Quick reference Training Material: Data Communication and Computer

Networks

Part one
Module 1: Data Transmission and Media
1.1 What is Data Transmission?

 Definition: Data transmission is the transfer of data between devices over a communication
medium.
 Purpose: Enables communication between computers, servers, routers, and other network
devices.
 Types:
1. Analog Transmission: Continuous signals (e.g., voice signals in telephony)
2. Digital Transmission: Discrete signals (0s and 1s)
 Transmission Modes:

o Simplex: One-way communication (e.g., keyboard to CPU)

o Half-Duplex: Two-way communication, one at a time (e.g., walkie-talkie)
o Full-Duplex: Two-way communication simultaneously (e.g., telephone call)

1.2 Transmission Media

 Definition: Physical path through which data is transmitted.

 Types:
1. Guided Media (Wired)
 Twisted Pair Cable (UTP/STP)
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber Optic Cable
2. Unguided Media (Wireless)
 Radio Waves
 Microwaves
 Infrared
 Satellite

1.3 Characteristics of Media

 Bandwidth
 Transmission speed
 Noise immunity
 Distance limitation

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Module 2: OSI and TCP/IP Layers
2.1 OSI Model

 Definition: Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework used to

understand network interactions in seven layers.
 Seven Layers:
1. Physical Layer: Transmission of raw bits (Cables, hubs)
2. Data Link Layer: Error detection & frame transmission (Switch, MAC addresses)
3. Network Layer: Routing & logical addressing (IP addresses, routers)
4. Transport Layer: Reliable data transfer (TCP/UDP)
5. Session Layer: Establishes, manages, terminates sessions
6. Presentation Layer: Data translation, encryption, compression
7. Application Layer: Network services to applications (HTTP, FTP, Email)

2.2 TCP/IP Model

 Definition: TCP/IP model is the practical networking model used in real-world networks.
 Four Layers:
1. Network Interface (Link Layer): Combines OSI Physical & Data Link layers
2. Internet Layer: Logical addressing & routing (IP)
3. Transport Layer: Reliable/unreliable transport (TCP/UDP)
4. Application Layer: Application-specific protocols (HTTP, SMTP, FTP)

2.3 Comparison OSI vs TCP/IP

Feature OSI Model TCP/IP Model
Layers 7 4
Standardization Theoretical Practical
Flexibility High Less flexible
Protocol Dependence Independent Dependent

Module 3: Network Protocols

3.1 What is a Network Protocol?

 Definition: Set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received over a network.
 Purpose: Ensures interoperability and proper communication between devices.

3.2 Common Network Protocols

Protocol Layer Purpose
HTTP/ Application Web communication
HTTPS
FTP Application File transfer
SMTP Application Email sending

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 TCP Transport Reliable data delivery
UDP Transport Fast, unreliable delivery
IP Network Addressing & routing
ICMP Network Error messages & diagnostics
ARP Network Mapping IP to MAC addresses
DNS Application Domain name resolution

3.3 Protocol Types

 Connection-Oriented: TCP (requires session setup)

 Connectionless: UDP (no session, faster)
 Routing Protocols: OSPF, RIP, BGP

Module 4: Summary
 Data is transmitted using various modes and media.
 OSI & TCP/IP models provide structured frameworks for network communication.
 Protocols define rules for communication, ensuring reliability and interoperability.

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 Question Options Answer Explanation

#
1 Which of the a) Radio waves b) Fiber optic cable b) Fiber optic cable Guided media use
following is a c) Microwaves d) Infrared physical paths like
guided cables; fiber
transmission optics provides
medium? high-speed
transmission.
2 Full-duplex a) One-way data flow b) Data flows c) Data flows in Full-duplex
transmission in both directions, but one at a time both directions allows sending
allows: c) Data flows in both directions simultaneously and receiving data
simultaneously d) None of the at the same time.
above
3 Which a) Parallel b) Serial c) Simplex d) b) Serial Serial
transmission Full-duplex transmission
mode sends sends data one bit
data bit by bit at a time over a
sequentially? single channel.
4 Twisted pair a) Long-distance high-speed b) Short to medium Twisted pair is
cables are transmission b) Short to medium distances cost-effective and
mainly used distances c) Satellite widely used in
for: communication d) Fiber optic LANs.
networks
5 Attenuation in a a) Signal distortion b) Signal loss b) Signal loss over Attenuation
cable refers to: over distance c) Signal reflection d) distance reduces signal
Noise interference strength as it
travels through
the medium.
6 Coaxial cables a) LANs b) Television and b) Television and Coaxial cables
are best suited broadband c) Satellite broadband provide shielding
for: communication d) Infrared and higher
transmission bandwidth than
twisted pair.
7 Which of the a) Fiber optic b) Coaxial c) Radio c) Radio waves Unguided media
following is an waves d) Twisted pair transmit data
unguided through air, space,
medium? or water without

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 physical
conductors.
8 In half-duplex a) Data flows in one direction only c) Data flows in Half-duplex
communication: b) Data flows in both directions both directions but allows alternating
simultaneously c) Data flows in not simultaneously sending and
both directions but not receiving.
simultaneously d) None of the
above

9 Bandwidth is: a) Maximum data transfer rate b) a) Maximum data Bandwidth

Distance of transmission c) transfer rate defines the
Transmission error rate d) Number capacity of a
of connected devices channel to carry
data.
10 Latency refers a) Time delay in data transmission a) Time delay in Latency is the
to: b) Maximum bandwidth c) Noise in data transmission time taken for
the medium d) Signal attenuation data to travel from
sender to receiver.
11 Noise in a a) Signal enhancement b) Data b) Data errors Noise distorts the
communication errors c) Increased bandwidth d) signal, leading to
channel causes: Reduced latency incorrect data
reception.
12 Infrared a) Long-distance communication b) b) Short-range Infrared works
communication Short-range wireless devices c) wireless devices well for remote
is best suited Underwater transmission d) Fiber controls and
for: optics nearby devices.
13 Which layer of a) Data Link b) Physical c) b) Physical Physical layer
OSI is Network d) Transport defines cables,
responsible for connectors,
electrical and voltages, and
physical signaling.
specifications?
14 The Data Link a) Routing b) Error detection and b) Error detection It ensures reliable
layer provides: framing c) Encryption d) End-to- and framing link-to-link
end delivery communication
between devices.
15 Which OSI a) Network b) Transport c) Session a) Network Network layer
layer handles d) Application determines paths
addressing and and logical
routing? addresses (IP).

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16 TCP provides: a) Unreliable connectionless b) Reliable, TCP ensures
service b) Reliable, connection- connection-oriented ordered delivery,
oriented service c) Encryption d) service error checking,
Packet switching and flow control.

17 UDP operates a) Transport layer b) Network layer a) Transport layer UDP provides
at: c) Application layer d) Physical connectionless,
layer fast data delivery
without reliability
guarantees.
18 Which OSI a) Session b) Transport c) Network a) Session Session layer
layer d) Data Link handles dialogues,
establishes, checkpoints, and
manages, and synchronization.
terminates
sessions?
19 Presentation a) Routing b) Data encryption and b) Data encryption Converts data
layer is formatting c) Logical addressing d) and formatting formats,
responsible for: Cable specifications encryption, and
compression for
application layer.
20 The application a) End-user services b) Packet a) End-user services Application layer
layer provides: switching c) Error detection d) interfaces with
Signal transmission software like
browsers, email
clients, and FTP.
21 TCP/IP Internet a) Physical b) Data Link c) c) Network Internet layer
layer Network d) Application handles IP
corresponds to addressing and
which OSI routing similar to
layer? OSI network
layer.
22 Which TCP/IP a) Link b) Internet c) Transport d) c) Transport Transport layer
layer handles Application (TCP/UDP)
host-to-host ensures correct
delivery? delivery between
hosts.
23 Which protocol a) HTTP b) DNS c) DHCP d) FTP b) DNS DNS translates
is used to domain names to
resolve IP IP addresses for
addresses from network
domain names? communication.
24 Which protocol a) DNS b) DHCP c) SMTP d) FTP b) DHCP Dynamic Host
provides Configuration

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 automatic IP Protocol assigns
address IP addresses
assignment? dynamically.
25 HTTP is used a) Email delivery b) File transfer c) c) Web browsing HyperText
for: Web browsing d) Remote login Transfer Protocol
enables
communication
between web
browsers and
servers.
26 HTTPS adds a) Port number b) Encryption b) Encryption HTTPS secures
what to HTTP? (SSL/TLS) c) Routing d) (SSL/TLS) HTTP using
Compression encryption for
confidentiality
and integrity.
27 FTP uses which a) 20 and 21 b) 25 and 110 c) 53 d) a) 20 and 21 FTP uses port 21
ports? 80 for control and 20
for data transfer.
28 SMTP is used a) Sending email b) Receiving a) Sending email Simple Mail
for: email c) File transfer d) DNS Transfer Protocol
lookup transmits email
messages between
servers.
29 POP3 is used a) Sending email b) Retrieving b) Retrieving email Post Office
for: email c) Web browsing d) Remote Protocol version 3
login downloads emails
from server to
client.
30 IMAP differs a) IMAP deletes emails after b) IMAP stores IMAP allows
from POP3 download b) IMAP stores emails emails on server multiple devices
because: on server c) IMAP is faster than to access email
POP3 d) IMAP is a network layer while keeping
protocol messages on the
server.
31 ICMP is used a) File transfer b) Network b) Network Internet Control
for: diagnostics c) Routing d) Email diagnostics Message Protocol
provides error and
control messages
like ping.
32 SNMP is used a) Managing network devices b) a) Managing Simple Network
for: Encrypting emails c) Web browsing network devices Management
d) Routing Protocol monitors
and manages
network devices.
33 Which protocol a) Email b) Routing c) File transfer b) Routing Routing
does RIP d) Web browsing Information

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 belong to? Protocol is a
distance-vector
routing protocol.
34 OSPF is a: a) Distance-vector routing protocol b) Link-state routing OSPF builds a
b) Link-state routing protocol c) protocol complete map of
Application protocol d) Transport the network to
protocol determine shortest
paths.
35 BGP is used to: a) Exchange routing info between a) Exchange routing Border Gateway
ISPs b) Encrypt data c) Assign IP info between ISPs Protocol manages
addresses d) Provide DNS services routes between
autonomous
systems.
# Question Options Answer Explanation
36 Analog signals a) Discrete b) Continuous c) Binary b) Continuous Analog signals
are: d) Packetized vary smoothly
over time, unlike
digital signals
which are
discrete.
37 Digital signals a) Continuous b) Discrete c) Waves b) Discrete Digital signals
are: d) Analog have discrete
values, usually
represented in
binary 0s and 1s.
38 Modulation is a) Encrypt data b) Encode data onto b) Encode data onto Modulation varies
used to: a carrier c) Store data d) Compress a carrier signal properties
data to carry
information over a
medium.
39 Frequency a) Uses time slots for multiple b) Uses different FDM allows
Division signals b) Uses different frequencies for multiple signals to
Multiplexing frequencies for multiple signals c) multiple signals share a single
(FDM) does: Combines signals sequentially d) medium
Encrypts signals simultaneously by
assigning separate
frequency bands.
40 Time Division a) Uses different frequencies b) b) Uses time slots TDM assigns
Multiplexing Uses time slots c) Compresses specific time
(TDM) does: signals d) Encrypts signals intervals to each
signal for sharing
the medium.
41 Guided media a) Coaxial, twisted pair, fiber optic a) Coaxial, twisted Guided media
examples b) Radio, microwaves, infrared c) pair, fiber optic require physical
include: Satellite, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth d) None paths for
transmission.

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42 Unguided a) Fiber optic b) Twisted pair c) c) Radio waves Unguided media
media examples Radio waves d) Coaxial transmit data
include: through the air or
space.
43 Signal a) Repeaters b) Switches c) Routers a) Repeaters Repeaters amplify
attenuation can d) Hubs weakened signals
be reduced by: to maintain
quality over long
distances.
44 Signal a) Noise b) Bandwidth limitations d) All of the above Noise, bandwidth
distortion c) Attenuation d) All of the above limitations, and
occurs due to: attenuation can
distort signals.
45 Multiplexing a) Bandwidth usage efficiency b) a) Bandwidth usage Multiplexing
increases: Latency c) Noise d) Cable length efficiency allows multiple
signals to share a
medium
efficiently.
46 Which cable a) Twisted pair b) Coaxial c) Fiber c) Fiber optic Fiber optic cables
has highest optic d) Ribbon cable support very high
bandwidth? data rates and
long distances.
47 Simplex a) Telephone b) TV broadcast c) b) TV broadcast Simplex allows
communication Walkie-talkie d) Internet one-way data flow
example: only.
48 Bit rate refers a) Number of bits transmitted per a) Number of bits Bit rate measures
to: second b) Cable length c) Signal transmitted per data transmission
noise d) Protocol type second speed.
49 Baud rate a) Bits per second b) Signal b) Signal changes Baud rate counts
measures: changes per second c) Cable per second how many times
bandwidth d) Error rate the signal changes
per second.
50 Serial a) Short distances b) Long b) Long distances Serial reduces
communication distances c) Parallel printers d) crosstalk and is
is preferred for: Data buses more reliable over
long distances.
51 Twisted pair a) STP, UTP b) Coax, Fiber c) a) STP, UTP Shielded (STP)
types include: HDMI, USB d) None and unshielded
(UTP) twisted
pair are common.
52 Which layer a) Network b) Data Link c) b) Data Link MAC addresses
provides MAC Physical d) Transport are hardware
addresses? addresses at the
Data Link layer.
53 IPv4 addresses a) 32-bit b) 64-bit c) 128-bit d) 16- a) 32-bit IPv4 uses 32-bit
are: bit addresses,
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 expressed in
dotted-decimal
format.
54 IPv6 addresses a) 32-bit b) 64-bit c) 128-bit d) c) 128-bit IPv6 expands
are: 256-bit address space to
128 bits.
55 OSI vs TCP/IP: a) Transport b) Network c) a) Transport Both models
Transport layer Application d) Data Link provide end-to-
maps to: end
communication
and error
detection.
56 OSI Physical a) Link b) Transport c) Internet d) a) Link Physical and Data
layer maps to Application Link layers in OSI
TCP/IP: correspond to the
TCP/IP Link
layer.
57 Encapsulation a) Application b) Transport c) All of the above (at Each layer adds
occurs at which Network d) Data Link respective layers) headers/footers
layer? before passing
data down the
stack.
58 HTTP operates a) Application b) Transport c) a) Application HTTP is an
at which layer? Network d) Physical Application layer
protocol for web
services.
59 HTTPS uses a) 80 b) 443 c) 21 d) 25 b) 443 Port 443 is
which port by reserved for
default? HTTPS encrypted
communication.
60 SMTP uses a) 25 b) 110 c) 53 d) 80 a) 25 SMTP sends
which port? emails through
port 25.
61 POP3 uses a) 110 b) 25 c) 21 d) 443 a) 110 POP3 downloads
which port? email from server
to client on port
110.
62 IMAP default a) 143 b) 110 c) 25 d) 80 a) 143 IMAP allows
port is: synchronized
access to emails
across devices.
63 DNS default a) 53 b) 80 c) 25 d) 443 a) 53 DNS translates
port is: domain names to
IP addresses.
64 ICMP is mainly a) Ping b) FTP c) SMTP d) HTTP a) Ping ICMP provides
used by: error reporting
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 and diagnostics
like ping.
65 TCP three-way a) SYN, ACK, FIN b) SYN, SYN- b) SYN, SYN-ACK, TCP establishes a
handshake ACK, ACK c) GET, POST, PUT d) ACK reliable
steps: Request, Response, Close connection using
this handshake.
66 UDP is suitable a) Streaming media b) File transfer a) Streaming media UDP offers fast,
for: c) Email d) Printing connectionless
delivery, ideal for
real-time data.
67 FTP active a) 20 b) 21 c) 22 d) 23 a) 20 Port 20 is used for
mode uses data transfer in
which port for FTP active mode.
data?
68 FTP passive a) Server b) Client c) Router d) a) Server In passive mode,
mode data port Switch server specifies
is chosen by: port for data
connection.
69 Telnet uses a) 23 b) 21 c) 80 d) 25 a) 23 Telnet provides
which port by unencrypted
default? remote access
over port 23.
70 SSH default a) 22 b) 21 c) 23 d) 80 a) 22 SSH offers secure
port is: remote access
using port 22.
71 SSL/TLS is a) Encrypt communication b) Route a) Encrypt Provides
used to: packets c) Assign IP addresses d) communication confidentiality
Compress files and integrity over
insecure
networks.
72 NAT translates: a) Private IPs to public IPs b) MAC a) Private IPs to Network Address
addresses c) Domain names d) public IPs Translation allows
Protocol ports multiple devices
to share one
public IP.
73 A MAC address a) 32-bit b) 48-bit c) 128-bit d) 64- b) 48-bit MAC address
is: bit uniquely
identifies a
network interface.
74 IPv4 subnet a) /24 b) /16 c) /8 d) /32 a) /24 Indicates 24 bits
mask for network and 8
255.255.255.0 bits for host
corresponds to: portion.
75 ARP resolves: a) IP to MAC b) MAC to IP c) Port a) IP to MAC Address
numbers d) Domain names Resolution
Protocol maps IP
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 addresses to MAC
addresses.
76 RARP resolves: a) IP from MAC b) MAC from IP a) IP from MAC Reverse ARP
c) Domain names d) Port numbers finds IP address
corresponding to a
MAC.
77 Which of the a) TCP b) UDP c) FTP d) HTTP b) UDP UDP does not
following is a establish a
connectionless connection before
protocol? sending data.
78 Which of the a) UDP b) TCP c) IP d) ICMP b) TCP TCP establishes a
following is a reliable
connection- connection before
oriented transmitting.
protocol?
79 IPv4 maximum a) 254 b) 65534 c) 16 d) 512 a) 254 Class C allows 8
hosts per host bits → 2^8-2
network class = 254 usable
C? addresses.
80 IPv4 private a) 192.168.x.x b) 8.8.x.x c) a) 192.168.x.x Private IPs are
address range 172.0.x.x d) 100.64.x.x used internally
includes: and not routable
on the Internet.
81 Default a) Router connecting to another a) Router connecting Gateway allows
gateway is: network b) Switch c) Hub d) DNS to another network hosts to
server communicate
outside their
network.
82 VLANs operate a) Layer 2 b) Layer 3 c) Layer 4 d) a) Layer 2 VLANs segregate
at which layer? Layer 1 network segments
logically at Data
Link layer.
83 IPsec is used a) VPN encryption b) DNS c) a) VPN encryption Provides
for: DHCP d) FTP confidentiality,
authentication,
and integrity over
IP networks.
84 Which protocol a) TCP b) UDP c) ICMP d) HTTP a) TCP TCP numbers
ensures reliable packets and
delivery with ensures correct
sequencing? order delivery.
85 DNS uses UDP a) Zone transfers b) Ping c) Web a) Zone transfers TCP is used for
for queries and browsing d) Email reliability in
TCP for: transferring DNS
zones.
86 Broadcast a) 192.168.1.255 b) 192.168.1.0 c) a) 192.168.1.255 Broadcast address
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 address of 192.168.0.255 d) 192.168.1.1 allows sending to
192.168.1.0/24? all hosts in a
subnet.
87 Multicast a) Single host b) All hosts c) A c) A group of hosts Multicast targets
allows sending group of hosts d) Router only multiple
to: interested hosts
without flooding
entire network.
88 Anycast is: a) One-to-one b) One-to-all c) One- c) One-to-nearest Anycast sends
to-nearest d) Many-to-many data to the nearest
host in a group.
89 DHCP lease a) IP assignment duration b) a) IP assignment Lease time
time defines: Bandwidth c) Port number d) duration controls how long
Subnet mask a device can use
an assigned IP.
90 Telnet is a) Encrypts data b) Sends data in b) Sends data in All credentials
insecure plaintext c) Uses SSL d) Uses port plaintext and commands
because: 443 are transmitted
without
encryption.
91 HTTP status a) OK b) Not Found c) Server Error b) Not Found Indicates
code 404 d) Redirect requested
means: resource is
unavailable on the
server.
92 HTTP status a) OK b) Not Found c) a) OK Resource has been
code 200 Unauthorized d) Redirect successfully
means: retrieved.
93 SMTP can use a) 25, 465, 587 b) 80, 443 c) 21, 20 a) 25, 465, 587 Different ports for
which ports? d) 110, 143 standard, SSL,
and submission
SMTP.
94 Which protocol a) ICMP b) TCP c) UDP d) FTP a) ICMP Ping uses ICMP
checks host echo request/reply
reachability? for reachability.
95 Routing table a) IP prefixes, next hop b) MAC a) IP prefixes, next Routing tables
contains: addresses c) Domain names d) hop determine how to
Ports forward packets.
96 Switch operates a) Layer 2 b) Layer 3 c) Layer 1 d) a) Layer 2 Switches forward
at which OSI Layer 4 frames based on
layer? MAC addresses at
Data Link layer.
97 Router operates a) Layer 3 b) Layer 2 c) Layer 1 d) a) Layer 3 Routers forward
at which OSI Layer 4 packets based on
layer? IP addresses.

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98 VLAN tagging a) IEEE 802.1Q b) IEEE 802.11 c) a) IEEE 802.1Q Adds VLAN ID
protocol is: IEEE 802.3 d) IEEE 802.5 to Ethernet frames
for identification.
99 Port 161 is used a) SNMP b) SMTP c) HTTP d) a) SNMP SNMP agents
by: FTP listen on port 161
for management
queries.
100 Which of the a) Checksums b) IP addresses c) a) Checksums Checksums detect
following MAC addresses d) Subnet masks errors in
ensures data transmitted data.
integrity?

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