UNIT TWO : TEACHING METHODS (PEDAGOGY), part I
Unit two – 2020/2021,
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Teaching Methods, Part I.
Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
ü List the various methods of teaching
ü Define, and state the advantages and disadvantages of
number various methods ( lecture method, discussion
method, demonstration method, project method etc)
ü State when and where each method is applicable.
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Teaching Methods (1)
Common Various Methods of Teaching
………………………………………………….. Part I.
1. Lecture (chalk and talk) method
2. Discussion method
3. Demonstration method
4. Discovery method
5. Assignment/project method
………………………………………………………………..Part II.
1. Enterprising Teaching method
2. Field trips method (Excursion)
3. Individualized instructional method
4. Laboratory method
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Teaching Methods
qIn actual fact if the appropriate method is adopted,
knowledge acquired can be accelerated. People speak it
that no educational system can rise above the quality of
its teacher, nor can a nation rise above the quality of its
educational system.
q It is your duty as a teacher to ensure that the appropriate
teaching method or a combination of two or more
methods is used in order to achieve the stated aims and
objectives
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1. The Lecture Method
üYou are probably familiar with this teacher-dominated
approach to teaching, hence it is termed a didactic method.
It involves verbal presentation of ideas, concepts, generalization
and facts.
üIn the Universities and other institutions of higher learning,
the lecture method is the acceptable means of imparting
information.
At the secondary school level, the students have not been
trained to follow chains of reasoning. Therefore lecture method
should not be used in its pure forms.
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Advantages of the Lecture Method
a. It is cheap to operate
b. It makes fewer demands on the teacher’s time for planning
and preparing and is therefore an attractive and easy method
of teaching.
c. It is an efficient means of giving a vast amount of knowledge
in a limited amount of time.
d. Large classes of students can be handled by the teacher.
e. It serves to channel the thinking of all students in a given
direction
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Disadvantages of the Lecture Method
a. Students are passive listeners
b. The desired learning outcomes may not be accomplished.
c. The method is inadequate for teaching certain types of
concepts e.g. attitudes and feelings which are not learned
through pure telling.
d. Students’ progress cannot be evaluated during the lesson
e. It cannot meet the different needs of the students
f. It rarely affords students the opportunity to practice
communication skills.
g. It’s largely denied of exploratory aspects of learning. Students
may show a tendency to accept the teacher as the
“final authority”.
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2. The Discussion Method
Discussion method is based on the philosophy that
knowledge arises within the students and not from any
external source.
The teacher serves as a moderator.
Advantages of the Discussion Method
a. Students maintain a high degree of mental alertness to develop
clear thinking.
b. Interest is maintained and a feeling of confidence as students
learn to express themselves freely.
c. Students learn through discussion method
d. Discussion method provides good practice for problem solving
e. It provides the teacher with information about the students
f. Teaching by discussion leads to positive attitudinal change
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Disadvantages of the Discussion Method
a. A lot of time would be wasted before the students arrive
at satisfactory answers.
b. Discussion method cannot be used so often as it does
not allow for easy coverage of the syllabus.
c. In most cases, most students do not participate in the
lesson because they do not know or know little about
the topic of the lesson. They may even be shy or fearful.
d. Students who have no background of the topic being
discussed may become bored or disinterested in the
lesson
e. Since the attention span of the students (young ones) is
very short, they cannot maintain high level of attention.
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Some Guidelines to the Discussion Method
a. The topic to be discussed and the teacher’s
questions should meet the level of the students.
b. The topics for discussion should be within students’
background.
c. The teacher should not allow some students to
dominate the topic under discussion.
d. You should avoid vague questions.
e. You should summarize frequently in order to guide
your students towards understanding the main con
cepts and principles of the topics under discussion.
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Activity 2.1
Individual Experience Sharing
Think of any moment in your teaching and
Identify any challenges or disadvantages you
come across by using a lecture method and
discussion method separately.
3. The Demonstration Method
q In demonstration method, the teacher will do
a display or exhibition while the students watch.
It typically involves showing students the correct
use of science apparatus, illustrating a technique
for example “experiment” which is either
dangerous, risky, difficult or expensive for
individual students use.
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Advantages of the Demonstration Method
q It is an inexpensive method since only the demonstrator
needs materials.
q It shows how something is accomplished properly or expertly,
q Demonstration method is especially beneficial in the areas of
skills and attitudes.
q It can reduce hazards e.g. breakage and accidents before
students embark on individual or group work with materials
involved.
q A good demonstration method holds the learners attention
by giving the opportunity to see and hear what is actually
happening.
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Disadvantages of the Demonstration Method
q Only the attention of the learners is invited towards the act.
qThe assumption made that all the students see and hear
equally well does not necessarily follow.
q Where the demonstration is restricted to the teacher
alone, students will be denied the opportunity to acquire
manipulative skills in handling of the materials and
apparatus
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4. Discovery Method
Discovery method is a teaching method which enables
students to find the answers themselves. It is a learner
centered approach hence it is called a heuristic method
It is of two types, the guided discovery and the unguided
discovery.
In the guided discovery, the teacher guides the students
to discover for themselves solutions to given problems by
providing them with general principles, but not the solution
to the scientific problem.
The unguided discovery type involves the students discovering
for themselves both the general principles and solution to a
scientific problem
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Advantages of the Discovery Method
qDiscovery method, the students learnt that
answers to questions can often be obtained from investing
actions they can carry out for themselves.
q This method encourages analytical and intuitive thinking.
Discovery method, whether it is the directed type or
undirected, makes the student an active
participant rather than a mere passive recipient.
q The enjoyment in discovering something provides the
students with intrinsic motivation.
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Disadvantages of the Discovery Method
q Discovery method is time consuming and progress
is comparatively is slow.
q The method is expensive considering the equipment
and materials needed
q Discovery method is only good for small classes
where effective teacher supervision is possible.
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5. The Project Method
The Project Method of teaching centers on an assignment
of interest undertaken by an individual student or a group
or a whole class.
In this method, the students are guided when necessary.
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Advantages of the Project Method
q It provides opportunity to develop learner’s initiative
as well as greater understanding of how to learn.
q Motivation to work is high and it offers opportunity for
creative ability particularly for specially talented students
q It gives students specific areas to work on sometimes
with acquisition of some new skills and attitudes.
q Group project afford opportunity for developing leadership
and organizing abilities.
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Disadvantages of the Project Method
q Projects are time-consuming
q Students often get sidetracked particularly if they lack
good grasp of facts necessary in carrying out the projects.
q It may be difficult to determine the extent to which
the individual has participated
q It is difficult to choose a project that will interest all
the students in the class at one time.
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Thank you
