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Prepared by: Engr. C. Dullas
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INTRODUCTION
The basic construction, appearance, and characteristics of the transistor
were introduced and the DC biasing of the device was then examined in
detail . We now begin to examine the ac response of the BJT amplifier by
reviewing the models most frequently used to represent the transistor in the
sinusoidal ac domain.
One of our first concerns in the sinusoidal ac analysis of transistor networks
is the magnitude of the input signal. It will determine whether small-signal or
large-signal techniques should be applied. There is no set dividing line
between the two, but the application—and the magnitude of the variables of
interest relative to the scales of the device characteristics— will usually make
it quite clear which method is appropriate. There are three models commonly
used in the small-signal ac analysis of transistor networks: the re model, the
hybrid π model, and the hybrid equivalent model. This modules
introduces two models.
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INTENDED LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
● Become familiar with the re and hybrid
models for the BJT transistor.
● Learn to use the equivalent model to find the
important ac parameters for an amplifier.
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BJT AC RESPONSE
BJT TRANSISTOR MODELS:
Re model
Hybrid
Hybrid equivalent model
MODEL
an equivalent circuit that represents the AC characteristics of the
transistor
uses circuit elements that approximate the behavior of the
transistor.
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BJT AC RESPONSE
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BJT AC RESPONSE
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BJT AC RESPONSE
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BJT AC RESPONSE
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BJT AC RESPONSE
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BJT AC RESPONSE
NOTES:
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BJT AC RESPONSE
SUMMARY: AC Equivalence of a circuit
1. Setting all DC sources to zero and replacing them by
a short circuit equivalent.
2. Replacing all capacitors by a short circuit equivalent
3. Removing all elements by passed by the short circuit
introduced by step 1 and 2
4. Redrawing the network in a more convenient and
logical form
BJT AC RESPONSE:
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re Transistor Model
Common Emitter Configuration
Circuit Design
BJT AC RESPONSE:
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Common Emitter Configuration
re Transistor Model
BJT Equivalent Defining the level of Zi
Circuit
We will have to change the
Single diode to its
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE
BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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Notes:
The more the change in Vce for the same change in Ic,
the larger will be the output resistance.
BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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Common Base Configuration
BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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Biasing Configuration:
Common Emitter Fixed Bias
Voltage Divider Bias
CE Emitter Bias (Unbypassed)
Emitter Follower
Common Base
Collector Feedback
BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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Common Emitter Fixed Bias
BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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Common Emitter Fixed Bias
BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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Common Emitter Fixed Bias
BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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Common Emitter Fixed Bias
Demonstrating the
180°phase shift between
input and output
waveforms.
BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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Common Emitter Fixed Bias
For the fixed bias configuration:
a. Determine r e .
b. Find Zi (with ro =∞ ).
c. Calculate Zo (with ro = ∞).
d. Determine Av (with ro = ∞ ).
BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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Common Emitter Voltage Divider Bias
BJT AC RESPONSE:
re Transistor Model
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Common Emitter Voltage Divider Bias
BJT AC RESPONSE:
Hybrid Equivalent Model
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H Parameters
ℎ𝑖𝑒 , ℎ𝑟𝑒 , ℎ𝑓𝑒 , ℎ𝑜𝑒
Term “hybrid” was chose due to its mixture of variables in each equation
Two Port System
BJT AC RESPONSE:
Hybrid Equivalent Model
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How can we determine the magnitude in each h-parameters?
We can determine it by isolating each parameters and examined the relationship
BJT AC RESPONSE:
Hybrid Equivalent Model
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How can we determine the magnitude in each h-parameters?
BJT AC RESPONSE:
Hybrid Equivalent Model
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How can we determine the magnitude in each h-parameters?
BJT AC RESPONSE:
Hybrid Equivalent Model
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How can we determine the magnitude in each h-parameters?
BJT AC RESPONSE:
Hybrid Equivalent Model
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BJT AC RESPONSE:
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Hybrid Equivalent Model
Given IE = 2.5 mA, hfe = 140, hoe = 20 mS (mmho), and hob = 0.5 mS,
determine:
a. The common-emitter hybrid equivalent circuit.
b. The common-base re model.
Solution:
BJT AC RESPONSE:
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Hybrid Equivalent Model
Given IE = 2.5 mA, hfe = 140, hoe = 20 mS (mmho), and hob = 0.5 mS,
determine:
a. The common-emitter hybrid equivalent circuit.
b. The common-base re model.
Solution:
CASCADE
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MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER two or more amplifiers can be connected to
increase the gain of an AC Signal. The overall gain can be calculated by
simply multiplying each gain together.
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER CUT OFF FREQUENCIES AND BANDWIDTH
When Amplifiers having equal cutoff frequencies are cascaded, the cutoff
frequencies and bandwidth of the multistage circuit is:
CASCADE
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The most widely used method
Coupling a signal from one stage to the another stage and block DC
voltage from on stage to another
The overall Gain is equal to the product of the individual gain
R–C coupled BJT amplifiers DC Equivalent
CASCODE
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A Cascode connection has one transistor on top of another
Advantage: Provide high input impedance with low voltage gain to ensure the
input Miller capacitance is at a minimum with the CB stage providing good
frequency operation
Cascode DC Equivalent
Darlington connection
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The main feature is that the composite transistor acts as single unit with a current gain
that is the product of the current gains of the individual transistor
Advantage: Provide high current gain than a single BJT
Darlington Connection DC Equivalent
Feedback Connection
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Feedback Connection employs both an npn and pnp transistor.
Advantage: Provides high gain with increased stability.
Feedback Connection DC Equivalent
Current Mirrors
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The current mirror is a dc network in which the current through a
load is controlled by a current at another point in the network. That
is, if the controlling current is raised or lowered the current through
the load will change to the same level.
Current Mirror using Base Characteristics for
back-to-back BJT transistor Q1 (and Q2)
EXAMPLE 1
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Calculate the mirrored Current I in the circuit:
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Calculate the current I through each of the transistor Q2
and Q3
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Current source
An ideal current source provides a constant current regardless of the
load connected to it. There are many uses in electronics for a circuit
providing a constant current at a very high impedance. Constant-current
circuits can be built using bipolar devices, FET devices, and a
combination of these components. There are circuits used in discrete
form and others more suitable for operation in integrated circuits.
R=0 R=∞
VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENT SOURCE
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Example
Calculate the constant current I in the circuit below:
CONSTANT
CURRENT SOURCE
Transistor/Zener Constant-Current Source
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A major point to consider is that the constant current depends on the
Zener diode voltage, which remains quite constant, and the emitter
resistor RE . The voltage supply VEE has no effect on the value of I.
Example: Calculate the constant current I in the circuit below:
R1 = 2.2kΩ
RE = 1.8kΩ
Vz = 6.2 V
VEE = -18V
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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
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Amplifier and FET
