8.

36 Calculus

=2sinx cos.r sin

2 OS xdr
SInt dt
-

(Putting 2r=) |=sinx

Jo cos xsin Cos

Put z = cos.r. Then dz = sin x dx.

2 2

EXAMPLE 8.5 When x=0,z = and when x=T, z=

If f logsin Od0 =k, then find the value of er/2(0/ sin 6)" 2 (-al2 2z 4 (a2
sin zdz
e in terms of k. eosect
EXAMPLE 8.7
Sol. I= (s(_0
(sin 9 I+4x
Find the value of
='cosec'ede
= [e(-cot 0)1- 28-(-cot )de I+4,3
(Integrating by parts) Sol. Let =a dx
- [lim
80
8 cot 0]+2 cot d0 2-cos||x+
-[ logsin 8de -

(Integrating by parts) 2-cos||x|+

2-limê In sin 8-k
Le>0
The second integral becomes zero as
integrand being
=-2k
function of x. an odt
d
ExAMPLE 8.6 R e n o v a lo f x

’ bya-x

x sin 2x sin cos x ’Aasx= t Let x+ z/3 =y or dr= dy.

2
Evaluate, 2x-I
dr Also, as x’0,y- 3, and as x’ 3, y’ 2/3.
r2n/3 dy
x sin 2x sin
I=2n:2-cos y
Sol. Let /= 2x (1) dy
Jl3 1- tan y/2
2
(7-) sin (27 -2x) sin cos (r -) 1+ tan y/2
Then I= dx
2 ( - x)-n f2r/3 secy/2
= 27
Jzl3 3tan y/2+1 dy
(7- x) (- sin 2x) sin 2
COS X
=

N-2x
dx, sec y/2
2
(x- ) sin 2x sin COS X 3 Jzl3 tan y/2+ 1/4
dx (2)
ArNstan (W tan y/ 2) 2r/3
3
Adding (1l) and (2), we get
4
(2x- ) sin 2x sin COS X [tan3 -tan 1]
21 2x- N
dx
40
Ttan 3- t/4]
sin 2x sin cos
 Definite Intearation 8.37
EXAMPLE 8 . 8

EXAMPLE 8.10
that f (r) is an odd function and has a period p.
Iff() = xe(0, n, prove that
f()dt is also periodic tunction with the same
Ja

=Jf) dt 0 0

d. Let Fr)
Sol.cdt=sin x
-F()+(xtp
s)d (1) r/2

now we have to prove that s) dt is zero. 0

Dbviously,

s hat 3) has period p. Then , f) dt is independent of n/2

sin x
sin
-) d
rtp (pl2
rAr<p2. ThenJ, 0) d = J-p/2 s)d=0
[As given fx) is an odd function] 2 sin x cos X
= d
F(x +p) =F) x(7-2r)
period P. i++alo-tas
Thus, F() is periodic with sin 2x
- Bubstch

EXAMPLE 8.9
x(7-2x)
Let 2x = t. So, dt = 2dx
2cos
Evaluate tan
2-sin 20 sec* ede. sin dt sin t
dt
2 (-t)
2cos? e
Sol. Given integral is tan sec d .
0
2-sin 20 PP
1
2
sec 0- tan
|secOde -
1; sin t
-dt
0

zl4
1
- f tan-/1+ tan9 - tan sec0de
-(0-)
Put tan =t. Then sec 0 do= dt
The given integral reduces to
ldt =(tan- --)
(1+r((-1))dt
|tan
1+-1) )

- [tan-' tdt -[ tan(-1)dt

EXAMPLE 8. 11
Let f(r) be a continuous function x eR, except at x = 0,
- •tan' di -ftan'(l-)-)d a

0
such that(()d:, aeR* exists. If g()=[dt, prove that
- 2[1tan' dt
0

(Integrating by parts) Sol. We have g(3) - (dt (1)

--[bl+--n2. Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,we get

8.38 Caluus

or fx) =-g() r(tsin 2x) sin

Or To get /(cos 2r) on RHS, We
have to
dx =-d.
Also, wvhcn .r=0, = TU4,
and when
substituteT
2= V2 cos 20) cos ex=2,
de 0-

= -a gla) + Jg()dr = 2/2 Jo S(cos 20) cose de

[as g()
=f(cos2e) cos is an
[as from (1) g(a) =0] f(cos 2x) cos x dx cven fur
EXAMPLE 8.12 EXAMPLE 8 . ] 4
Let a t b= 4, where a< 2,
If x sinS))dt = (x + 2) [1 sin(f()di, where x > 0, and let go) be
then function. If dg S0for all x, a
0
prove that , g(*) dt dif erentia
show thatf() cotf(r) + 3
-=0. increases as (b- a) increases. +f
1+x
Sol. Sol. a+b=4 or b=4- a
Given cquatíon is
Let f(a)- s(x)d +e(*) dae
xf0-)sin(f(1) dt =2[1 sin(f(0) d
Differcntíatíng w.r.t. x, we get df (a)
da
-g(a)-g(4-a)
J(0-)sin[f()]dt +x(1-x) sin[S()]= 2xsin[f(*)] df (a) df (a)
Now, df (a)

Or
[a-)sin[f()]dt =x sin(f(x)]+ xsin[f(x)] given a <2
d(b- a) d(4- 2a) -2da -=(g(4-a)-g(a))2
2a <4
Again, differentíatíng w.r.t. x, we get or 4- a>a
(1 x) sin/(x)] = 2x sin/()] + x cos)]f)
g(4- a) >g(a) [: dg(x) ->0. So, g(*) is an
+ sin/r)] + xcos/)]f() increas
or -3x sinx)] = (* +) cos)I/) functi
-3x Thus, df (a) ->0
or
= cot x)]/() d(b-a)
x(1 +x)
3 Therefore, f(a) = g(*) dt+ g) dx increases as (b
Or
fx) cot/(x) + 1+x
=0 increases.

ExAMPLE 8 . 1 3 EXAMPLE B.T5

Show that ""S(sin 2x) sin x dx = V2 /4 S(cos2) cos xdr. Iff is a continous function withf)dt ’o as |x
JO
then show that every line y = mx intersects the cur
Sol. Let /=[*ssin 2x)sinxdx (1)
y+ s) dt -2.
Sol. We are given that fis a continuous function and

1- (sin 2x) cos x dk (2) S) dt -’ o as x|’ o

intersects the curve
We have to show that every line y=X
Then adding () and (2), we have
n/2
2/ = [ S(sin 2x) (sin x + cos x) dr y'+ s) dt = 2
 Defnite Integration 8.39

lcty
=mÊ rintersccts the given curve. Then substituting EXAMPLE 8.17
posible.
curves, wc get
the function defined
Suppose fis a real-valued differentiable
Fmr

+f0d =2 (1) on (1, o) with f(l) = 1. Moreover.

suppose thatf satisfies
1 Show that S(r)<1+r1.
f) d -2
nsiderFi) =mr+
Fr) is a
continuous function as f) is given to be
1
Tben
continuous, Sol. Here. f()=2+( f()) >0r1
’oo as lr ’
ls., F(x)
B u t F ( 0 ) = - 2

Thus, f(r) is an incrcasing function r 1 .

graphhofy=
F(r)nmust cross x-axis to reach infinity as |x| Given f(1) = 1. So,f(r) 2 1Vr 1.
So.the
proachesinfinity.

intersectsthe given curves. Hence,f'(r)s 1+

Hence,
yF my

EXAMPLE 8 . 1 6 1

Ffatfo) =J) ty x,ye Rand f(0) =1, then prove that

1
/roas
a)-AU) s tanxtan'1
ie-sda=2f/6dt.
0
f)s tanx+| 4
Sol. It is given that/(x +f) =) ty.
+0
Putting y =0, we getj(*+j0) =fx) fr)< +1-:
4
las tanx<
fx+ 1)=fe)
or
Now, using the property ie., fr)<1+ r21

EXAMPLE 8.18

Let fbe acontinuous function on a, b]. If

/re-sá -/ra-ga+ /ra-e-)a
0 0 0
b

then prove that there exist somece (a, b) such that

0ra-sod fe) (a +b-2).

Sol. Given F(x) =
0

As fis continuous, F() is also continuous.

Alternative method b
b
It is given that fx+)=f) +y. Now, F(a)=
Puting y=0, we getf(x +f0) =fx) +0
fx+ 1) =f)
Thus, fx) is periodic with period 1. and F(b) =
2

Now,
. -/re-dt Thus, F(a) =F(b)
Putting 2-x=t, we get Hence, Rolle's Theorem is applicable to Fx).
Therefore, there exists at least one ce (a, b) such that F(c) = 0.

0 0 +f(c)-H(c). (2c- (a + b) =0.

Hence, proved.
8.40 Calculus

EXAMPLE 8.19
J) is a continuous and bijcctive function on R. If Sol. f(r)=+
te R,
arca bounded by y=f), x=a- 1,x=a, and x-axis is cqual to
arca bounded by y =fx), x=at,x= a,andr-axis, then prove f()=x (1 +A) +B
thatdt =2aà (given that/fa) =0).
)
and =0)da
B
Sol. Given
ro-roa reR

[since fa) =0 and f() is monotonic] 44-3B =2

or
fa-)=Aa+) (differentiating both sides w.r.t. )
fla +)=a-)=x (say) B= 0+ ) +B]a
(=f')-a (2)
and t=a-f) (3)
From equations (3) and (2), (a -f() +t (a-f(-))=0 -rl+4),+ B
3
or
|r'na=jr+r)d=2al
-1
1+A, B
3

EXAMPLE B.2O 8B-34 =3

Solving (1) and (2), we get A= 2 andB18
then find the value of the definite 23
23
Sa) 48x+18
23
integral
0