PYTHON — MODULE NOTES
Module 1: Introduction to Python
3 MARK QUESTIONS
1. What are the main features of Python?
Answer:
• Simple and easy to learn: Python uses plain English-like syntax.
• Interpreted: Code executes line by line.
• Portable: Runs on any platform (Windows, Linux, Mac).
• Extensive Libraries: Contains built-in modules for math, web, AI, etc.
• Object-oriented: Supports classes and objects.
• Free and Open Source: Python is freely available and community-
driven.
2. What is the structure of a Python program?
Answer:
A typical Python program structure includes:
1. Comments – Describe purpose using #.
2. Import statements – To use external modules.
3. Variables and constants – Store data values.
4. Functions and classes – Define reusable code.
5. Main block:
6. if __name__ == "__main__":
7. main()
3. Mention any three areas where Python is applied.
Answer:
1. Web development – Django, Flask frameworks.
2. Data Science and AI – NumPy, Pandas, TensorFlow.
3. Automation and scripting – System tasks, file handling.
4. Game development – Pygame.
5. IoT and Networking – Raspberry Pi projects.
4 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Explain identifiers and keywords with examples.
Answer:
• Identifiers: Names given to variables, functions, or classes.
o Rules:
▪ Start with a letter or underscore.
▪ Case sensitive.
▪ Cannot use keywords.
o Example:
o name = "Gopika"
o total_marks = 450
• Keywords: Reserved words with predefined meanings.
Examples: if, else, while, for, def, import, True, False.
2. Explain operators and their precedence.
Answer:
Operators: Symbols used to perform operations on data.
Type Example Description
Arithmetic +, -, *, /, //, %, ** Mathematical operations
Relational >, <, ==, !=, >=, <= Comparison
Logical and, or, not Boolean logic
Assignment =, +=, -= Assign values
Membership in, not in Check membership
Operator Precedence:
1. **
2. *, /, //, %
3. +, -
4. <, >, ==, !=
5. and, or, not
Example:
result = 5 + 2 * 3 # Output: 11
3. Explain basic data types and type conversion with examples.
Answer:
Basic Data Types:
• int – Whole numbers
• float – Decimal numbers
• str – Strings
• bool – True or False
• complex – Numbers with real and imaginary parts
Type Conversion:
• Implicit: Done automatically
• x = 5
• y = 2.5
• print(x + y) # 7.5
• Explicit: Done manually
• int('10'), float('3.5'), str(25)
16 MARK QUESTION
1. Explain the history of Python, its features, and applications.
Answer:
Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in 1989 at CWI, Netherlands,
and released in 1991 as an open-source, high-level language. It was named after
the British comedy show “Monty Python’s Flying Circus.”
Major Versions:
• Python 1.0 (1991): Introduced core features like lists and strings.
• Python 2.0 (2000): Introduced garbage collection and Unicode support.
• Python 3.0 (2008): Modern version with better syntax and libraries.
Key Features:
1. Readable Syntax: Simple and easy to understand.
2. Interpreted: Executes line by line.
3. Portable: Works on all platforms.
4. Object-Oriented: Supports classes and objects.
5. Extensive Libraries: Modules for every domain.
6. Open Source: Freely available to all.
Applications:
• Web Development: Django, Flask.
• Data Science: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib.
• Machine Learning & AI: TensorFlow, Keras.
• Game Development: Pygame.
• Networking & IoT: Raspberry Pi, socket programming.
• Education: Preferred for teaching programming basics.
1. Web Development:
Python is extensively used in web development because of its efficient
frameworks like Django, Flask, and Pyramid. These frameworks help
developers build secure, scalable, and dynamic websites quickly. Many popular
websites like Instagram, YouTube, and Pinterest use Python for their backend
development.
2. Data Science and Analytics:
Python is a preferred language for data scientists to analyze and visualize data.
Libraries like Pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib allow users to handle large
datasets, perform statistical analysis, and create informative visualizations. It
helps organizations make data-driven decisions effectively.
3. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence:
Python is widely used in developing intelligent systems and predictive models.
Libraries such as TensorFlow, Keras, Scikit-learn, and PyTorch make it easy to
build and train machine learning and AI models. It is used in applications like
speech recognition, image processing, and recommendation systems.
4. Automation and Scripting:
Python can automate repetitive tasks such as file handling, data entry, and
system monitoring. With its simple syntax and scripting capabilities, it is ideal
for writing small programs or scripts that save time and effort in daily tasks.
5. Game Development:
Python is used in the development of simple and complex games. Libraries such
as Pygame provide functionalities to design graphics, sound, and game logic.
Games like Civilization IV and Battlefield 2 have used Python for scripting.
6. Desktop Application Development:
Python supports GUI (Graphical User Interface) development with toolkits like
Tkinter, PyQt, and Kivy. These libraries help in creating user-friendly desktop
applications that work across platforms like Windows, macOS, and Linux.
7. Cybersecurity and Ethical Hacking:
Python is a favorite among cybersecurity experts for writing tools that detect
vulnerabilities and perform penetration testing. Libraries like Scapy and Nmap
help in network scanning and analysis, making Python suitable for ethical
hacking purposes.
STRINGS IN PYTHON
3 MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is a string in Python?
Answer:
A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes.
Examples:
a = 'Hello'
b = "Python"
c = '''Multiline string'''
Strings are immutable.
2. Mention three built-in string functions.
Answer:
• len() – Returns string length
• upper() – Converts to uppercase
• replace(old, new) – Replaces substring
3. What is string slicing? Give an example.
Answer:
Extracts a portion of a string.
Syntax: string[start:end:step]
Example:
s = "Python"
print(s[1:4]) # yth
4 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Explain string operators in Python with examples.
Answer:
Operator Example Description
+ 'Hi' + 'Python' → 'HiPython' Concatenation
* 'Hi' * 3 → 'HiHiHi' Repetition
in 'P' in 'Python' → True Membership
not in 'z' not in 'Python' → True Membership check
These operators make string manipulation efficient.
2. Explain string formatting methods.
Answer:
1. Using format()
2. name = "Gopika"
3. print("Hello, {}".format(name))
4. Using f-strings
5. age = 20
6. print(f"I am {age} years old")
7. Using % operator
8. print("Value = %d" % 100)
Each allows inserting variables into strings neatly.
16 MARK QUESTION
1. Explain in detail string creation, manipulation, slicing, joining, and
formatting.
Answer:
String Creation:
Strings can be created using single ('), double ("), or triple quotes (''').
msg = "Hello World"
String Manipulation Functions:
• len(s) – Returns length
• lower(), upper(), title()
• replace("old", "new")
• split() – Splits string into list
• join() – Joins sequence into string
Example:
s = "Python Programming"
print(s.upper()) # PYTHON PROGRAMMING
print(s.replace("Python", "Java"))
String Slicing:
s = "Programming"
print(s[0:6]) # Progra
print(s[-3:]) # ing
Joining:
'-'.join(['a','b','c']) # a-b-c
Formatting:
name = "Gopika"
age = 20
print(f"My name is {name}, I am {age} years old.")
Conclusion:
Strings are among Python’s most powerful data types, offering extensive
manipulation and formatting capabilities.
MODULE 3: CONTROL FLOW
STATEMENTS
3 MARK QUESTIONS
1. What are control flow statements?
Answer:
Control flow statements control the order of program execution.
Types:
1. Conditional: if, if-else, if-elif-else
2. Looping: for, while
3. Jump: break, continue, pass, exit()
2. Differentiate between break and continue.
Answer:
• break → Exits loop immediately.
• continue → Skips to next iteration.
Example:
for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
continue
print(i)
3. What is the use of the pass statement?
Answer:
Used as a placeholder for empty blocks.
for i in range(5):
pass # do nothing
4 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Explain conditional statements with examples.
Answer:
Conditional statements are used for decision making.
1. if statement:
2. if x > 0:
3. print("Positive")
4. if-else statement:
5. if x % 2 == 0:
6. print("Even")
7. else:
8. print("Odd")
9. if-elif-else:
10. if marks >= 90:
11. print("A Grade")
12. elif marks >= 75:
13. print("B Grade")
14. else:
15. print("C Grade")
2. Explain loop control statements with examples.
Answer:
1. for loop:
for i in range(1,6):
print(i)
2. while loop:
i = 1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1
3. break and continue:
for i in range(1,6):
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)
16 MARK QUESTION
1. Explain in detail the different control flow statements in Python with
examples.
Answer:
Control flow statements decide the sequence of code execution.
1. Conditional Statements
Used to check conditions and execute code accordingly.
Example:
x = 20
if x > 0:
print("Positive")
elif x == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Negative")
2. Looping Statements
Used for repetition of code.
for loop:
for i in range(1,6):
print(i)
while loop:
i = 1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1
3. Jump Statements
• break: Exit from loop completely.
• continue: Skip current iteration.
• pass: Does nothing (placeholder).
• exit(): Terminates entire program.
Example:
for i in range(1,6):
if i == 3:
continue
if i == 5:
break
print(i)
4. Nested Control Flow
Statements inside another condition or loop.
Example:
for i in range(1,4):
for j in range(1,3):
print(i, j)
Conclusion:
Control flow statements make programs logical, efficient, and dynamic by
controlling execution flow according to conditions and loops.
