Computer Skills

Dr. Mohamed El-Dakroury

Course Grades Overview

Midterm: 10
Practical: 40
Final: 50
Course Modules Overview
Module

Fundamentals of IT & Operating System

Word Processing

PowerPoint Presentations

Excel

Web Search

Networks
“The world is a small village”
The Development of Information Technology (IT)
Accepts data and instructions from users

Transmit Information
Transmit news and details of event from part of the world to other
far away part of the world

Computer
Computer lies at the heart of the Information Revolution
COVID-19 Impact on Digital Education

1.5B 90%
Students Affected Global Impact
Approximately 1.5 billion students worldwide were unable to attend Nearly 90% of primary, secondary, and university students
in-person classes during the pandemic. worldwide were affected by school closures.

The pandemic highlighted the critical importance of digital transformation in education and other sectors, accelerating the adoption of
digital learning strategies globally.
What is a Computer?

Input Processing Output

Accepts data and instructions from users Processes the input data using the central Produces desired results through output
through various input devices like processing unit and memory systems. devices like monitors and printers.
keyboard and mouse.

A computer is an electronic device that accepts inputs, processes them according to instructions, and produces outputs as required.
Computer Features
Speed Accuracy
Computers perform tasks in less than a millionth of a Computers perform tasks without errors when properly
second, far exceeding human capabilities. programmed, unlike humans who are prone to mistakes.

Attention Storage Capacity

Computers can repeat tasks thousands of times without Computers can store huge amounts of data and information
getting bored or tired. in very compact devices.
Computer Components
Overview
Hardware
Physical components that can be seen and touched, including system unit,
monitor, keyboard, mouse, and other peripherals.

Software
Intangible components that cannot be seen but whose effects can be
observed, including system programs and applications.
Basic components of personal computer
System Unit Components
Power Supply Motherboard
Provides necessary electrical Main electronic board with slots
current to computer parts with holding most system components
required voltage and amperage like processor, memory, and
for each component. expansion cards.

CPU
Central Processing Unit - the brain of the computer that executes
instructions and performs calculations.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit (CU)
Performs all basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, The brain of the computer that issues commands to all sections
multiplication, division) and logical operations (AND, OR, and coordinates their functions to carry out required operations.
comparisons).

Processor speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz), indicating the number of operations per second.
Intel Processor Naming System
01 02

Family Name Generation Number

Core series (i3, i5, i7, i9) indicating Higher numbers indicate newer
performance tier and target market generations with improved
segment. performance and efficiency.

03

Use Category Codes

Letters like Q(Quad-core), F(No integrated graphics card), K (unlocked), U (ultra-
low power), H (high performance graphics card), E(Processor built into
motherboard), T(power-optimized; slower), C(Overclocking; contains graphics
card, Y(Very low power consumption; very slow)
Memory Types in Computers

Cache Memory
High-speed memory located near or on
CPU chip, storing frequently accessed
RAM (Random Access Memory) data for quick retrieval.

Temporary working memory that stores

data and instructions while computer is
running. Volatile memory that loses ROM (Read-Only Memory)
contents when power is off.
Contains BIOS program with basic
computer operation instructions. Non-
volatile memory that retains data without
power.
Memory Measurement Units
Unit Symbol Equivalent

Bit b 0 or 1

Byte B 8 bits

Kilobyte KB 1,024 bytes

Megabyte MB 1,024 KB

Gigabyte GB 1,024 MB

Terabyte TB 1,024 GB

A bit is the smallest unit of information, representing binary values (0 or 1). Larger units are built from combinations of bits and bytes.
Higher measurement units: Petabyte (PB) = 1024 TB; Exabyte (EB) = 1024 PB; Zettabyte (ZB) = 1024 EB; Yottabyte (YB) = 1024 ZB.
Input Devices

Mouse Keyboard Scanner

Converts hand movements into signals for Main data entry device with alphanumeric Converts photographs, drawings, or text into
cursor control. Modern optical mice use LED keys, function keys, control keys, and digital files using light beams and reflection
light and digital cameras for precise navigation keys for comprehensive intensity analysis.
tracking. computer interaction.
Audio and Visual Input
Microphone Camera

Converts audio signals into digital data for recording, communication, and Captures images and videos for processing and storage in digital files, working
voice recognition systems. Enables speech-to-text conversion. with video cards for optimal performance.
Output Devices

Monitor Screen Printer Speakers/Headphones

Displays information using pixels (dots). Transfers computer-processed Output sound from computer including
Higher resolution means more dots per information to paper, creating hard audio playback, text-to-speech, and
inch and clearer images. Connected via copies of digital documents and images. system notifications.
graphics card.
Storage Devices Comparison
HDD - Hard Disk Drive SSD - Solid State Drive

Flash memory storage with no moving parts. Faster, more durable,

energy-efficient, but higher cost per GB
Traditional magnetic storage with rotating disks. Larger capacity,
lower cost, but slower access times

SSDs offer superior speed, shock resistance, and energy efficiency, making them ideal for modern computing needs despite higher costs.
USB Evolution Timeline
1 USB 1.1 (1998)
12 Mbit/s transfer rate

2 USB 2.0 (2000)

480 Mbit/s transfer rate

3 USB 3.0 (2008)

4 GB/s transfer rate

4 USB 4.0 (2019)

40 GB/s transfer rate
Optical Storage Media

DVD (Digital Video Disc)

7.4-17 GB capacity. Similar formats: DVD-
ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW with much higher
storage
CD (Compact Disc)
700 MB capacity. Available as CD-ROM
(read-only), CD-R (recordable once),
CD-RW (rewritable)
USB Flash Drive
1 GB to 2 TB capacity. Portable,
rewritable, with various USB versions
offering different speeds
Software Components
System Software
Operating system programs that manage computer hardware and serve as
the link between user and computer. Essential for basic operation.

Application Software
Programs enabling users to perform specific tasks like word processing,
image editing, and internet browsing. Computer can function without them.
Operating System Functions
Resource Management User Interface
Coordinates all hardware resources including Provides graphical or command-line
memory, processor, storage, and interface for user interaction with the
peripherals. computer system.

System Monitoring Running Applications

Monitors performance, schedules tasks, Loads and manages application programs,
provides security, and manages system supporting multitasking capabilities.
startup.
Operating System Types

Linux Windows
Open-source operating system designed in 1991. Free to modify Microsoft's graphical operating system, most widely used
and distribute, known for high security and used by network worldwide. Features easy-to-use GUI with menus, windows,
specialists. and mouse control.

Android macOS/iOS
Google's Linux-based system for mobile devices. Touch-based Apple's operating systems for computers and mobile devices.
interface with millions of applications available through Google First to use GUI, popular among designers and creative
Play Store. professionals.
Operating System Types
Computer Classifications by Use
General-Purpose Computers Special-Purpose Computers
Designed for variety of tasks and wide range of users. Include Designed for specific tasks and cannot perform general-purpose
personal computers, desktops, laptops, and tablets. functions.

• Personal computers (PCs) • ATMs and vending machines

• Desktop computers • Gaming consoles
• Laptops and tablets • Routers and network devices
• Workstations • Robotic vacuum cleaners
Computer Classifications by Size

Supercomputers
1 Fastest, largest, most expensive. Used for scientific research, weather forecasting, nuclear energy research.

Mainframes
2 Large powerful machines for data centers. Process up to 30 billion transactions daily. Used in banking,
government.

Minicomputers
3 Medium-sized, accommodate 5-300 users. Used in small businesses, colleges, research labs,
hospitals.

Workstations
4 Single-user computers for engineering, software development, publishing. Advanced
graphics and high-end interfaces.

Microcomputers
5 Smallest, most common. Personal computers, laptops, tablets. Affordable and
portable for general computing needs.
Computer Uses in Education
Computers significantly aid students in education, serving as valuable sources
for educational materials. The importance of online learning has risen
dramatically, especially after COVID-19.

Online Learning Platforms

Enable distance education, virtual classrooms, and digital examinations
accessible from anywhere.

Student Performance Tracking

Teachers can maintain digital student reports and monitor academic
progress efficiently.

Educational Resources
Access to vast digital libraries, research databases, and interactive
learning materials.
Computer Uses in Healthcare

Patient Records Medical Monitoring

Maintain comprehensive patient records, generate bills, schedule Monitor vital signs including oxygen levels, heart rate, blood
appointments, and manage hospital operations efficiently. pressure, and other critical health parameters.

Remote Surgery Online Pharmacies

Enable remote surgeries using computer-controlled robotic surgical Allow patients to access prescribed medications from home,
tools, revolutionizing medical procedures. improving healthcare accessibility and convenience.
Computer Uses in Banking
Online Banking
Check balances, view statements, transfer funds, and perform
various banking tasks remotely through secure platforms.

ATM Services
Computer-based devices enabling customers to deposit and
withdraw money using debit/credit cards 24/7.

Data Management
Store customer data, process transactions, issue cards, manage
loans, and maintain comprehensive financial records.
Computer Uses in Industry
and Business
Industrial Applications Business Operations
• Inventory management systems • Account management
• Virtual product design • Employee data processing
• Heavy machinery control • Financial analysis and reporting
• Quality control automation • Customer communication
• Production line monitoring • Video conferencing

Industries increasingly use computers to enhance productivity and

competitiveness, ensuring smooth operation of complex systems and processes.
Emerging Computer Applications
Robotics
Virtual and physical robots assist humans in heavy or complex tasks,
working continuously with precision like robot Sophia.

Security & Safety

Integration with cameras for real-time monitoring, facial recognition, and
fingerprint scanning for enhanced security.

Transportation
Essential in trains, planes, ships, and modern vehicles with GPS tracking,
autopilot systems, and safety alerts.

Weather Forecasting
Process vast amounts of satellite data to predict weather conditions
accurately in real-time.
Proper Computer Ergonomics
Sitting for hours at a computer can cause neck pain, back pain, wrist soreness, and eye strain. Proper ergonomics helps prevent these
issues.

01 02 03

Chair Setup Monitor Position Keyboard & Mouse

Choose chair supporting spine curves. Place monitor arm's length away, top of Keep wrists straight, upper arms close to
Adjust height so feet are flat on ground, screen at eye level or slightly below. Position body, hands at elbow level or slightly below.
thighs parallel to floor. directly behind keyboard. Use light touch.
Choosing the Right Computer

Check Specifications
Define Purpose
Consider processor generation, RAM
Determine Budget
Determine main computer use - office size, storage type (SSD preferred),
Set appropriate price range and work, gaming, design, education - to graphics card, screen quality, and
compare different types according to choose appropriate specifications. battery life.
your needs without overspending on
unused features.

Visit Microsoft's help-me-choose website to answer questions and receive personalized computer recommendations based on your needs
and budget.
Software Classifications
Operating System Application Programs
Essential software responsible for computer operation and Software for specific tasks like text editing, image processing,
running other programs. Computer cannot function without it. web browsing. Computer can operate without them.

Software is a set of programs enabling computer use. Hardware requires software to function and accomplish specific tasks.
Application Software Types
Web Browsers Desktop Publishing
Display and interact with World Wide Web content. Examples: Create files with graphics, images, and text for magazines and
Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome. advertising. Example: Microsoft Publisher.

Photo Editing Email Applications

Modify image elements like resolution, colors, remove Send electronic messages and files over internet. Examples:
blemishes, apply effects. Example: Adobe Photoshop. Microsoft Outlook, Gmail, Yahoo Mail.
Microsoft Office Suite
Microsoft Office is a comprehensive package of office programs, each providing specific services to users. It has
become essential across various sectors and outperformed all similar office programs.

Microsoft Word
Text editing application for writing articles, reports, research, and books with multiple language support and spell
checking.

Microsoft Excel
Spreadsheet application for creating and analyzing charts, digital spreadsheets, and financial data. Essential for
accountants.

Microsoft PowerPoint
Easy-to-use presentation software for creating slides with various frames, fonts, images, and video clips.

Microsoft Access
Database creation and management tool for building business applications with attractive and functional designs.
Programming Languages Overview
Programming is the process of achieving specific ideas or solving problems by dividing them into successive, repeatable steps until the
desired result is reached.

Problem Analysis Language Selection Code Implementation

Break down complex problems into Choose appropriate programming Write, compile, and test instructions that
manageable steps and develop algorithms language based on project requirements, computers can understand and execute
for systematic solutions. target platform, and performance needs. effectively.
Programming Language Components
Syntax Semantics
Rules for formulating instructions and linking them together. Can Rules determining whether instruction wording produces
be textual or graphical/block-based for visual programming. desired results and sets restrictions on correct usage.

Type System Standard Libraries

Classifies values and expressions into different types and Ready-made instructions for basic tasks like text processing,
defines how to handle and convert between them. file system operations, and operating system communication.
Programming Language Classifications
By Coding Level
1 Low-level (machine, assembly) vs. high-level languages based on abstraction from hardware
details.

By Processing Method
2 Compiled languages vs. interpreted languages vs. hybrid approaches for instruction
execution.

By Code Organization
3 Functional, procedural, and object-oriented programming paradigms for
structuring code.

By Application Area
4 General-purpose languages vs. special-purpose languages
designed for specific domains.
Simulation Programs
Simulation programs provide artificial situations using computers that completely
simulate real situations, allowing students to experience scenarios difficult to
find in natural life.

Educational Benefits
Explain complex information easily, bypassing time, place, and danger
elements through sound, movement, images, and text.

Practical Training
Useful for training on equipment operation, like pilot training for aircraft
control, providing safety and accurate monitoring.

Decision Making
Students face problems requiring path choices and decisions, then
observe results of their choices in realistic scenarios.
Windows Operating System Evolution
Windows 1.0 (1985) 1
First Windows version with graphical features, mouse
support, and basic programs including Reversi game.
2 Windows 95 (1995)
Major development with 32-bit standard and introduction
of the iconic "Start" menu, now a system fundamental.
Windows XP (2001) 3
Popular version with significant graphics, performance,
and stability improvements. Still used today by many users.
4 Windows 10 (2015)
Added Cortana voice assistant, Microsoft Edge browser,
and tile-based Start menu with comprehensive
Windows 11 (2022) 5 improvements.
Latest version with redesigned interface, centered taskbar,
Android app support, and enhanced multitasking features.
Windows 11 New Features

Redesigned Interface Enhanced Multitasking

Simpler, more beautiful interface with circular-edged windows, Snap Layouts and Snap Groups for running multiple applications
new sounds, fonts, and system icons. together on the same screen efficiently.

Teams Integration Android App Support

Microsoft Teams integrated into taskbar for easy text, voice, Ability to run Android applications and games directly on
and video communication across devices. Windows 11 through Microsoft Store.
Basic Windows Functions
Hardware Management
Memory Management
Control devices connected to computer and
Organize and manage main memory
manage communication between
allocation for optimal system performance.
components.

Program Execution Processor Management

Enable programs to work and manage Coordinate and organize processor work
application lifecycle and resource for efficient task execution and
allocation. multitasking.

User Interface File Management

Provide working interface enabling users to Organize, store, and retrieve files and folders
interact with the device effectively. in structured, accessible formats.
Windows Desktop Components
Desktop Background
Customizable wallpaper or color scheme that serves as the main visual backdrop
for the desktop environment.

Desktop Icons
Shortcuts to frequently used programs, files, and folders placed on desktop for
quick access.

Start Menu
Central hub for accessing programs, settings, and system functions. Gateway to
all computer operations.

Taskbar
Bottom bar showing running programs, system notifications, and quick access to
essential functions.
Window Management
When running applications, each program operates in its own window. The window you're currently working with is called the Active
Window, while others become inactive.

Maximize Minimize Close

Enlarge window to fill entire screen. Click Reduce window to taskbar. Click taskbar Completely close application when finished
again to return to previous size. icon to restore window to previous size. using it. Frees up system resources.

Windows can be organized using Cascade Windows or Show windows side by side options from the taskbar right-click menu.
File and Folder Management
Create & Name
Right-click desktop → New Folder. Rename by right-clicking →
Rename or pressing F2 key.

Copy & Cut

Copy: Ctrl+C or right-click → Copy. Cut: Ctrl+X or right-click → Cut
for moving files.

Paste & Delete

Paste: Ctrl+V or right-click → Paste. Delete: Delete key or
Shift+Delete for permanent removal.
File Search and Extensions
File Search File Extensions
Open File Explorer (Windows + E), select "This PC", then type Extensions tell the operating system what type of file it is. When
search terms: you double-click a file, the OS automatically launches the correct
application.
• *.docx - Word files
• *.xlsx - Excel files File names should express content for easy reference and
searching, with maximum 255 characters.
• *.pptx - PowerPoint files
• *.mp3 - Audio files
• *.mp4 - Video files
• *.jpg - Image files
Task Manager
Access Task Manager by right-clicking taskbar → Task Manager, or pressing
Ctrl+Shift+Esc, or Ctrl+Alt+Delete.

Process Monitoring Performance Information

Monitor applications, processes, Detailed information about
and services running on your computer performance including
device. Close or start any program CPU usage, memory, network
as needed. activity, and system services.

System Specifications
View computer specifications including processor, memory, hard disk type
(SSD/HDD), network card, and graphics card.
Windows 11 System Requirements
Component Requirement

Processor 1 GHz or faster with 2+ cores, 64-bit compatible

Memory 4 GB RAM minimum

Storage 64 GB or larger storage device

System Firmware UEFI, Secure Boot capable

TPM Trusted Platform Module version 2.0

Graphics DirectX 12 compatible with WDDM 2.0 driver

Display HD (720p) display, 9" diagonal minimum

Internet Microsoft account and connectivity required

Check current Windows version by pressing Windows + R, typing "winver", and selecting OK.
Downloading Windows from Microsoft
Visit Microsoft Website
Go to Microsoft Windows download page and follow steps to download the appropriate version.

Download Media Creation Tool

Save the tool on your computer, run the file, and accept software license terms.

Create Installation Media

Choose to create installation media for USB drive, DVD, or ISO file for another computer.

Configure Settings
Set preferred language, Windows edition, and system architecture based on your needs.

Create Bootable USB

Select USB drive and wait for Windows installation files to download. Don't interrupt the process.
Control Panel Access Methods
Search Method Start Menu Method
Type "Control Panel" in search box next to Start menu and Click Start menu, scroll to Windows System folder, open it, and
click on it in search results. find Control Panel.

Run Window Method File Explorer Method

Press Windows+R, type "Control Panel" in the field, and click Navigate to C:\Windows\System32, find control.exe file, and
OK button to open. double-click to open.

Control Panel enables you to control computer settings and configure system preferences.
Creating Microsoft Account
01

Visit Microsoft
Go to account.microsoft.com, select Sign in, then choose Create an account for new users.

02

Choose Email Option

Select "Get a new email address" or use existing email, then follow the setup instructions.

03

Transfer to Microsoft Account

Go to Settings → Accounts → "Sign in with a Microsoft account" to convert local account.

04

Complete Setup
Enter email, password, verify security code, and complete account configuration process.

Microsoft account provides access to Microsoft products and services with single sign-in
across devices.
Creating Local User Accounts
Local User Account Administrator Account
For users who constantly use your computer. Offline account that To change local user to administrator:
doesn't require internet connection.
1. Settings → Accounts → Family & Others
1. Settings → Accounts → Family & other users 2. Select account name (shows "Local Account")
2. Select "Add another user" 3. Choose "Change account type"
3. Choose "Add user without Microsoft account" 4. Select Administrator → OK
4. Enter username, password, and security questions

Microsoft accounts are recommended for most users as they provide access to apps, files, and services across devices.
Desktop Customization
Background Options Accent Colors Program Shortcuts
Choose photo, solid color, or slideshow Select accent color from background or Create desktop shortcuts by dragging
of images. Preview window shows choose custom color. Determine where Office programs from Start menu to
changes as you make them. color appears and light/dark settings. desktop for quick access.

Access customization through Start menu → Settings → Personalization for comprehensive appearance control.
Notification Management
Settings Method
Go to Settings → System → Notifications & actions. Toggle buttons to control notifications from specific applications.

Action Center Method

Right-click any notification in Action Center to see control options for managing specific app notifications.

Lock Screen Options

Control whether notifications appear on lock screen, including reminders and VoIP calls for privacy.

Turn off Windows Welcome Experience, Tips, and Tricks notifications. Hide notifications during screen sharing for presentations.
Time and Date Settings
Automatic Time Setting Manual Time Setting
Windows can automatically adjust time and date based on your For systems without internet or specific requirements:
location and internet connection.
• Disable automatic time setting
• Settings → Time & Language • Click "Change" under date and time
• Enable "Set time automatically" • Set correct date and time manually
• Enable "Set time zone automatically" • Select appropriate time zone
• System syncs with internet time servers

Accurate time settings are essential for file timestamps, security certificates, and scheduled tasks.
Windows Security Features

Virus Protection
Windows Security provides built-in antivirus and malware protection with real-time scanning and threat
detection.

Backup Solutions
Local backup to external drives and cloud backup through Microsoft OneDrive for data protection.

Password Security
Multiple password types including PIN, picture passwords, and biometric authentication for enhanced security.

File Sharing
Secure file sharing capabilities with permission controls and network sharing options.
Computer Networks Introduction
Computer networks enable multiple computers to connect and share resources, data, and services efficiently across different locations.

Data Communication
Resource Sharing Enable fast and reliable communication
between computers and users across
Share printers, storage devices, and
distances.
applications among multiple users and
computers.
Cost Reduction
Reduce costs by sharing expensive
resources and centralizing data
management.
Data Reliability
Enhanced Collaboration
Provide backup and redundancy options to
protect against data loss and system failures. Facilitate teamwork through shared
documents, real-time communication, and
collaborative tools.
Windows Updates
Windows Updates provide security patches, bug fixes, new features, and
performance improvements to keep your system secure and running smoothly.

Automatic Updates
Windows 10 and 11 automatically download and install critical security
updates to protect your system from threats.

Feature Updates
Major updates released twice yearly bring new features, interface
improvements, and enhanced functionality.

Update Management
Control update timing through Settings → Update & Security → Windows
Update for scheduling and deferring updates.
Important Keyboard Shortcuts
Shortcut Function

Ctrl + C Copy selected item

Ctrl + V Paste copied item

Ctrl + X Cut selected item

Ctrl + Z Undo last action

Windows + E Open File Explorer

Windows + L Lock computer

Alt + Tab Switch between open applications

Ctrl + Shift + Esc Open Task Manager

Keyboard shortcuts save time and increase productivity by providing quick access to common functions across all Microsoft Office
applications and Windows.
Egyptian Digital Services
Egypt Digital Platform
Comprehensive government services platform providing citizens with
digital access to official procedures and documentation.

Egyptian Knowledge Bank

National digital library providing access to academic resources, research
databases, and educational materials for all citizens.

These platforms support Egypt's digital transformation goals by providing

accessible, efficient digital services to citizens and supporting the knowledge
economy.
The Digital Future

Internet of Things
Artificial Intelligence
Connected devices creating smart environments in homes,
AI integration transforming how we interact with computers, cities, and workplaces for enhanced efficiency and
from voice assistants to automated decision-making systems. convenience.

Cybersecurity
Cloud Computing
Advanced security measures protecting digital assets and
Scalable computing resources accessible anywhere, enabling privacy in an increasingly connected world.
flexible work arrangements and global collaboration.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution continues to reshape society through digital transformation, requiring continuous learning and adaptation.