October 2022

DIN EN 13001-2
D
ICS 53.020.20 Supersedes
DIN EN 13001­2:2021­12

Crane safety –
General design –
Part 2: Load actions;
English version EN 13001­2:2021,
English translation of DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10

Kransicherheit –
Konstruktion allgemein –
Teil 2: Lasteinwirkungen;
Englische Fassung EN 13001­2:2021,
Englische Übersetzung von DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
Sécurité des appareils de levage à charge suspendue –
Conception générale –
Partie 2: Charges;
Version anglaise EN 13001­2:2021,
Traduction anglaise de DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
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Document comprises 79 pages

Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.
In case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.

© DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. (German Institute for Standardization) is the owner of all
exclusive rights for Germany – all rights of exploitation, irrespective of the form and procedure – are
reserved for DIN e. V. For other countries, DIN e. V. holds all non-exclusive rights of exploitation.
www.din.de !&Ibv"
www.beuth.de 09.22 3386383
Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany, has the exclusive right of sale.
 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10

A comma is used as the decimal marker.

National foreword
This standard includes safety requirements.

This document (EN 13001-2:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes —
Safety” (Secretariat: DIN, Germany).

The responsible German body involved in its preparation was DIN-Normenausschuss Maschinenbau (DIN
Standards Committee Mechanical Engineering), Working Committee NA 060-22-10 AA “Steering Committee
Cranes and lifting equipment” and Working Group NA 060-22-10-21 AK “Design — General (national mirror
committee for CEN/TC 147/WG 2 and ISO/TC 96/SC 10)” of Section “Cranes and lifting equipment”.
Representatives of manufacturers and users of “cranes and lifting equipment”, and of the employers’ liability
insurance associations contributed to this standard.

This standard contains specifications which give detail to the essential requirements set out in Annex I of the
“Machinery Directive”, Directive 2006/42/EC, and which apply to machines that are either first placed on the
market or commissioned within the EEA. This standard serves to facilitate proof of compliance with the
essential requirements of that directive.

Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, it is deemed a “harmonized” standard,
and, thus, a manufacturer applying this standard may assume compliance with the requirements of the
Machinery Directive (“presumption of conformity”).

It should be noted that the term “crane” as in this standard includes all machines for cyclic lifting, or cyclic
lifting and handling, of loads suspended on hooks or other load lifting attachments. This means that this
standard applies to all other equipment, such as winches, which meets this definition.

Where the International Standards referred to are not also DIN ISO Standards with the same number, there
are no national standards available.

For current information on this document, please go to DIN’s website (www.din.de) and search for the
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document number in question.

Amendments

This standard differs from DIN EN 13001-2:2014-12 as follows:

a) cranes on vessels which are within the scope of the Directive 2016/1629/EU (Inland Waterway Vessels)
and “European Standard laying down Technical Requirements for Inland Navigation vessels”
(ES-TRIN:2019/1):

1) loads relevant to cranes on vessels have been added;

b) subclause 4.2.2 on favourable/unfavourable masses and the clause on high risk applications including
Annex D have been modified;

1) see also 4.2.1.2 f) regular loads have been added;

2) see also 4.2.1.4 m) exceptional loads have been added;

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10

c) subclause 4.3.6 for measured load effects has been added;

d) subclause 4.3.8 on rigid body stability has been modified;

e) subclause 4.2.1.5 on internal loads inside mechanisms has been added;

f) requirements for loads on access ways have been replaced by a reference to EN 13586:2004+A1:2008;

g) Annex ZA has been extensively revised.

Compared with DIN EN 13001-2:2021-12, the following corrections have been made to the German version:

a) the formula in Table 7, second line, last column has been corrected;

b) the representation of the second formula in Table 6 for the track clearance α g has been corrected;

c) the German translation has been adapted in the Introduction and in 4.3.7, third paragraph.

Previous editions
DIN EN 13001-2: 2005-04, 2007-11, 2010-02, 2011-07, 2012-06, 2014-12, 2021-12
DIN EN 13001-2 Corrigendum 1: 2006-11
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DIN EN 13001 -2:2022 -10

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 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13001-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM March 2021

ICS 53.020.20 Supersedes EN 13001-2:2014

English Version

Crane safety -
General design -
Part 2: Load actions
Sécurité des appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Kransicherheit -
Conception générale - Konstruktion allgemein -
Partie 2: Charges Teil 2: Lasteinwirkungen

This European Standard was corrected and reissued by the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre on 21 April 2021.

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 January 2021.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
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EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13001-2:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Contents Page

European foreword....................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 6
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations ........................................................................... 6
3.1 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 7
4 Safety requirements and/or measures ................................................................................................ 11
4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
4.2 Loads ................................................................................................................................................................. 11
4.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
4.2.2 Regular loads ................................................................................................................................................. 13
4.2.3 Occasional loads ........................................................................................................................................... 22
4.2.4 Exceptional loads ......................................................................................................................................... 29
4.3 Load combinations ...................................................................................................................................... 38
4.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 38
4.3.2 High risk situations ..................................................................................................................................... 38
4.3.3 Favourable and unfavourable masses .................................................................................................. 39
4.3.4 Partial safety factors for the mass of the crane ................................................................................. 39
4.3.5 Partial safety factors to be applied to loads determined by displacements ........................... 40
4.3.6 Partial safety factors to be applied to measured load effects limited by control
system .............................................................................................................................................................. 41
4.3.7 Load combinations for the proof of competence .............................................................................. 41
4.3.8 The proof of crane stability ...................................................................................................................... 47
Annex A (informative) Aerodynamic coefficients ........................................................................................... 50
A.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 50
A.2 Individual members .................................................................................................................................... 52
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A.3 Plane and spatial lattice structure members ..................................................................................... 58

A.4 Structural members in multiple arrangement .................................................................................. 61
Annex B (informative) Illustration of the types of hoist drives .................................................................. 63
Annex C (informative) Calculation of load factor for indirect lifting force limiter.............................. 66
Annex D (informative) Guidance on selection of the risk coefficient ....................................................... 68
Annex E (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane family standards ........................................ 70
Annex F (informative) Requirements in Directive 2016/1629/EU .......................................................... 72
Annex G (informative) List of hazards ................................................................................................................. 73
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered ..................................................... 74
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 75

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

European foreword

This document (EN 13001-2:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes —
Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2021, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by September 2021.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN 13001-2:2014.

This document has been prepared under a standardization request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of
EU Directive(s).

For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.

CEN/TC 147 WG 2 has reviewed EN 13001-2:2014 to adapt the document to the technical progress, new
requirements and changes in the document referred. The main topics and changes include:

— Cranes on vessels which are within the scope of the Directive 2016/1629/EU (Inland Waterway
Vessels) and “European Standard laying down Technical Requirements for Inland Navigation
vessels” (ES-TRIN:2019/1);

— Loads relevant to cranes on vessels were added;

— The clause on favourable/unfavourable masses and the clause on high risk applications including
Annex D were modified;

— A new 4.3.6 for measured load effects was added;

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— 4.3.8 on rigid body stability was modified;

— A new 4.2.1.5 added, on internal loads inside mechanisms;

— Requirements for loads on access ways were replaced by a reference to EN 13586:2004+A1:2008;

— Annex ZA has been revised.

This document is Part 2 of the EN 13001 series. The other parts are as follows:

— Part 1: General principles and requirements

— Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures

— Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in reeving systems

— Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts

— Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery — Bearings

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

— Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks and cast hooks

— Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery — Hydraulic cylinders

For the relationship with other European Standards for cranes, see Annex E.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Introduction

This document has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for the mechanical
design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform to the essential health and safety requirements
of the EU Directive 2006/42/EC (Machinery), as amended. This document also establishes interfaces
between the user (purchaser) of the crane and the designer, as well as between the designer and the
component manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components.
This document is a type C standard as stated in the EN ISO 12100.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in the scope of this
document.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those, which are stated in type A or
B standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other
standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this
type C standard.
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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

1 Scope
This document specifies load actions and load combinations for the calculation of load effects as basis for
the proof of competence of a crane and its main components. It will be used together with the other
generic parts of the EN 13001 series of standards, see Annex E. As such they specify conditions and
requirements on design to prevent mechanical hazards of cranes and provide a method of verification of
those requirements.
NOTE Specific requirements for particular types of crane are given in the appropriate European product
standards for the particular crane type, see Annex E.

The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks
to persons during normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Clause 4 of this document provides
means to reduce or eliminate the risks of mechanical failures due to the following:
a) rigid body instability of the crane or its parts (tilting);

b) exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);

c) elastic instability of the crane or its parts or components (buckling, bulging).

The hazards covered by this document are identified by Annex G.

This document is not applicable to cranes that are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
<std>EN 13001-1:2015, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements</std>

<std>EN 13586:2004+A1:2008, Cranes — Access</std>

<std>ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General</std>

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3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations

3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 4306-1:2007, Clause 6 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp

— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/

3.1.1
hoist load
sum of the masses suspended from the crane, taken as the sum of payload, the fixed and non-fixed load
lifting attachments and the suspended portion of the hoist medium

Note 1 to entry: “hoist load” is equivalent to “gross load” as defined in ISO 4306-1:2007.

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

3.1.2
single failure proof system
force carrying arrangement of several components, arranged so that in case of a failure of any single
component in the arrangement, the capability to carry the force is not lost

3.1.3
vessel
floating installation the crane is mounted on

Note 1 to entry: The above definition is limited to vessels which are within the scope of the EU Directive
2016/1629 EU (Inland Waterway Vessels).

3.2 Symbols and abbreviations

For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviations given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations

Symbols, abbreviations Description

A1 to A4 Load combinations including regular loads
A Characteristic area of a crane member

Ag Projection of the hoist load on a plane normal to the direction of the wind
velocity

Ac Area enclosed by the boundary of a lattice work member in the plane of its
characteristic height d

Aj Area of an individual crane member projected to the plane of the

characteristic height d
bh Width of the rail head
b Characteristic width of a crane member
B1 to B5 Load combinations including regular and occasional loads
c Spring constant
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co, ca, coy, coz Aerodynamic coefficients

C1 to C11 Load combinations including regular, occasional and exceptional loads
CFF, CFM Coupled wheel pairs of system F/F or F/M
d Characteristic dimension of a crane member
di, dn Distance between wheel pair i or n and the guide means
eG Width of the gap of a rail
f Friction coefficient
fi Loads
fq natural frequency
frec Term used in calculating v(z)
F Force in general

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Symbols, abbreviations Description

F, Fy, Fz Wind loads

F̂ Maximum buffer force

Fi, Ff Initial and final drive force
ΔF Change of drive force
Fx1i, Fx2i, Fy1i, Fy2i Tangential wheel forces
Fy Guide force
Fz1i, Fz2i Vertical wheel forces
Abbreviations for Fixed/Fixed and Fixed/Moveable, characterizing the
F/F, F/M
possibility of lateral movements of the crane wheels
g Acceleration due to gravity
Distance between instantaneous slide pole and guide means of a skewing
h
crane
h(t) Time dependent unevenness function
hs Height of the step of a rail

H1, H2 Lateral wheel forces induced by drive forces acting on a crane or trolley
with asymmetrical mass distribution
HC1 to HC4 Stiffness classes
HD1 to HD5 Classes of the type of hoist drive and its operation method
i Serial number
IFF, IFM Independent wheel pairs of system F/F or F/M
j Serial number
k Serial number
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K Drag coefficient of terrain

K1, K2 Roughness factors
l Span of a crane
la Aerodynamic length of a crane member
lo Geometric length of a crane member
mH Mass of the hoist load
m Mass of the crane and the hoist load
ΔmH Released or dropped part of the hoist load
n Number of wheels at each side of the crane runway
nm Exponent used in calculating the shielding factor η
p Number of pairs of coupled wheels

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Symbols, abbreviations Description

q Equivalent static wind pressure
q Mean wind pressure
q(z) Equivalent static storm wind pressure
q(3) Wind pressure at v(3)
r Wheel radius
R Out-of-service wind recurrence interval
Re Reynold number
sg Slack of the guide
sy Lateral slip at the guide means
syi Lateral slip at wheel pair i
S Load effect

Ŝ Maximum load effect

Si, Sf Initial and final load effects
ΔS Change of load effect
t Time
u Buffer stroke
û Maximum buffer stroke
v Travelling speed of the crane
v Constant mean wind velocity
Constant mean wind velocity if the wind direction is not normal to the
v*
longitudinal axis of the crane member under consideration
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v(z) Equivalent static storm wind velocity

Equivalent static storm wind velocity if the wind direction is not normal to
v(z)*
the longitudinal axis of the crane member under consideration
v(3) Gust wind velocity averaged of a period of 3 seconds
vg Three seconds gust amplitude
vh Hoisting speed
vh,max Maximum steady hoisting speed
vh,CS Steady hoisting creep speed
vm(z) Ten minutes mean storm wind velocity in the height z
vref Reference storm wind velocity
wb Distance between the guide means

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Symbols, abbreviations Description

z Height above ground level
z(t) Time-dependent coordinate of the mass centre
αr Relative aerodynamic length

αw Angle between the direction of the wind velocity v or v(z) and the
longitudinal axis of the crane member under consideration
α Skewing angle
αg Part of the skewing angle α due to the slack of the guide
αG, αs Terms used in calculating ϕ4

αt Part of the skewing angle α due to tolerances

αw Part of the skewing angle α due to wear
β Angle between horizontal plane and non-horizontal wind direction
β2 Term used in calculating ϕ2

β3 Term used in calculating ϕ3

γf Overall safety factor

γm Resistance coefficient
γn Risk coefficient
γp Partial safety factor
γs Additional safety factor for stability

δ Term used in calculating ϕ1

εS Conventional start force factor

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εM Conventional mean drive force factor

η Shielding factor
ηW Factor for remaining hoist load in out of service condition
λ Aerodynamic slenderness ratio
μ, μ′ Parts of the span l
F Term used in calculating the guide force Fy

F1i, F2i Terms used in calculating Fy1i and Fy2i

ξ Term used in calculating ϕ7

ξ1i, ξ2i Term used in calculating Fx1i and Fx2i

ξG(αG), ξs(αs) Curve factors

ρ Density of the air

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Symbols, abbreviations Description

φ Solidity ratio
ϕi Dynamic factors
ϕ1 Dynamic factor acting on the mass of the crane

ϕ2 Dynamic factor on hoist load when hoisting an unrestrained grounded

load in regular operation

ϕ2C Dynamic factor on hoist load when hoisting an unrestrained grounded

load under exceptional conditions
ϕ2,min Term used in calculating ϕ2

ϕ3 Dynamic factor for inertial and gravity effects by sudden release of a part
of the hoist load
ϕ4 Dynamic factor for loads caused by travelling on uneven surface
ϕ5 Dynamic factor for loads caused by acceleration of all crane drives
ϕ6 Dynamic factor for test loads
ϕ7 Dynamic factor for loads due to buffer forces
ϕ8 Gust response factor

ϕL, ϕML Factors for calculation of force in case the load or moment limiter is
activated
ψ Reduction factor used in calculating aerodynamic coefficients

4 Safety requirements and/or measures

4.1 General

Loads and load combinations, as given in 4.2 and 4.3, shall only be applied as relevant for specified
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configurations and operational conditions of the crane.

The load actions shall be taken into account in proofs against failure by uncontrolled movement, yielding,
elastic instability and, where applicable, against fatigue.
4.2 Loads
4.2.1 General

4.2.1.1 Introduction

The loads acting on a crane are divided into the categories of regular, occasional and exceptional as given
in 4.2.1.2, 4.2.1.3 and 4.2.1.4. Combinations of regular, occasional and exceptional loads into load
combinations A, B and C are given in 4.3.
Internal loads inside mechanisms are mentioned in 4.2.1.5 and should be considered where relevant.

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

4.2.1.2 Regular loads

Regular loads are those loads that occur frequently under normal operation.
a) Hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane;

b) inertial and gravity effects acting vertically on the hoist load;

c) loads caused by travelling on uneven surface;

d) loads caused by acceleration of all crane drives;

e) loads induced by displacements;

f) loads due to vessel inclinations and motions.

4.2.1.3 Occasional loads

a) Loads due to in-service wind;

b) snow and ice loads;

c) loads due to temperature variation;

d) loads caused by skewing.

Occasional loads occur infrequently. They are usually neglected in fatigue assessment.
4.2.1.4 Exceptional loads

a) Loads caused by hoisting a grounded load under exceptional circumstances;

b) loads due to out-of-service wind;

c) test loads;

d) loads due to buffer forces;

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e) loads due to tilting forces;

f) loads caused by emergency cut-out;

g) loads due to dynamic cut-off by lifting force limiting device;

h) loads due to dynamic cut-off by lifting moment limiting device;

i) loads due to unintentional loss of hoist load;

j) loads caused by failure of mechanism or components;

k) loads due to external excitation of crane support;

l) loads caused by erection and dismantling;

m) loads due to vessel inclinations and motions while the crane is in stowage position.

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Exceptional loads are also infrequent and are likewise usually excluded from fatigue assessment.
4.2.1.5 Internal loads inside mechanisms

Load effects in drive mechanisms shall be derived both from the global, external load actions on the crane
and from the internal loads inside the mechanisms. The latter depend on one hand on the arrangement
of the mechanism and on the other hand on the physical quantities determining the internal load effects,
e.g.:
— brake torques;

— inertia of rotating components;

— friction in driving contacts.

Special consideration shall be given to internal load effects in mechanisms due to exceptional loads given
in 4.2.4, such as:
— 4.2.4.4, buffer forces;

— 4.2.4.7, emergency cut-out;

— 4.2.4.8, dynamic cut-off by lifting force limiter;

— 4.2.4.9, dynamic cut-off by lifting moment limiter;

— 4.2.4.11, apprehended failure of duplicated mechanism.

Special consideration should be given to rotating components that might be subjected to fatigue from this
internal loading.
4.2.2 Regular loads

4.2.2.1 Mass of the crane

When lifting the load off the ground or when releasing the load or parts of the load, the crane structure is
under effect of vibration excitation, which shall be taken into account as a load effect. The gravitational
force induced by the mass of the crane or crane part shall be multiplied by the factor ϕ1. Dependent upon
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the gravitational load effect of the mass and load combination in question, the factor ϕ1 is calculated in
accordance with either Formula (1) or (2). For definitions of unfavourable and favourable load effects see
4.3.3.
The gravitational load effect of the mass is unfavourable, Formula (1) applies:
φ1 = 1 + δ with 0 ≤ δ ≤ 0,1 (1)

The gravitational load effect of the mass is favourable, Formula (2) applies:
φ1 = 1 − δ with 0 ≤ δ ≤ 0,05 (2)

The maximum values of δ from the Formulae (1) and (2) shall be used unless other values are justified
by measurements, calculations or obtained from the appropriate European Standard for the particular
type of crane.
The mass of the crane includes those components which are always in place during operation except for
the net load itself. For some cranes or applications, it is necessary to add mass to account for accumulation
of debris.

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

4.2.2.2 Hoisting an unrestrained grounded load

4.2.2.2.1 General

When hoisting an unrestrained grounded load, the crane is subject to dynamic effects of transferring the
load off the ground onto the crane. These dynamic effects shall be taken into account by multiplying the
gravitational force due to the mass of the hoist load mH by a factor ϕ2, see Figure 1.

Figure 1 — Dynamic effects when hoisting a grounded load

The mass of the hoist load includes the masses of the payload, lifting attachments and the suspended
portion of the hoist ropes or chains.
The values of ϕ2 and ϕ2C shall be either calculated from the Formula (3) applying the specified stiffness
and hoist drive classes or determined experimentally or by dynamic analysis. Where stiffness and hoist
drive classes are not applied, the true characteristics of the drive system and the elastic properties of the
overall load supporting system shall be taken into account.
4.2.2.2.2 Application of stiffness and hoist drive classes

For the purposes of this document, cranes may be assigned to stiffness classes ranging from HC1 to HC4
in accordance with the elastic properties of the crane and its support. The stiffness classes given in the
Table 2 shall be selected on the basis of the characteristic vertical load displacement δ.
The dynamic factor ϕ2 (and respectively ϕ2C for Load combination C1, see 4.2.4.1) is calculated with the
Formula (3):
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φ=
2 φ2, min + β 2 ×v h (3)

where
β2 is the factor dependent upon the stiffness class of the crane in accordance with the
Table 2,
vh is the characteristic hoisting speed of the load in [m/s] in accordance with the Table 3,
different for calculations of ϕ2 and ϕ2C,
ϕ2,min is the minimum value of ϕ2 and ϕ2C in accordance with Table 4.

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Table 2 — Stiffness classes

Characteristic vertical load displacement Factor

Stiffness class
δ β2 [s/m]

HC1 0,8 m ≤ δ 0,17

HC2 0,3 m ≤ δ < 0,8 m 0,34
HC3 0,15 m ≤ δ < 0,3 m 0,51
HC4 δ < 0,15 m 0,68
The stiffness classes were called hoisting classes in the earlier versions of this document.

The characteristic vertical load displacement δ shall be obtained by measurement or calculated from the
elasticity of the crane structure, the rope system and the crane support, using the maximum hoist load
value and setting the partial safety factors and dynamic factors to 1,0. Product type crane standards may
give specific guidance on selection of stiffness classes.
Where the characteristic vertical load displacement δ varies for differing crane configurations, the
maximum value of δ may be used for the selection of the stiffness class.
For the purposes of this document, hoist drives shall be assigned to classes HD1 to HD5 depending on the
control characteristics as the weight of the load is transferred from the ground onto the crane. The hoist
drive classes are specified as follows:
HD1: Creep speed is not available or the start of the drive without creep speed is possible;
HD2: Hoist drive can only start at creep speed of at least a preset duration;
HD3: Hoist drive control maintains creep speed until the load is lifted off the ground;
HD4: Step-less hoist drive control, which performs with continuously increasing speed;
HD5: Step-less hoist drive control automatically ensures that the dynamic factor ϕ2 does not
exceed ϕ2,min.
See Annex B for illustration of the types of hoist drives.
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The characteristic hoisting speed vh to be used in load combinations A, B and C is given in the Table 3.
Table 3 — Characteristic hoisting speeds vh for calculation of ϕ2 and ϕ2C

Load Hoist drive class Factor

combination calculated by
(see 4.3.6) HD1 HD2 HD3 HD4 HD5 Formula (3)
A1, B1 vh,max vh,CS vh,CS 0,5 × vh,max vh = 0 ϕ2

C1 — vh,max — vh,max 0,5 × vh,max ϕ2C

Key
vh,max for load combinations A1 and B1: the maximum steady hoisting speed of the load;
vh,max for load combination C1 (see 4.2.4.1): the maximum hoisting speed resulting from all drives
(e.g. luffing and hoisting motion) contributing to the hoisting speed of the load;
vh,CS is the steady hoisting creep speed.

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

The minimum value ϕ2,min depends upon the combination of the classes HC and HD and shall be selected
in accordance with the Table 4.
Table 4 — Selection of ϕ2,min

Hoist drive class

Stiffness class
HD1 HD2 HD3 HD4 HD5
HC1 1,05 1,05 1,05 1,05 1,05
HC2 1,1 1,1 1,05 1,1 1,05
HC3 1,15 1,15 1,05 1,15 1,05
HC4 1,2 1,2 1,05 1,2 1,05

4.2.2.3 Sudden release of a part of the hoist load

For cranes that release a part of the hoist load as a normal working procedure, the peak dynamic action
on the crane can be taken into account by multiplying the hoist load by the factor ϕ3 (see Figure 2).
Negative value of ϕ3 means an uplifting force on the crane.
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Key
F force
t time

Figure 2 — Factor ϕ3

The factor ϕ3 shall be taken as follows:

∆mH
φ3 =
1− (
1 + β3
mH
) (4)

where
ΔmH is the released part of the hoist load;

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

mH is the mass of the hoist load;

β3 = 0,5 for cranes equipped with grabs or similar slow-release devices;
β3 = 1,0 for cranes equipped with magnets or similar rapid-release devices.

4.2.2.4 Loads caused by travelling on uneven surface

When calculating the dynamic actions on the crane by travelling, with or without load, on or off roadways
or on rail tracks, the induced accelerations shall be taken into account by multiplying the gravitational
forces due to the masses of the crane and hoist load by a factor ϕ4.
The dynamic actions shall be determined in one of the following methods:
— the factor ϕ4 is calculated using a simple single mass — spring — model for the crane as shown
below. The use of this simplified model is restricted to cranes whose actual dynamic behaviour
corresponds to that of the model. Where more than one natural mode contributes a significant
response and/or rotation occurs, the designer may estimate the dynamic loads using an appropriate
model for the circumstances.

— dynamic actions are determined by experiments or by calculation using an appropriate model for the
crane or the trolley and the travel surface or the track. Conditions for the travel surface (gaps, steps)
shall be specified.

— a conventional value for the factor ϕ4 may be taken from a European Standard for the specific crane
type, with specified conditions for the travel surface.
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Key
m mass of the crane and the hoist load
v constant horizontal travelling speed of the crane
c spring constant representing the stiffness of the crane in the vertical direction
z(t) coordinate of the mass centre
h(t) unevenness function describing the step or gap of the rail

Figure 3 — Single mass model of a crane for determining the factor ϕ4

The factor ϕ4 is calculated as follows:

2
 π  v2
φ 4= 1 +   ξ s for travelling over a step (see Figure 4a) (5)
 2  gr

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

2
 π  v2
φ 4= 1 +   ξ G for travelling over a gap (see Figure 4b) (6)
 2  gr

where
v is the constant horizontal travelling speed of the crane;
r is the wheel radius;
g= 9,81 m/s2 is the acceleration due to gravity.
ξs(αs), are curve factors that become maximum for the time period after the wheel has passed
ξG(αG) the unevenness; they can be determined for αs < 1,3 and αG < 1,3 by the diagrams given
in Figure 5.
where

2 f q hs 2r
  
αs = (see Figure 5a);
v hs

f q eG
  
αG = (see Figure 5b);
v
hs is the height of the step (see Figure 4);

eG is the width of the gap (see Figure 4), gaps at a plan (top view) angle of 60° or
smaller in respect to the travel direction (e.g. rail joint cuts), may be neglected;

c
is the natural frequency of a single mass model of the crane (see Figure 3), if
m unknown, to be taken as 10 Hz.
fq =
2π
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a) Travelling over a step b) Travelling over a gap

Figure 4 — Step and gap

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

a) Travelling over a step b) Travelling over a gap

The values of the factors are determined analytically by

For αS ≠ 1 and αG ≠ 1

α S2 α G2
=ξ S       (
2 + 2cos πα S ) or ξ G    
= 2 −2cos 2πα G( )
− α S2
1    − α G2
1   

π
α S 1=
For= ;ξS α G 1;=
For= ξG π
2

Figure 5 — Curve factors ξs(αs) and ξG(αG)

4.2.2.5 Loads caused by acceleration of drives

Loads induced in a crane by accelerations or decelerations caused by drive forces shall be calculated. A
rigid body kinetic model may be used. For this purpose, the hoist load is taken to be fixed at the top of the
jib or immediately below the trolley.
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The load effect Ŝ shall be applied to the components exposed to the drive forces and where applicable to
the crane and the hoist load as well. As a rigid body analysis does not directly reflect elastic effects, the
load effect Ŝ shall be calculated by using a factor ϕ5 as follows (see Figure 6):

Sˆ S i + ϕ 5 ∆S
= (7)

where

∆=
S Sf − Si is the change of the load effect due to the change of the drive force ΔF = Ff − Fi;

Si, Sf are the initial (i) and final (f) load effects caused by Fi and Ff;
Fi, Ff are the initial (i) and final (f) drive forces.

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

a) for the change of drive forces from steady-

b) for the positioning case
state

Figure 6 — Factor ϕ5

Following values of ϕ5 shall be applied:

ϕ5 = 1 for centrifugal forces;

1 ≤ ϕ5 ≤ 1,5 for drives with no backlash or in cases where existing backlash does not affect
the dynamic forces (e.g. typical for gear boxes) and with smooth change of
forces;
1,5 ≤ ϕ5 ≤ 2 for drives with no backlash or in cases where existing backlash does not affect
the dynamic forces (e.g. typical for gear boxes) and with sudden change of
forces;
ϕ5 = 3 for drives with considerable backlash (e.g. open gears) and when not calculated
more accurately from dynamic analysis using a spring-mass model.

Where a force that can be transmitted is limited by friction or by the nature of the drive mechanism, the
limited force and a factor ϕ5 appropriate to that system shall be used.
Drive forces F acting on a crane or a trolley with asymmetrical mass distribution induce horizontal
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forces H1 and H2, as shown in Figure 7. Those shall be taken into account as regular loads acting on
guiding means in the corners of the crane. Where a guide roller is provided, the whole horizontal force in
the corner shall be applied on that. Where the guiding is by flanges of travel wheels, the horizontal forces
may be distributed between the wheels in a corner as follows:
— 1 or 2 wheels per corner: force applied on the outermost wheel
— 3 or 4 wheels per corner: force distributed equally on the two outermost wheels
— More than 4 wheels per corner: force distributed equally on the three outermost wheels

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Key
1 gravity centre

Figure 7 — Forces acting on rail mounted cranes or trolleys with asymmetrical mass
distribution, forces due to acceleration by travel drives

4.2.2.6 Loads determined by displacements

Account shall be taken of loads arising from deformations caused by intended displacements within set
limits and included in the design, such as elastic displacements determined by skew control of the
travelling movement.
Other loads to be considered include those that can arise from deformations caused by unintended
displacements that are within specified limits and include allowance for
— the variations in the height between rails, or the gauge;

— uneven settlement of supports.

4.2.2.7 Loads due to vessel inclinations and motions

4.2.2.7.1 General

Cranes on vessels are exposed to additional loads caused by ambient conditions, such as
— vessel inclinations;
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— crane support accelerations caused by vessel motions or

— relative displacement between the crane supporting vessel and the load supporting installation (e.g.
quay constructions).

Respective limits for those conditions within which the crane safely operates shall be specified by the
manufacturer of the crane.
NOTE Guidance on the above loads and conditions is given in EN 13852-1:2013.

4.2.2.7.2 Vessel inclinations

Where relevant, loads due to static inclination (heel/trim) of the vessel shall be specified and applied to
the masses of the crane and the hoist load.

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

4.2.2.7.3 Vessel accelerations

Where relevant, loads arising from crane support accelerations caused by motions of the vessel (sway,
surge and heave for translational motions and roll, pitch and yaw for angular motions, see Figure 8) shall
be specified. The accelerations shall be applied to the masses of the crane and the hoist load.

Key
1 Sway 4 Pitch
2 Heave 5 Yaw
3 Surge 6 Roll

Figure 8 — Vessel motions

4.2.2.7.4 Relative motions

Where relevant, loads due to relative motions between the crane supporting vessel and the load
supporting fixed (e.g. quay constructions) or moving structure (e.g. floating units, vessels, barges) shall
be specified and applied to the hoist load.
4.2.3 Occasional loads

4.2.3.1 Loads due to in-service wind

The wind loads in respect to different design criteria are calculated as follows:

()
F= q 3 × c a × A Wind effect level W1, for the calculation of the structure of
Normen-Download-Beuth-PT Ruhaak Phala Industri-KdNr.8353624-LfNr.10757220001-2023-08-18 08:41

(8)
the crane;

()
F = ε S × q 3 × ca × A Wind effect level W2, for the calculation of the required
starting drive forces;
(9)

()
F = ε M × q 3 × ca × A Wind effect level W3, for the calculation of power
requirements of drive systems during steady movements;
(10)

where
F is the wind load acting perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the member under
consideration;
ca is the aerodynamic coefficient of the member under consideration; it shall be used in
combination with the characteristic area A. Values of ca shall be those from Annex A or shall
be those derived by recognized theoretical or experimental methods;
A is the characteristic area of the member under consideration (see Annex A);
with

q(3) = 0,5 × ρ × v(3)2 is the wind pressure at v(3);

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

ρ = 1,25 kg/m3 is the density of the air;

εS = 0,7 is the factor for the Wind effect level W2;
εM = 0,37 is the factor for the Wind effect level W3;
v(3) = 1,5 × v is the gust wind velocity averaged over a period of 3 seconds;
v is the mean wind velocity, averaged over 10 min in 10 m height above flat
ground or sea level.
For the calculation of loads due to in-service wind it is assumed that the wind blows horizontally at a
constant mean velocity v at all heights.
Considering a crane member, the component v * of the wind velocity acting perpendicularly to the
longitudinal axis of the crane member shall be applied; it is calculated by v * = v × sin αw, where αw is
the angle between the direction of the wind velocity v and the longitudinal axis of the member under
consideration.
The wind load assumed to act on the hoist load in direction of the wind velocity is determined by analogy
to the wind loads assumed to act on a crane member, whereas a substitution of v by v * shall not be
applied. The factors in the given formulae for F (see above) are as follows:
F is the wind load acting on the hoist load in direction of the wind velocity;
ca is the aerodynamic coefficient of the hoist load in direction of the wind velocity;
Ag is the projection of the hoist load on a plane normal to the direction of the wind velocity, in
square metres.
In absence of detailed information of the load it should be assumed ca = 2,4 and Ag = 0,000 5 × mH, where
mH is the mass of the hoist load in kilograms. Ag shall not be taken less than 0,8 m2.
Depending upon the type of crane, its configuration, operation and service conditions and the specified
number of out-of-service days per year, a mean wind velocity v shall be specified. Table 5 gives values of
the mean velocity v for standardized wind states.
Table 5 — In-service wind states and design wind pressures

Design wind pressures at different

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Wind State
Wind effect levels
[N/m2]
Designation Characteristic wind speeds W1 W2 W3
v [m/s] v(3) [m/s] q(3) εS × q(3) εM × q(3)

Light 9,4 14 125 88 46

Normal 13,3 20 250 175 92
Heavy 18,9 28 500 350 185
Other wind states may be specified for a crane. The specification shall be based on either of the
characteristic wind speeds v or v(3).

The correlation of the mean wind velocity, the Beaufort scale and the in-service wind states is shown in
Figure 9.

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Key
X Beaufort scale
1 Wind state: Light
2 Wind state: Normal
3 Wind state: Heavy

Figure 9 — Correlation of the mean wind velocity v , the Beaufort scale and the in-service wind
states

The design is based on the following requirement for the operation of the crane: If the wind velocity,
measured at the highest point of the crane, increases and tends to reach v(3), the crane shall be secured,
or its configuration shall be transformed into a safe configuration. As the methods and/or means for this
securing are different and need different time (locking devices at special locations of the crane runway,
hand-operated or automatic rail clamps) a lower level of mean wind velocity shall be chosen to start the
securing. Wind velocities for the use of different crane configurations and for the starting of securing shall
be specified.
Any slender structural member, when placed in a wind stream with its longitudinal axis perpendicular to
this stream, can become aero-elastically unstable. Means to prevent these effects (e.g. galloping or
formation of eddies) by design shall be considered both for in-service and out-of-service wind conditions.
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4.2.3.2 Snow and ice loads

Where relevant, snow and ice loads shall be specified and taken into account. The increased wind
exposure surfaces shall be considered.
4.2.3.3 Loads due to temperature variation

Where relevant, local temperature variation shall be specified and taken into account.
4.2.3.4 Loads caused by skewing

Skewing loads occur at the guidance means of guided wheel-mounted cranes or trolleys while they are
travelling or traversing at constant speed. These loads are induced by guidance reactions which force the
wheels to deviate from their free-rolling, natural travelling or traversing direction.
Skewing loads as described above are usually taken as occasional loads but their frequency of occurrence
varies with the type, configuration, and accuracies of wheel axle parallelism and service of the crane or
trolley. In individual cases, the frequency of occurrence will determine whether they are taken as
occasional or regular loads. Guidance for estimating the magnitude of skewing loads and the category
into which they are placed may be given in the European Standards for specific crane types.

24
 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

The lateral and tangential forces between wheels and rails as well as between guide means and guidance
caused by skewing of the crane shall be calculated. A simplified mechanical model may be used, where
the crane is considered to be travelling at a constant speed without anti-skewing control.
The model consists of n pairs of wheels transversally in line, of which p pairs are coupled. A coupled pair
of wheels (C) is coupled mechanically or electrically (i.e. same rotational speed obtained by mechanical
or electrical means respectively). Independently supported non-driven or also — in approximation —
single-driven wheels are considered as independent wheel pair (I). The latter condition is also valid in
the case of independent single drives.
The wheels are arranged in ideal geometric positions in a rigid crane structure which is travelling on a
rigid track. Differences in wheel diameters are neglected in this model. They are either fixed (F) or
movable (M) in respect of lateral movement. A movable wheel cannot take lateral skewing forces (see
Table 7).
The different combinations of transversally in-line wheel pairs that are possible are shown in Figure 10.

Coupled (C) Independent (I)

Fixed/Fixed
(F/F)
CFF IFF

Fixed/Movable
(F/M)
CFM IFM

Figure 10 — Different combinations of wheel pairs

The positions of the wheel pairs relative to the position of the guide means in front of the travelling crane
are given by the distance di as shown in Figure 11. Where flanged wheels are used instead of an external
guide means, it shall be set d1 = 0.
It is assumed that the gravitational forces due to the masses of the loaded appliance are acting at a
Normen-Download-Beuth-PT Ruhaak Phala Industri-KdNr.8353624-LfNr.10757220001-2023-08-18 08:41

distance μl from rail 1 and may be distributed equally to the n wheels at each side of the crane runway.

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Key
1 wheel pair 1
2 wheel pair 2
3 wheel pair I
4 wheel pair n
5 rail 2
6 rail 1
7 travelling direction
8 guide means

Figure 11 — Positions of wheel pairs

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The crane model is assumed to be travelling at constant speed and to have skewed to an angle α, as shown
in Figure 12. The crane can be guided horizontally by external means or by wheel flanges.

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Key
1 direction of motion
2 direction of rail
3 wheel pair i
4 rail 2
5 instantaneous slide pole
6 rail 1
7 slip
8 guide means

Figure 12 — Loads acting on crane in skewed position

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A guide force Fy shall be distributed on the guiding means as given in 4.2.2.5.

The guide force Fy is in balance with the wheel forces Fx1i, Fy1i, Fx2i, Fy2i, which are caused by rotation
of the crane about the instantaneous slide pole. With the maximum lateral slip sy = α at the guide means
and a linear distribution of the lateral slip syi between guide means and instantaneous slide pole, the
corresponding skewing forces may be calculated as follows:
The guide force Fy is calculated by

Fy = ν × f × m × g (11)

where
m×g is the gravitational force due to the mass of the loaded crane;

f = µ 0 × 1 − e
( −250α )  is the friction coefficient of the rolling wheel;

 
μ0 is the friction factor; μ0 = 0,3 for cleaned rails;

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

μ0 = 0,2 for non-cleaned rails in usual environment;

α is the skew angle (see Figure 12), in radians;
∑ di for systems F/F (see Figure 10);
ν= 1 −
nh

  for systems F/M (see Figure 10);

ν µ'  1 − ∑ d i
= nh 
 
h is the distance between the instantaneous slide pole and the guide
means;
h=
( pµµ ′l 2
+ ∑ d i2 ) (for systems F/F);
∑ di

h=
( pµl2 + ∑ d ) (for systems F/M);
2
i

∑ di

n is the number of wheels at each side of the crane runway;

p is the number of pairs of coupled wheels;
l is the span of the crane (see Figure 11);
μ, μ′ are parts of the span l (see Figure 11);
di is the distance of wheel pair i from the guide means (see Figure 11).
The skew angle α, which should not exceed 0,015 radians, shall be chosen taking into account the space
between the guide means and the rail as well as reasonable dimensional variation and wear of the
appliance wheels and the rails as follows:
α =α g + α w + α t

where the components of the skew angle αg, αw and αt are taken from Table 6.
Table 6 — Skew angle α
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Skew angle resulting from Flanged wheels Guide rollers

s g min 4
=αg when s g ≤ s
wb 3 g min

sg 4
αg =
0,75 × > s
w b when s g 3 g min
α g Track clearance
Crane travelling
s g min = 10 mm s g min = 5 mm

Trolley traversing
s g min = 4 mm s g min = 2 mm

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 DIN EN 13001-2:2022-10
EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

Skew angle resulting from Flanged wheels Guide rollers

α t Tolerances (wheel alignment and
α t = 0, 001 rad
straightness of rail)
bh bh
α w Wear α=
w 0,1 × α=
w 0,03 ×
wb wb

where
w b is the wheel base (i.e. distance between guide rollers or between first and last wheel);

s g is the actual track clearance of the guide means;

s g min is the minimum track clearance of the guide means for the purpose of calculations;

bh is the width of rail head.

The forces Fx1i, Fx2i, Fy1i and Fy2i are calculated by

Fx1i = ξ 1i × f ×m× g
Fx2i = ξ 2i × f ×m× g
Fy1i = v 1i × f ×m× g (12)
Fy2i = v 2i × f ×m× g

where ξ1i, ξ2i, ν1i and ν2i are as given in Table 7.

Table 7 — Values of ξ1i, ξ2i, ν1i and ν2i

Combinations of wheel pairs ξ1i = ξ2i ν1i ν2i

(see Figure 10)
CFF μμ′l/nh µ d 
1 − i 
IFF 0 µ′  d  n  h 
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1 − i 
CFM μμ′l/nh n  h 
0
IFM 0

4.2.4 Exceptional loads

4.2.4.1 Loads caused by hoisting a grounded load at maximum hoisting speed

Load combination C1 is to reflect the exceptional situations when the lift is started at a speed higher than
that presumed for the load combinations A1 and B1. For this case the dynamic factor ϕ2C shall be
calculated in accordance with 4.2.2.2.
4.2.4.2 Loads due to out-of-service wind

The out-of-service wind loads assumed to act on a member of a crane or on the hoist load remaining
suspended from the crane are calculated by

()
F= q z × c a × A (13)

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where
in case of considering a member of the crane:
F is the wind load acting perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the crane member;
ca is the aerodynamic coefficient of the member under consideration; it shall be used in
combination with the characteristic area A. Values of ca shall be either those from Annex A or
those derived by recognized theoretical or experimental methods;
A is the characteristic area of the member under consideration (see Annex A);
in case of considering the hoist load remaining suspended from the crane:
F is the wind load, acting on the remaining hoist load in direction of the wind velocity;
ca is the aerodynamic coefficient of the remaining hoist load in direction of the wind velocity;
A is the projection of the remaining hoist load on a plane normal to the direction of the wind
velocity.
In absence of detailed information of the load it shall be assumed
c a = 2,4

A 0,000 5 × η w × mH
=

where
A is the assumed area of the load and shall not be less than 0,8 m2;
ηw is the factor for the remaining hoist load in out of service condition;
mH is the mass of the hoist load in kg.
For the calculation of loads, it is assumed that the wind blows horizontally at a velocity increasing with
the height above the surrounding ground level.
Considering a crane member, the component v(z)* of the wind velocity acting perpendicularly to the
longitudinal axis of the crane member shall be applied; it is calculated by v(z)* = v(z) × sin αw, where αw
is the angle between the direction of the wind velocity v(z) and the longitudinal axis of the member under
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consideration. Considering the hoist load remaining suspended from the crane the substitution of v(z) by
v(z)* shall not be applied.
The equivalent static out-of-service wind pressure q(z) is calculated by:

() ()
2
q z = 0, 5 × ρ × v z (14)

where
ρ is the density of the air, ρ = 1,25 kg/m3.
The equivalent static out-of-service wind velocity v(z) is calculated by
v z () vg 
=v z () f rec 
m
 v ref
+ ϕ8
v ref
 v , or the simplified form
 ref
(15)
 

 0,14 
 z 
=v z () 
f rec  
 10 
+ 0, 4  v ref

 

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

z = [10 m … 300 m]

for z<10 m, v(z)= v(10); for z>300 m, v(z)= v(300)

where
z is the height above the surrounding ground level, in metres;
frec is a factor depending on the recurrence interval R; for crane design in
general an out-of-service wind, which can recur once in intervals of
5 years to 50 years (R = 5 to R = 50) shall be selected:
frec = 0,815 5 for R = 5;
frec = 0,873 3 for R = 10;
frec = 0,946 3 for R = 25;
frec = 1,0 for R = 50;
vm(z) is the 10 minutes mean storm wind velocity in the height z, in metres per
second;
vref is the reference storm wind velocity, in metres per second, in dependence
on the different geographical regions in Europe. It is defined as the mean
storm wind velocity with a recurrence interval of once in 50 years,
measured at 10 m above flat open country, averaged over a period of
10 min;
vm(z)/vref = (z/10)0,14 is a simplified roughness coefficient;

ϕ8 = 1,1 is the gust response factor;

v g= v ref × 2 × 6 × K is a 3 seconds gust amplitude beyond the 10 min mean storm wind;

K = 0,005 5 is the drag coefficient of the terrain.

Detailed (national) wind maps or local meteorological data shall be used as sources for the reference
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storm wind velocities vref. Data are given in national annexes of EN 1991-1-4 [1]. The storm wind map
of Europe as given in Figure 13 may be used as guidance. This indicates the regions, where the same
reference storm wind velocities are applicable. The reference storm wind velocities for these regions are
given in Table 8.

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Figure 13 — Indicative map of European wind regions

(for information only)

Table 8 — Reference storm wind velocities in dependence

on regions in Europe as shown in Figure 13

Region A/B C D E
vref [m/s] 24 28 32 36

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Reference storm wind velocity shall be separately specified and applied in the design for cranes used in
region F, where vref ≥ 36 m/s. Cranes likely to be used in different regions shall be designed for the
conditions applicable in all of those regions.
Where cranes are installed or used for extended periods in areas, where due to the local topographical
conditions the reference storm wind velocity is expected to be more severe than that given by the relevant
region, the locally determined reference storm wind velocity shall be applied in the formulae given above.
4.2.4.3 Test loads

The test loads shall be applied to the crane in its service configuration. The crane system shall not be
altered, e.g. by applying enlarged counterweights.
The sum of the lifted masses suspended from the crane in test load condition shall be multiplied by a
factor ϕ6. The factor ϕ6 shall be taken as follows:
a) Dynamic test load:

The test load shall be at least 110 % of the rated capacity. The test load is moved by the drives in the
way the crane will be used.

φ6 = φ2 (16)

where
ϕ2 is calculated in accordance with 4.2.2.2 for the load combination A1.
b) Static test load:

The test load shall be at least 125 % of the rated capacity. The load may be increased for testing by
loading the crane without the use of the drives.

φ6 = 1

Where the weight of the fixed load lifting attachment is greater than 25 % of the rated capacity and not
included in the rated capacity, the test load should be proportioned to the maximum hoist load.
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Other values of test loads may be given in the European Standards for specific crane types and shall be
used where relevant.
In the proof calculation for test load situations a characteristic wind speed of 0, 4 × v (3) shall be taken
into account, where v (3) is the characteristic wind speed for the relevant Wind State, see Table 5.

4.2.4.4 Loads due to buffer forces

Where buffers are used, the forces arising from collision calculated by rigid body analysis shall be
multiplied by a factor ϕ7 to account for dynamic effects.
For the calculation of the factor ϕ7, a factor ξ shall be taken as follows:

ξ = 0,5 using buffers with linear characteristics, e.g. spring buffers;

ξ = 1,0 using buffers with rectangular characteristics, e.g. hydraulic buffers.
For buffers with nonlinear characteristics other values justified by calculation or by test shall be used.
Values of the factor ϕ7 shall be calculated as follows:

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φ 7 = 1, 25 for 0 ≤ ξ ≤ 0,5;
(17)
(
φ 7 =1, 25 + 0, 7 ξ − 0, 5 ) for 0,5 ≤ ξ ≤ 1;

with typical buffer characteristics and the corresponding values of factor ξ as illustrated in Figure 14.

a) ξ = 0,5 b) 0,5 < ξ < 1 c) ξ = 1

Key
uˆ relative buffer energy
1
=ξ ∫ F × du
Fˆ × uˆ o
F buffer force
u buffer stroke

Fˆ, uˆ maximum values

Figure 14 — Factor ξ for different buffers characteristics

The buffer forces shall be calculated from the kinetic energy of all relevant parts of the crane. Generally,
speeds from 0,7 to 1 times the nominal speed should be used. Lower values than 0,7 may be used where
they are justified by special measures such as the existence of a redundant control system for retarding
the motion.
The buffer forces shall be calculated taking into account the distribution of relevant masses and the buffer
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characteristics. Where the crane or the trolley is restrained against rotation about the vertical axis (e.g.
bridge crane with guide rollers on one rail) and its structure is stiff, the buffer deformations may be
assumed to be equal; in that case, if the buffer characteristics are similar, the buffer forces will be equal.
In calculating buffer forces, the effects of suspended loads that are unrestrained horizontally (free to
swing) need not be taken into account. However, when the travel speed is reduced before collision with
the buffers, it is possible that the load sway forward is near its maximum amplitude simultaneously with
compression of the buffers. In this case the hoisted mass multiplied by the deceleration used before
reaching the buffers should be added as a horizontal load.
4.2.4.5 Loads due to tilting forces

If a crane with horizontally restrained load (e.g. stiff masted crane or limited swing crane) or its trolley
can tilt (see Figure 15) when it, its load or lifting attachment collides with an obstacle, the resulting forces
shall be determined.

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Figure 15 — Tilting trolley

If a tilted crane or trolley can fall back into their normal positions uncontrolled, the resulting impact on
the supporting structure shall be taken into account.
4.2.4.6 Loads due to external excitation of the crane support

Where relevant, loads caused by external excitation of the crane support (e.g. seismic effects, quay
landing impact of the vessel) shall be specified.
NOTE ISO 11031:2016 establishes general methods for calculating seismic loads.

4.2.4.7 Loads caused by emergency cut-out

Loads caused by emergency cut-out shall be calculated in accordance with 4.2.2.5 taking into account the
most unfavourable state of drive (i.e. the most unfavourable combination of acceleration and loading) at
the time of cut-out.
4.2.4.8 Loads due to dynamic cut-off of hoisting movement by lifting force limiters

When hoisting a load, a lifting force limiting device limits the force on the crane to a level depending on
type of the limiter, the drive control system and the mechanical properties of the crane. The resulting
force on the crane shall be taken into account in the proof of competence calculations.
There are two different types of limiters:
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1) Directly acting lifting force (DLF) limiter, which limits the force in the hoisting system to a specified
level, e.g. a slipping clutch based on friction or a pressure limitation in a hydraulic hoisting system,

2) Indirectly acting lifting force (ILF) limiter, where the force on the system is measured and a second
device is activated to stop the motion.

The force FL applied to the crane, when a lifting force limiting device operates, is calculated as follows:

FL =φ L × mH × g (18)

where
ϕL is the factor for the resulting force;
mH is the mass of the hoist load;
g is the acceleration due to gravity.

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For indirectly acting lifting force limiters the design value ϕL represents the maximum load in the hoist
system after the triggering has operated and the hoist motion is brought to rest. The factor ϕL covers the
situations of overloading, stalled load or snag load.
The value of ϕL should be determined applying one of the following methods:
— in accordance with Annex C by calculation;
— using more detailed dynamic analysis than that in Annex C by calculation;
— by measurement.
The value of ϕL shall for any crane not be less than ϕL = 1,25.
For directly acting lifting force limiters the design value of the factor ϕL used for calculations shall, unless
proven by measurements, not be less than:
— ϕL = 1,4 for hydraulically acting lifting force limiters,

— ϕL = 1,6 for other types of lifting force limiters.

4.2.4.9 Loads due to dynamic cut-off of radial movement by lifting moment limiter

The lifting moment limiter stops the radial movement of the load, when this passes beyond the lifting
radius that corresponds to the rated moment. The radial over travel, by which the load exceeds the limit
radius, depends upon the characteristics of the radius control of the luffing movement, the braking
arrangement and the delays in the braking system.
The load actions due to exceeding the limit radius shall be taken into account in the proof of competence
calculations. The loadings caused both by the handled load and by the dead weight of radially moving
parts of the crane, shall be taken into account.
The over travel of the load shall either be taken from a specified tolerance of the lifting moment limiter
or be calculated as follows:
 t st 
∆R = v R ×  t ML + t br +  (19)
 2 

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where
ΔR is the radial over travel of the load;
vR is the radial speed of the load;
tML is the response time of the lifting moment limiter;
tbr is the reaction time of the break system;
tst is the stopping time of the break system.

In the calculation the load may be assumed be located at the triggering point and the load and dead weight
moment may be calculated at that position, multiplied by a factor ϕML that covers the effect of the over
travel:
∆M ∆R
φ ML =+
1 + (20)
M0 R0

where

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EN 13001-2:2021 (E)

ΔM is the tolerance of the triggering moment;

M0 is the rated moment at the triggering point;
R0 is the load radius at the triggering point.

4.2.4.10 Unintentional loss of hoist load

The effects of unintentional loss of the hoist load shall be taken into account, especially on subsequent
crane stability issues and strength issues such as jib or whole crane structure springing back, jib whipping
backwards and colliding with crane structure, jib falling back into normal position or reversal of loads in
components designed as unidirectional (e.g. hydraulic cylinders, tension ties).
In cases where dynamic analysis is not done, the effect of unintentional loss of hoist load may be
calculated by applying a dynamic factor ϕ9 = −0,3 on the hoist load.
4.2.4.11 Loads caused by apprehended failure of duplicated mechanism or components

This load action shall only be applied, where mechanisms or components are duplicated or secured by
other means for safety reasons.
A failure shall be assumed to occur in any part of either system. Where protection is provided by back-up
brake in addition to service brakes, failure in service brake system and back-up brake activation shall be
assumed to occur under the most unfavourable condition.
Resulting loads due to failures mentioned above shall be calculated in accordance with 4.2.2.5, taking into
account any resulting impacts.
Duplicated components of the mechanism shall be calculated for two conditions as follows:
— Regular loading condition, where all the components of the mechanism operate as a whole sharing
the load. This shall be assigned to Load Combination A and used in the proof of fatigue and static
strength.

— Exceptional loading, taking into account a failure of any duplicated component of the mechanism.
The loading on the remaining part of the mechanism during the failure incident shall be assigned to
Load Combination C and used in the proof of static strength of the remaining part. The total load
effect acting on the remaining system after the failure shall be determined by dynamic analysis.
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4.2.4.12 Loads caused by erection, dismantling and transport

Depending on the crane type it can be necessary to take into account the loads caused by erection,
dismantling and transport, including specified wind loads during these processes.
In some cases, these loads could be occasional.
4.2.4.13 Loads on means provided for access

Loads acting on means provided for access are considered local, acting only on the facilities themselves
and on their immediate supporting members. The detailed load actions shall be in accordance with
EN 13586:2004+A1:2008.
Where the loads on access ways contribute to the overturning moment by more than 10 % of that of the
dead weight of the crane, the load actions of the access ways shall be taken as global and included in the
relevant load combinations for the proof of rigid body stability.

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4.2.4.14 Loads while the crane is in stowage position on a vessel

The crane in its stowage position shall be designed to withstand the combination of specified motions
and/or wind forces applicable to the design of the vessel. Such loads shall also be considered in the fatigue
assessment depending on their frequency of occurrence. Where relevant, the loads due to quay landing
impact of the vessel shall be taken into account as out-of-service loads.
4.3 Load combinations
4.3.1 General

In accordance with the Limit State Method (see EN 13001-1:2015), the individual load actions shall be
multiplied with partial safety factors and superimposed in accordance with specified load combinations
and only thereafter applied into the proof calculations. The partial safety factors and the sets of load
combinations (A, B and C) are given in Tables 9 to 13.
Load combinations A cover regular loads under normal operations, load combinations B cover regular
loads combined with occasional loads and load combinations C cover a selection of regular loads
combined with occasional and exceptional loads.
Safety factors given in this document have been determined by experience and by taking into account the
variations of the particular loads or the loading in general. They are only valid in connection with the
limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1:2015. For specific crane systems, the Allowable Stress
Method with global safety factors may be used (see EN 13001-1:2015).
4.3.2 High risk situations

In some applications or crane configurations, where the human or economic consequences of failure are
exceptionally severe (for example handling of hot molten metal, cranes in nuclear applications or lifting
of the boom of a ship unloader), increased safety is necessary. Application of an additional risk coefficient
to the design loads is one of the methods to achieve it.
The risk coefficient shall be applied to load actions fi in accordance with Formula (21), together with the
partial safety factors relevant to the load action and load combination in question, see the flow chart for
the limit state method in EN 13001-1:2015.
f d,i =γ n × γ p,i × f i (21)
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where
fd,i is the design value of a load action i, with the risk coefficient included;
fi is the characteristic value of a load action i, with ϕ-factors applied in accordance with this
document;
γn is the risk coefficient, with a value within the range from 1,0 to 2,0. If not otherwise given in
an applicable product standard (see Annex E), values of Annex D should be used;
γp,i is the partial safety factor relevant for load action i and the load combination in question.

For the application of the risk coefficient with the allowable stress method, see the relevant flow chart in
EN 13001-1:2015.
The same value of risk coefficient shall be used for the proof of competence, i.e. proof of static strength,
proof of elastic stability, proof of fatigue strength and proof of rigid body stability, in all relevant load
combinations A, B and C.
A risk coefficient may be specified for a part of the crane only, e.g. individually for a structural member
or a mechanism of the crane.

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Risk coefficients need not to be applied for components in a single failure proof system, see 3.1.2.
Similarly, risk coefficients need not to be applied to components, which are safeguarded against risk of
failure by another component.
Application of risk coefficients for the proof of crane stability is given in 4.3.8.
4.3.3 Favourable and unfavourable masses

When calculating the loads from gravitation for a given load combination and crane configuration, the
masses of the different parts of the crane either increase (“unfavourable”) or decrease the resulting load
effect (“favourable”) in the critical point under consideration.
The same mass can be favourable in some configurations and unfavourable in other configurations or
favourable for one resulting load effect and unfavourable for another load effect. Figure 16 illustrates
such an example for a tower crane: with respect to the bending moment L in the tower, the mass of the
counterweight acts favourably when a hoist load is applied, and the mass acts unfavourably when a hoist
load is not applied. The evaluation whether a mass is favourable or unfavourable shall take place under
non-deformed condition with unfactored loads.
With respect to the compression force in the tower the mass of the counterweight acts unfavourably in
both cases. The decision, whether the mass is favourable or unfavourable shall, however, be based upon,
which of the load effects (bending moment or compression force) is governing in respect of design
stresses or forces.

a) mass of counterweight is favourable b) mass of counterweight is unfavourable

Figure 16 — Illustration of favourable and unfavourable masses

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4.3.4 Partial safety factors for the mass of the crane

The partial safety factors γ P shall be chosen from Table 9 depending on the method of determining the
masses of the crane parts and depending on the type of the load effect.
A part of a crane, (e.g. total length of girder of an unloader, slewing upper structure of a tower crane)
having both favourable and unfavourable masses, may be assigned only one partial safety factor in each
load combination, related to the centre of gravity of this part.

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Table 9 — Values of factor γp for the mass of the crane

Masses of Load combinations in accordance with 4.3.6

crane parts
A B C
and their
centres of
unfavourable favourable unfavourable favourable unfavourable favourable
gravity
obtained by
1,22 0,95 1,16 0,97 1,10 1,00
calculation
obtained by
1,16 1,00 1,10 1,00 1,05 1,00
weighing
in Special
1,16 1,10 1,10 1,05 1,05 1,00
Condition

The factors for the Special Condition may be applied under the following two conditions:
a) masses of crane parts and their centres of gravity are determined by weighing with an accuracy
of ± 2,5 %;

b) ratio between the sum load effect due to favourable masses of crane parts to the sum effect of
unfavourable masses of crane parts plus maximum hoist load shall be less than 0,6 (see the formula
below). Un-factored values of loads and masses shall be used.

Lf
< 0, 6 (22)
Lunf + Lh

where
Lf is the load effect of favourable masses of crane parts;
Lunf is the load effect of unfavourable masses of crane parts;
Lh
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is the load effect of the maximum hoist load.

In general, partial safety factors for favourable masses should not be greater than 1. An exception is
provided in the Special Condition where the calculated resulting load effect would be excessive e.g. such
as moment calculations for cranes with large counterbalance weights. Since the value of the partial safety
factor for the unfavourable masses should not be reduced, the partial safety factors for the favourable
masses have been allowed an artificial increase above 1,0.
4.3.5 Partial safety factors to be applied to loads determined by displacements

For those parts of a crane, where intended displacements are induced to affect resulting load effects
(see 4.2.2.6), upper and lower values of partial safety factors as given in Table 10 shall be taken into
account to reflect deviations of the displacements.

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Table 10 — Values of the partial safety factors to be applied to loads due to intended
displacements

Values of partial Load combinations in accordance with 4.3.6

safety factor γ p
A B C
unfavourable load effects 1,10 1,05 1,00
favourable load effects 0,90 0,95 1,00

Any unintended, but reasonably foreseeable elastic or rigid body displacement acting in any direction,
which affect significantly the resulting load effects in a crane shall be considered as a load action and shall
be amplified with the partial safety factors given in Table 11.
In general, the direction of an unintended displacement can vary and therefore all directions should be
considered.
Table 11 — Values of the partial safety factors to be applied to loads due to unintended
displacements

Load combinations in accordance with 4.3.6

A B C
γp 1,10 1,05 1,00

4.3.6 Partial safety factors to be applied to measured load effects limited by control system

For parts of a crane, where the load effect is known by direct measurement and is limited by the control
system, the partial safety factors given in Table 12 shall be applied. The measured load effect can include
effects from several load actions, e.g. dead weights, hoisted load, side forces, wind loads etc., however
only the sum of load effects is known by measurement.
For these parts of the crane, the measured load effect replaces the use of load combination columns in
Table 13.
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Table 12 — Values of the partial safety factors to be applied to measured load effects

Load combinations in accordance with 4.3.1

A B C
γp 1,16 1,10 1,05

4.3.7 Load combinations for the proof of competence

Tables 13 and 14 give load combinations A, B and C and the partial safety factors that shall be used, where
applicable, for the proof of competence of the crane.
There can exist in special applications or crane configurations other relevant load combinations
additional to those given in Tables 13 and 14. Such load combinations shall be assigned to one of the Load
Combinations A, B or C based on their frequency of occurrence and shall be applied further in line with
this document.
The proof of competence for fatigue strength shall be done by applying the Load Combinations A, with all
partial safety factors γ p set to 1,0 but applying the ϕ-factors in accordance with this document.

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In some cases where a load usually being occasional or exceptional occurs frequently enough, this load
shall be included into the fatigue assessment. Such a load combination shall be handled in the same way
as the Load Combinations A for the regular loads.
The given load combination factors for floating equipment are to be considered as a conservative
approach in the lack of more detailed information. Where specific data are available for environmental
effect, installation motions and the actual crane, the load combination factors may be adjusted
accordingly.
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Table 13 — Loads, load combinations and partial safety factors<Tbl_--></Tbl_-->

Load combinations A Load combinations B Load combinations C
Categories Loads fi Ref. Factor Factor Factor
of loads A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12
γp γp γp

Mass of the crane 4.2.2.1 a ϕ1 ϕ1 1 – a ϕ1 ϕ1 1 – – a ϕ1 1 ϕ1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Mass of the hoist 4.2.2.2 ϕ2 ϕ3 ϕ2 ϕ3 ϕ2C ηW ϕL ϕ9

1,34 1 – 1,22 1 – – 1,1 – 1 1 1 1 1 – –
Gravitation load 4.2.2.3
acceleration and Travelling on
impact actions 4.2.2.4 1,22 – – – ϕ4 1,16 – – – ϕ4 ϕ4 – – – – – – – – – – – – –
uneven surface
Vessel inclinations
4.2.2.7 1,34 1 1 1 1 1,22 1 1 1 1 1 1,16 1 – – 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –
Regular and accelerationsc
Hoisting
Acceleration movements ϕ5 ϕ5 – ϕ5 ϕ5 ϕ5 – ϕ5 – – – ϕ5 – – – – – – – – –
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actions from excluded 4.2.2.5 1,34 1,22 1,1

drives
All movements – – ϕ5 – – – ϕ5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Displacements 4.2.2.6 b 1 1 1 1 b 1 1 1 1 1 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Relative vessel motions 4.2.2.7.4 1,34 1 1 – – 1,22 1 1 – – – 1,16 1 – – – 1 1 1 1 1 1 – –
In-service wind
4.2.3.1 – – – – – 1,22 1 1 1 1 1 1,16 – – 1 – – – – – – – 1 –
loads
Environmental
Snow and ice loads 4.2.3.2 – – – – – 1,22 1 1 1 1 1 1,1 – 1 – – – – – – – – – 1
Occasional effects
Temperature
4.2.3.3 – – – – – 1,16 1 1 1 1 1 1,05 – 1 – – – – – – – – – 1
variations
Skewing 4.2.3.4 – – – – – 1,16 – – – – 1 – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Out-of-service wind loads 4.2.4.2 – – – – – – – – – – – 1,1 – 1 – – – – – – – – – 1

Test loads 4.2.4.3 – – – – – – – – – – – 1,1 – – ϕ6 – – – – – – – – –

Exceptional Buffer forces 4.2.4.4 – – – – – – – – – – – 1,1 – – – ϕ7 – – – – – – – –

Tilting forces 4.2.4.5 – – – – – – – – – – – 1,1 – – – – 1 – – – – – – 1

Drive forces due to E-stop 4.2.4.7 – – – – – – – – – – – 1,1 – – – – – ϕ5 – – – – – –

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Load combinations A Load combinations B Load combinations C

Categories Loads fi Ref. Factor Factor Factor
of loads A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12
γp γp γp

Drive forces due to failure of ϕ5

4.2.4.11 – – – – – – – – – – – 1,1 – – – – – – – – – – –
duplicated mechanism
Excitation of the crane support 4.2.4.6 – – – – – – – – – – – 1,1 – – – – – – – – – 1 – 1
Loads while the crane is in stowage
4.2.4.14 – – – – – – – – – – – 1,1 – – – – – – – – – – – 1
position on a vessel
Overall safety factor γf, only for “Allowable stress method” — 1,48 – 1,34 – 1,22

Resistance coefficient γm 1,1 — 1,1 – 1,1 –

a The partial safety factors shall be taken in accordance with Table 9, with due consideration to variable factors shown in the table
b The partial safety factors to be applied to loads due to displacements shall be taken in accordance with 4.3.5.
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c For the calculation of the inclination and acceleration load effects, the dynamic factors shall be applied to both the hoist load and crane masses.

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Table 14 — Description of the load combinations in Table 13

Load
Description
Combination
Hoisting and moving loads; Accelerations of those movements only, which occur regularly with hoisting movement, are to be
A1
taken into account
A2 Sudden release of part of the hoist load; Effects from other movements than hoisting are combined as in A1.
Load or lifting attachment suspended; With a suspended load or lifting attachment, any combination of accelerating or
A3 decelerating forces caused by any of the drives, including the hoist drive, or of their sequence during positioning movements,
shall be taken into account in accordance with the intended normal operation as well as the control of the drives.
A4 Travelling with load on an uneven surface or track, without the effects from hoisting movement;
B1 to B4 Equivalent to A1 to A4 but with the addition of in-service wind and loads from other environmental actions taken into account;
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Crane under normal operation, travelling on an uneven surface at constant speed and skewing, with in-service wind and loads
B5
from other environmental actions.
C1 Crane under in-service conditions, hoisting a grounded load at exceptional hoisting speed, applying ϕ2C,see Table 3

C2 Crane under out-of-service conditions, including out-of-service wind and loads from other environmental actions.
Crane under test conditions; Effects from different movements are combined as relevant for the testing procedure; wind load
C3
as specified in 4.2.4.3 for test conditions.
C4 Crane with hoist load in combination with buffer forces.
C5 Crane with hoist load in combination with tilting forces.
Crane with hoist load in combination with loads caused by emergency cut-out. Value of factor ϕ5 shall be that relevant for the
C6
emergency cut-out situation.
Loads due to operation of the overload protection; Loads in accordance with 4.2.4.8 and 4.2.4.9 shall be taken into account
C7
separately and where relevant. In case of crane stability only loads in accordance with 4.2.4.9 shall be taken into account.
C8 Crane with unintentional loss of hoist load.
C9 Crane with hoist load in combination with loads caused by failure of mechanism.

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Load
Description
Combination
C10 Crane with hoist load in combination with loads due to external excitation of the crane support.
C11 Crane during erection, dismantling and transport.
C12 Crane in stowage position on a vessel.
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4.3.8 The proof of crane stability

A crane standing on three or more supports is considered to be stable when, due to the specified loads
and factors, the stabilizing moment is greater than the overturning moment about any tipping line.
Supports may lift up, as long as the remaining supported structure does not become statically
indeterminate. Tipping line is a line passing through two adjacent, effective support points of the crane.
The proof of crane stability refers to the risk of overturning and shall be proven by design calculations as
specified in this document or by testing, where such method is specified in a relevant European product
type crane standard. Testing method used shall be such that the result has at least the same safety level
as the calculation method specified herein. The proof shall take into account deflections of the crane
structure under the specified loads as well as the displacements of the load.
The ground supports are presumed to be capable of withstanding the supporting forces without
exceeding the specified limits of displacements. This shall also include the case, when supports become
unloaded and an increased load occurs at the remaining supports.
The partial safety factors and load combinations for the proof of crane stability shall be taken from
Table 15.
In all load combinations the dynamic factors ϕi not shown in Table 15 are set to 1,0. The factor ϕ3 shall
be calculated in accordance with 4.2.2.3. The factor shall be set to −0,1, when the calculated value of ϕ3
is mathematically greater than −0,1.
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Table 15 — Load combinations and partial safety factors for the proof of crane stability<Tbl_--></Tbl_-->
Load comb. A Load comb. B Load combinations C
Categories Loads fi
of loads Factor Factor Factor
γp A1 A2 γp B1 γp C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12

Weight determined
1,16 1 1 1,1 1 1,05
Unfavourable dead by calculation
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
weight effects Weight determined
1,1 1 1 1,05 1 1,0
by weighingb
Favourable dead weight effects 1,0 1 1 1,0 1 1,0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Regular Mass of the hoist load 1,22 1 ϕ3 1,16 1 1,1 – – 1a 1 ϕML ϕ9 1 1 – –

Vessel inclinations and accelerations 1,22 1 1 1,16 1 1,1 – – 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –

Acceleration actions from drives,
1,22 1 1 1,16 1 1,1 – 1 – – – – – – – –
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all movements taken into account

Displacements 1,1 1 1 1,05 1 1,0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Relative vessel motions 1,22 1 1 1,16 1 1,1 – – 1 1 1 1 1 1 – –

Environmental In-service wind loads – – – 1,16 1 1,1 – 1 – – – – – – 1 —

Occasional
actions Snow and ice loads – – – 1,16 1 – – – – – – – – – – 1

Out-of-service wind loads – – – – – 1,1 1 – – – – – – – – 1

Test loads – – – – – 1,1 – 1 – – – – – – – –
Buffer forces – – – – – 1,1 – – 1 – – – – – – –
Drive forces due to E-stop – – – – – 1,1 – – – 1 – – – – – –
Exceptional
Forces due to failure of mechanism – – – – – 1,1 – – – – – – 1 – – –
Excitation of the crane support – – – – – 1,1 – – – – – – – 1 – 1
Loads while the crane is in stowage position
– – – – – 1,1 – – – – – – – – – 1
on a vessel

Descriptions of load combinations (A1, A2, B1, C2 to C12) are in accordance with Tables 13 and 14.

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Load comb. A Load comb. B Load combinations C

Categories Loads fi
of loads Factor Factor Factor
γp A1 A2 γp B1 γp C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12

a Only to be applied if unfavourable.

b Relevant masses and their centres of gravity shall be evaluated by weighing with an accuracy of ± 2,5 %.
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Annex A
(informative)

Aerodynamic coefficients

A.1 General
The aerodynamic coefficient ca of a member is given by

c=
a co ×ψ (A.1)

where
co is the aerodynamic coefficient of a member of infinite length, where the member is a straight
and prismatic element; such a member with one or more solid sections or one hollow section
is called an individual member; plane or spatial lattice structure members may be assembled
by those individual members;
ψ is a reduction factor, which reduces co for members with a finite length; it depends on the
aerodynamic slenderness ratio λ of an individual member and if the member is a lattice
structure it also depends on the solidity ratio φ. The factor ψ is taken from Figure A.1. For
values λ > 200, the factor is set to ψ = 1.
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Figure A.1 — Reduction factor ψ related to the aerodynamic slenderness ratio λ

and the solidity ratio φ

The aerodynamic slenderness ratio λ is defined as follows

la
λ= (A.2)
d

where

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d is the characteristic dimension of a member as shown in the respective tables of

members in this annex;
la = αr × lo is the aerodynamic length of a member;
where

lo is the length of the member;

i.e. the distance between the free ends of the member or, in case the member is connected to
other members, the distance between the centers of their joints;
αr is the relative aerodynamic length, which in relation to the position of the member and a
possibly adjacent obstacle is given in Table A.1.
The solidity ratio φ of a plane lattice structure member is established as follows

∑ jAj (A.3)
ϕ=
Ac

where
is the sum of the areas of the individual members with gusset plates projected to the
∑A j plane of the characteristic height d of the lattice structure member (see Figure A.2);
j

Ac is the area enclosed by the boundary of the lattice structure member in the plane of its
characteristic height d (see Figure A.2).
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Figure A.2 — Example of a lattice structure member

Table A.1 — Relative aerodynamic length αr

Position of member and obstacle in wind direction αr

1 1

∞
2
(ψ = 1)

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Position of member and obstacle in wind direction αr

3 1

a) Non-circular members
lo ≤ 15 m 
α r 2, 0,   
=
4 λ ≤ 70
lo ≥ 50 m 
α r 1, 4,   
=

b) Circular members
lo ≤ 15 m 
α r 1, 0,   
=
λ ≤ 70
lo ≥ 50 m 
α r 0, 7,   
=

5
(αr for 15 m ≤ lo ≤ 50 m by
linear interpolation)

Some aerodynamic coefficients of individual members and of lattice structure members are given in
dependence on the Reynolds number Re which is established as follows
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Re 0, 667 × 105 × v × d
= (A.4)

where
d is the characteristic dimension of a member in meter;
v is the wind velocity in meter per second; considering loads due to in-service wind v shall be
substituted by v(3) (see 4.2.3.1); considering loads due to out-of-service wind v shall be
substituted by v(z), see 4.2.4.2.

A.2 Individual members

In this clause the following Tables and Figures are given
— Table A.2: Aerodynamic coefficients co for individual members of circular sections;

— Figure A.3: More detailed aerodynamic coefficients co for individual members of circular sections
related to Re;

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— Figure A.4: Definition of the angle β of the wind direction and corresponding wind forces;

— Table A.3: Aerodynamic coefficients coy, coz for individual flat sided structural member;

— Table A.4: Aerodynamic coefficients co for individual structural members of triangular and
rectangular hollow sections.

Table A.2 — Aerodynamic coefficients co for individual members of circular sections

Shape and position of the member

Aerodynamic Characteristic co
No. Wind
Member slenderness area A
direction β
ratio
co = 1,20
Perpendicula
l more accurately co is
1 ≤∞ r to axis of d×l
d member according to
Figure A.3
Re ≤ 2 × 105
co = 1,20

4 × 105 ≤ Re ≤ 106
Perpendicula co = 0,70
l
2 Pipes, rods > 100 r to axis of d×l
d member Re > 106
2 × 105 ≤ Re ≤ 4 × 105
co is according to
Figure A.3
Re ≤ 2 × 105
co = 1,20
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4 × 105 ≤ Re ≤ 106
Perpendicula co = 0,90
l
3 Ropes > 100 r to axis of d×l
d member Re > 106
2 × 105 ≤ Re ≤ 4 × 105
co is according to
Figure A.3

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Key
for 2 × 105 ≤ Re ≤ 4 × 105
1 ropes co = 1,2 − K1 log[Re/(2 × 105)]
2 pipes, rods where the roughness is given by
K1 = 0,996 6 for ropes;
K1 = 1,660 9 for pipes and rods;
for Re ≥ 106
K2
c=
o 1, 2 −
1 + 0, 4 log(Re/106 )
where the roughness is given by
K2 = 0,3 for ropes;
K2 = 0,5 for pipes and rods

Figure A.3 — More detailed aerodynamic coefficients co

for individual members of circular sections related to Re
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Key
1 wind direction

Figure A.4 — Definition of the angle β of the wind direction and corresponding wind forces

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The force coefficients coy and coz given in Table A.3 are related to the y and z axis of the section of the
structural member and depend on the wind direction given by the angle β. The wind loads Fy and Fz are
calculated separately for the y and z direction according to the formulae given for F in 4.2.3.1 and 4.2.4.2.
Table A.3 — Aerodynamic coefficients coy, coz for individual flat sided structural members

Shape and position of the member

Characteristic coy coz
No. Wind
Member Section ratio area A
direction β

0° 2,0 0
b
1 ≤ 0, 1 ±45° d×l 1,3 ±0,13
d
90° 0 0,1
0° 1,65 0
b
2 =1 ±45° d×l 2,2 ±1,0
d
±90° 1,3 2,1
0° 2,0 0
b
3 =1 ±45° d×l 1,15 ±0,8
d
±90° −1,3 2,1
0° 2,0 1,0

b +45° 1,8 0,8

4 = 0, 5 d×l
d −45° 1,3 −0,2
90° 1,75 1,25
0° 2,0 −0,1
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b +45° 1,55 0,7

5 = 0, 5 d×l
d −45° 1,55 −0,8
90° −0,25 0,8
0° 1,8 2,0
b
6 =1 +45° d×l 1,8 1,8
d
90° 2,0 1,8
0° 1,9 −0,2

b +45° 1,4 1,4

7 =1 d×l
d −45° 0,7 −1,8
90° −0,2 1,9

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Shape and position of the member

Characteristic coy coz
No. Wind
Member Section ratio area A
direction β

0° 1,6 0
b
8 = 0, 9 ±45° d×l 1,4 0
d
±90° −0,9 0,7
0° 1,4 0
b
9 = 0, 9 ±45° d×l 0,4 ±1,0
d
±90° 0,9 0,7
0° 1,7 0
b ±45° 0,85 ±0,85
10 =1 d×l
d
90° 0 1,7

0° 2,0 0
b
= 0, 5 ±45° 1,8 ±0,6
d
±90° 0 0,8
0° 1,85 0
b
11 = 0, 66 ±45° d×l 1,7 ±1,0
d
±90° 0 1,2
0° 1,7 0
b
=1 ±45° 1,5 ±1,5
d
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±90° 0 1,7
0° 2,1 0
b ±45° 1,8 ±0,6
12 = 0, 5 d×l
d
±90° 0 0,7

0° 1,8 0
b ±45° 1,8 ±0,5
13 = 0, 5 d×l
d
±90° 0 0,7

0° 2,1 0
b
14 = 0, 6 ±45° d×l 1,6 ±1,2
d
±90° 0 1,2

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Table A.4 — Aerodynamic coefficients co for individual structural members

of triangular and rectangular hollow sections

Shape and position of the member

Characteristic co
No. Wind
Member Section ratio area A
direction β

1 1 ≤ b/d ≤ 1,4 0° d×l 1,2

2 1 ≤ b/d ≤ 1,4 0° d×l 2

b/d = 0,5 0° d×l 2,2

b/d = 1 0° d×l 2,0
3 b/d = 2 0° d×l 1,5
b/d = 3 0° d×l 1,3
b/d = 4 0° d×l 1,0

b/d = 0,5 0° d×l 2,1

4 b/d = 1,0 0° d×l 1,5

Rounded
corners with b/d = 2,0 0° d×l 1,1
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r/d = 1/24

a/d = 0,5; b/d = 2 0° 2d×l 1,6

5 a/d = 1; b/d = 2 0° 2d×l 1,5

a/d = 2; b/d = 2 0° 2d×l 1,4

a/d = 0,5; b/d = 0,5 0° d×l 1,25

6 a/d = 1; b/d = 0,5 0° d×l 1,30

a/d = 2; b/d = 0,5 0° d×l 1,40

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A.3 Plane and spatial lattice structure members

In this clause the following Tables and Figures are given:
— Table A.5: Characteristic areas A and aerodynamic coefficients co for plane and spatial lattice
structure members;

— Figure A.5: Aerodynamic coefficients co of plane lattice structure members in dependence on φ,

circular and non-circular individual members;

— Figure A.6: Aerodynamic coefficients co of spatial lattice structure members in dependence on φ,

circular and non-circular individual members;

— Figure A.7: Aerodynamic coefficients co of plane lattice structure members in dependence on Re and
φ, circular individual members;

— Figure A.8: Aerodynamic coefficients co of spatial lattice structure members with triangular and
square cross section in dependence on Re and φ, circular individual members.

Table A.5 — Characteristic areas A and aerodynamic coefficients co

for plane and spatial lattice structure members

No. Shape and position of the member Characteristic area A co

Individual members non-circular = A

A ∑
= Aj , φ
d×l
For plane
member see
j
Figure A.5
1 is the sum of the projected For spatial
∑A j areas of all individual member see
members and gusset plates of Figure A.6
j
one wall (d) onto its plane
A
Individual members circular and non-
A =+ ∑
A1j 0, 75 ∑A2k φ =
d×l
j k For plane
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circular
member see
2 ∑A1j is the sum of areas as in No. 1 Figure A.5
j For spatial
member see
∑A2k is the sum of areas as in No. 3
Figure A.6
k

Individual members circular = A For plane

A ∑
= Aj ; φ
(without gusset plate) d ×l member see
j Figure A.7
is the sum of the projected For spatial ∇-
3
∑Aj areas of all individual member see
members of one wall (d) onto Figure A.8a
j
its plane For spatial □-
member see
Re 0, 667 × 105 × v × d 1 (see A.1)
= Figure A.8b

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Figure A.5 — Aerodynamic coefficients co of plane lattice structure members

in dependence on φ, having circular and non-circular individual members
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Figure A.6 — Aerodynamic coefficients co of spatial lattice structure members

in dependence on φ, having circular and non-circular individual members

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Figure A.7 — Aerodynamic coefficients co of plane lattice structure members

in dependence on Re and φ, having circular individual members
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Figure A.8 — Aerodynamic coefficients co of spatial lattice structure members with triangular
(a) and square cross section (b) in dependence on Re and φ, having circular individual members

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A.4 Structural members in multiple arrangement

In this clause the following is given:
— Table A.6: Characteristic areas A and aerodynamic coefficients co of structural members in multiple
arrangement;

— Figure A.9: Shielding factor η for structural members in multiple arrangement.

Table A.6 — Characteristic areas A and aerodynamic coefficients co

of structural members in multiple arrangement

Shape and positions of the members Characteristic area A co

nm parallel and identical members

if 1 ≤ nm ≤ 9
n
1 −η m
=A × A1
1 −η
if n > 9
1 − η 9 
A 
=
 1 − η
(
+ nm − 9 η
  8
)
 A1


with η ≥ 0,10 Aerodynamic

coefficient of
where one member
A1 is the characteristic area of one
member
η is the shielding factor
dependent on the solidity ratio
φ and the relation a/d between
space and height of the
members, according to
Figure A.9
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This formula may also be used where

a) the direction of the wind velocity deviates up to β = 5° from the direction perpendicular to the
surface of the members;
b) the members are not identical and the greatest characteristic area A1,max is taken into account and
c) the distance of the members is not equal and the greatest distance amax is taken into account.

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Figure A.9 — Shielding factor η for structural members in multiple arrangement

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Annex B
(informative)

Illustration of the types of hoist drives

Table B.1 illustrates the five hoist drive types used in Table 3 of 4.2.2.2 by means of their time histories
of actual rotational or linear hoist drive speed ω and resulting hoist force F.

Figure B.1 — ω and F

Table B.1 — Hoist drive types

HD1 Creep speed is not available or the start of the drive without creep speed is possible
Time history
t=0 Start of drive
t = t1 ω = ωmax
t = t2 Start of rope tightening
(t2 approximately 0)
t = t3 Start of load lifting
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Regular load (Combinations A, B)

φ2 φ2, min + β 2 v h,max
=

Example Squirrel cage motor with

or without creep speed

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HD2 Hoist drive can only start at creep speed of at least a preset duration
Time history
t=0 Start of drive
t = t1 ω = ωcs
t = t4 Start of acceleration to
ωmax (t4 > t4min)
t = t5 ω = ωmax
t = t2 Start of rope tightening
(t2 approximately 0)
t = t3 Start of load lifting
Regular loads (Combinations A, B)
φ2 φ2, min + β 2 v h,CS
=

( ) (
Fmax φ5 = mH g + φ5 × Ff − mH g )
where Ff is the final drive force,
see 4.2.2.5.
Exceptional load (Combination C1)
φ2 φ2, min + β 2 v h,max
=

Example Pole changeable squirrel

cage motor with creep speed. Time
delay t4min ensured by any means
like time relay or special push
button.
HD3 Hoist drive control maintains creep speed until the load is lifted off the ground
The time histories of F and ω in HD3 are the same as those shown for hoist drive types HD2.
However, whilst HD3 type hoist drives ensure that t3 < t4. HD2 type drives do not prevent the
application of full speed whilst the load is still grounded (i.e. foreseeable misuse of slack
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rope).
Therefore in HD3 only regular loads with
= φ2 φ2, min + β 2 v h,CS shall be considered in load
combinations A and B.
Example Any drive with creep speed and load measuring devices. The maximum speed can
only be activated (either automatically or manually) when F stays constant and > 0 for a
certain time, thus ensuring that the load is lifted from the ground.

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HD4 Step-less hoist drive control, which performs with continuously increasing speed
Time history
t=0 Start of drive
t = t5 ω = ωmax
t = t2 Start of rope tightening
t = t3 Start of load lifting
Regular load (Combinations A, B)
v h,max
φ2 φ2, min + β 2
=
2
Exceptional load (Combination C1)
φ2 φ2, min + β 2 v h,max
=

Example: Any drive that

accelerates smoothly (e.g. ramp),
e.g. by means of frequency control
or DC-motor or hydraulic spool
valve.
As foreseeable misuse (start of
lifting with slack ropes) is not
prevented, load combination C1
shall be considered.
HD5 Step-less hoist drive control automatically ensures that the dynamic factor ϕ2 does not
exceed ϕ2,min

Time history
t=0 Start of drive
t = t5 ω = ωmax
t = t2 Start of rope tightening
t = t3 Start of load lifting
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Regular load (Combinations A, B)

φ2 = φ2, min

Exceptional load (Combination C1)

v h,max
φ2 φ2, min + β 2
=
2
Example: Frequency control, DC-
motor or hydraulic LS-valve plus
load measuring devices. Automatic
control for smooth rope tightening
and e.g. cosine-type shaped
acceleration or direct load control.
For additional safety load
combination C1 shall be
considered.

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Annex C
(informative)

Calculation of load factor for indirect lifting force limiter

Indirect lifting force limiters measure the load and override the controls to prevent excessive loading by
bringing the motion to rest. Evaluation of the measured values and filtering of interference signals require
time and act as a triggering delay. An additional time delay takes place before the braking torque is
applied. Figure C.1 illustrates development of force by time in a typical hoist system with indirect lifting
force limiter.
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Key
F force in the hoist system 3 braking torque is applied
FR force in the hoist system corresponding4 the hoist mechanism has stopped
to the rated load A hoisting a free grounded load having a weight of the
ω motor speed rated load
1 triggering happens B stall load case or large overload, where the load
remains grounded
2 braking receives the stopping instruction

Figure C.1 — Hoist system with indirect lifting force limiter, force in the hoist system and motor
speed by time in stall load condition

The load factor ϕL for indirect lifting force limiter system functioning in accordance with the Figure C.1
is calculated as follows

∆F 
  t  
φL = 1 +
FR  
2 
(
+ C H × v ×  t IAL t br + st   / mH × g )

  

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where
ΔF is the tolerance of the triggering force in the hoist system, to allow for dynamic impacts
occurring in regular use;
FR is the force in the hoist system corresponding to the rated load;
v is the maximum hoisting speed of the load at which the indirect lifting force limiter is
triggered;
mH is the mass of the hoist load;
tIAL is the response time of the indirect lifting force limiter;
tbr is the reaction time of the braking system;
tst is the time required to stop the hoist mechanism in a stall condition by the combined
effects of the braking and increasing force in the ropes;
CH is stiffness factor of crane structure and rope system at the load suspension point.
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Annex D
(informative)

Guidance on selection of the risk coefficient

Cranes in common applications are assigned to Risk Class 0 and are designed with a risk coefficient set
to 1,0. Cranes with enhanced risk should be assigned and designed to Risk Classes I to II based on
potential severity of consequences of a failure in a member or component of a crane.
Risk classes and the related, typical applications are given in Table D.1.
Table D.1 — Risk classes

Risk Class Description Examples

Risk Class 0 Consequences of failure are limited — handling of loads, which are not hazardous
to the direct impact of falling object. themselves
Consequences of a failure are — lifting goods that could cause injury or death
limited to the immediate proximity if falling onto persons below
of the crane and can be avoided by — cranes that cause injury or death if collapsing
following the safety precautions,
warning signs and the operating
instructions.
Risk Class I Consequences of failure are limited — handling of hot molten metal;
to the vicinity of the crane with — handling of radioactive material, where a
medium consequences in terms of failure would lead to a radiation hazard
loss of human lives or with limited within the workspace;
considerable economic, social and
— handling of dangerous materials or working
environmental consequences.
above those, e.g. explosives, flammables and
dangerous chemicals, where a failure would
cause a hazard limited within the workspace.
Risk Class II Consequences of failure extending — nuclear power plant cranes, where a failure
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beyond the vicinity of the crane would cause a hazard to functionality of the
with high consequences in terms of reactor;
loss of human lives or with very — handling of dangerous materials or working
serious economic, social and above those, e.g. explosives, flammables and
environmental consequences. dangerous chemicals, where a failure would
cause a hazard to the whole site.

Risk coefficient for a whole crane or its component should be selected in accordance with Table D.2, based
on Risk Class of the application.

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Table D.2 — Selection of risk coefficients

Risk coefficient
Member or component, to which the
Examples Risk Risk Risk
risk coefficient is applied
Class 0 Class I Class II
Rope and chain systems in hoisting
1,0 1,25 1,6
mechanisms
Rope and chain systems in mechanisms Boom hoisting
suspending and moving large parts of mechanism of a ship 1,0 1,25 1,6
the crane unloader
Structural members where defects are
not detectable by visual inspection and
Bolted connections 1,0 1,1 1,25
whose failure would lead to loss of the
hoist load
Structural members where defects are Supporting structure
not detectable by visual inspection and and bearing of a guide
roller; 1,0 1,1 1,4
whose failure would lead to collapse of
the whole crane or a major part of this End stop for a trolley
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Annex E
(informative)

Selection of a suitable set of crane family standards

Is there a product standard in the following list that suits the application?
EN 13000 Cranes — Mobile cranes
EN 14439 Cranes — Safety — Tower cranes
EN 14985 Cranes — Slewing jib cranes
EN 15011 Cranes — Bridge and gantry cranes
EN 13852-1 Cranes — Offshore cranes — Part 1: General purpose offshore cranes
EN 13852-2 Cranes — Offshore cranes — Part 2: Floating cranes
FprEN 13852-3 Cranes — Offshore cranes — Part 3: Light offshore cranes
EN 14492-1 Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists — Part 1: Power driven winches
EN 14492-2 Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists — Part 2: Power driven hoists
EN 12999 Cranes — Loader cranes
EN 13157 Cranes — Safety —Hand powered cranes
EN 13155 Cranes — Safety — Non-fixed load lifting attachments
EN 16851 Cranes — Light crane systems
FprEN 17076 Tower cranes — Anti-collision systems — Safety requirements
EN 14238 Cranes — Manually controlled load manipulating devices
Yes NO
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Use it directly, plus the standards

that are referred to

Use the following generic standards:

EN 13001-1 Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001-2 Cranes — General design — Part 2: Load actions
Cranes — General design — Part 3–1: Limit states and proof of competence
EN 13001-3-1
of steel structures
Cranes — General design — Part 3–2: Limit states and proof of competence
EN 13001-3-2
of wire ropes in reeving systems
Cranes — General design — Part 3–3: Limit states and proof of competence
EN 13001-3-3
of wheel/rail contacts
Cranes — General design — Part 3–4: Limit states and proof of competence
EN 13001-3-4
of machinery — Bearings

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Cranes — General design — Part 3–5: Limit states and proof of competence
EN 13001-3-5
of forged and cast hooks
Cranes — General design — Part 3–6: Limit states and proof of competence
EN 13001-3-6
of machinery — Hydraulic cylinders
Cranes — General design — Part 3–7: Limit states and proof of competence
prEN 13001-3-7
of machinery — Gears and gear boxes
Cranes — General design — Part 3–8: Limit states and proof competence of
prEN 13001-3-8
machinery — Shafts
EN 13135 Cranes — Safety —Design—Requirements for equipment
EN 13557 Cranes — Controls and control stations
Cranes safety — Requirements for health and safety — Part 2: Limiting and
EN 12077-2
indicating devices
EN 13586 Cranes — Access
EN 14502-1 Cranes — Equipment for the lifting of persons — Part 1: Suspended baskets
Cranes — Equipment for the lifting of persons — Part 2: Elevating control
EN 14502-2
stations
EN 12644-1 Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 1: Instructions
EN 12644-2 Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 2: Marking
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Annex F
(informative)

Requirements in Directive 2016/1629/EU

In case a crane is installed on an Inland waterway vessel, the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC and the
Directive 2016/1629/EU (Inland Waterway Vessels) and “European Standard laying down Technical
Requirements for Inland Navigation vessels” (ES-TRIN:2019/1) should be considered.
Community inland navigation certificates attesting the full compliance of vessels with the
aforementioned revised technical requirements should be valid on all Community inland waterways.
Therefore, the following clauses may be considered:
EN 13001-2:2021, 4.2.1.2 f), 4.2.1.4 m), 4.2.2.7, 4.2.4.14, Tables 13 to 15 and give added value to Part II,
Chapter 14, Article 14.12 Crane Section 1 of ES-TRIN: 2019/1.
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Annex G
(informative)

List of hazards

Table G.1 is provided in this Annex, showing the significant, hazardous situations, hazardous events
according CEN GUIDE 414:2017 and their relation to the Essential Requirements of the Machinery
Directive 2006/42/EC and the risk reduction relevant requirement clause(s) of EN 13001-2.
The process of risk assessment may be facilitated by the application of this document. However, the
application of harmonized document does not entirely dispense the user from the obligation to carry out
a risk assessment of the bases of the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC. As a starting point, Annex ZA and
the entry of the reference in the OJEU should be checked to ensure that the standard’s presumption of
conformity does not exclude any essential health and safety requirements.
Table G.1 — List of hazards

Group Significant hazard in accordance Directive 2006/42/EC, Annex I Relevant

with EN ISO 12100:2010, Clause(s) in
Table B.1 this
document
General, for many machines relevant
1 Mechanical hazards

1.1 Due to machine parts or 1.3.2 Risk of break-up during 4

workpieces, e.g. operation
— by potential energy (falling
objects, height from the ground,
gravity)
— by kinetic energy (acceleration,
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deceleration, moving/rotating
elements)
— by mechanical strength (break-
up)
1.13 Instability 1.3.1 Risk of loss of stability 4

22 Mechanical hazards caused by load falls, collisions, machine tipping

22.1 Lack of stability 4.1.2.1 Risks due to lack of stability 4

22.9 Insufficient mechanical strength of 4.1.2.3 Mechanical strength 4

parts

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Annex ZA
(informative)

Relationship between this European Standard and the essential

requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered

This European Standard has been prepared under a Commission’s standardization request “M/396
Mandate to CEN and CENELEC for Standardisation in the field of machinery” to provide one voluntary
means of conforming to essential requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and
of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast).
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive, compliance
with the normative clauses of this standard given in Table ZA.1 confers, within the limits of the scope of
this standard, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding essential requirements of that
Directive and associated EFTA regulations.
Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Annex I of
Directive 2006/42/EC

The relevant Essential Requirement Clause(s)/subclause(s)

Remarks/Notes
of Directive of this EN
To cover all the relevant
safety requirements for the
products(s) in its scope this
standard, providing
general/common
requirements for a whole
machine family, has to be
applied together with one of
those standards as specified
in the scope, providing
specific requirements for a
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particular category of
machinery within this
family.
1.3.1 Risk of loss of stability 4
1.3.2 Risk of break-up during operation 4
4.1.2.1 Risks due to lack of stability 4
4.1.2.3 Mechanical strength. 4

WARNING 1 — Presumption of conformity stays valid only as long as a reference to this European
Standard is maintained in the list published in the Official Journal of the European Union. Users of this
standard should consult frequently the latest list published in the Official Journal of the European Union.

WARNING 2 — Other Union legislation may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of
this standard.

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Bibliography

<std>[1] EN 1991-1-4:2005 1, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures — Part 1-4: General actions — Wind
actions</std>

<std>[2] EN ISO 12100, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and
risk reduction (ISO 12100)</std>

<std>[3] EN 13852-1:2013, Cranes — Offshore Cranes — Part 1: General-purpose offshore

cranes</std>

<lgl>[4] Directive (EU) 2016/1629 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September
2016 laying down technical requirements for inland waterway vessels, amending Directive
2009/100/EC and repealing Directive 2006/87/EC; OJ L 252, 16.9.2016, p. 118–176</lgl>

<std>[5] ISO 11031:2016, Cranes — Principles for seismically resistant design</std>

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1 As impacted by EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010.

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