldwide recognition.

• SI system defines length in meters (m), time in seconds (s),and mass in

kilograms (kg).

• The unit of force, called a newton (N), is derived from F = ma. Thus, 1
newton is equal to a force required to give 1 kilogram of mass an
acceleration of 1 m/s2 (N = kg .m/s2) .

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 Units of Measurement
• U.S. Customary. In the U.S. Customary system of units (FPS) length is
measured in feet (ft), time in seconds (s), and force in pounds (lb).
• The unit of mass, called a slug , is derived from F = ma . Hence,
• 1 slug is equal to the amount of matter accelerated at 1 ft/s2 when acted
upon by a force of 1 lb (slug = lb.s2/ft) .

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 Units of Measurement

 In U.S. units the pound is also used on occasion as a unit of mass. When
distinction between the two units is necessary, the force unit is frequently
written as lbf and the mass unit as lbm

 Also, in the U.S. units (some time also called FPS system of units), following
relations are used
 1 ft = 12 in. (inches), 1 yard (yd)= 3 ft, 1 mile (mi)= 1760 yd= 5280 ft ,
 1 kilo-pound (kip)= 1000 lb ; 1 ton = 2000 lb ; 1 tonne = 1000 kg*= 2205 lb

* In the MKS (meter, kilogram, second) gravitational system, which has been used for many years in non-English-
speaking countries, the kilogram, like the pound, has been used both as a unit of force and as a unit of mass.
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 Abbreviation for inch.

Note that in previous slide the abbreviation for inch is “in.”, which
contains a period. This is unusual, but is done because without the
period, the abbreviation would also be the same as a word in the
English language, and this might lead to confusion.

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 Common pitfall

Weight and mass are different.

It is unfortunately common for people, especially lay people, to refer to
weight using mass units. For example, when a person says, “I weigh 70
kg.”, the person really means “My mass is 70 kg”

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 Conversion of Units

• Following table provides a set of direct conversion factors between FPS and
SI units for the basic quantities.

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 Dimensions versus units.

Dimensions and units are different.

Dimensions are a measurable extent of some kind, while Units are

used to measure a dimension.

For example, length and time are both dimensions, and meter and
second, respectively, are units used to measure these dimensions

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Common prefixes used in the SI unit systems.

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 Problems

• Example 1

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 Common pitfall

Omitting units in equations.

This is a common mistake by most of students (even by time of
graduation) resulting in reduction of marks and consequently grade.

The most serious mistake made when performing unit conversions (as well
as when writing equations in general) is to omit units in equations.
Although writing units in equations takes a few moments longer, doing so
will help avoid the errors that are sure to result if you do not make this a
practice

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Problems

• Problem 2

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 Problems for practice

1.1
Ans:24.6 m/s
1. 2

Ans: 101 kPa

1.3

Ans:

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 Problems For Practice

1.4

Ans:

1. 5

Ans: 98.1 N, 4.9mN, 44.1 kN

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 Failures

Among all of the goals confronting engineers when they design

structures and machines, the most crucial goal is to develop designs
that are as safe as possible.
Unfortunately, despite all human efforts to meet this goal, sometimes
we do not, and for reasons that are almost always unexpected, failure
occurs.
When failure occurs, we must learn from it so that our mistakes and/or
lack of foresight is not repeated in the future

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Failures
1. Tacoma Narrows bridge

2. Escambia Bay bridge.

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Failures
3. Kansas City Hyatt Regency Hotel.
On July 17, 1981, two suspended walkways at the Kansas City Hyatt Regency
hotel collapsed during a dance party, killing 114 people and seriously
injuring many more.

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 Failures
4. Tropicana Casino parking garage.
On October 30, 2003, a 10-story parking
garage under construction at the Tropicana
Casino and Resort in Atlantic City, New Jersey,
collapsed, killing 4 workers and injuring 21
others

The design of the building itself was adequate,

but the design of structures needed for
fabrication was not. Note that concrete requires
time after pouring (28 days is common) to reach
its full design strength.
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Any Question??

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