Easy Grammar

Topic Topic
Make vs. Do Modal verbs
Make vs Have Away uses
Since for reasons. Negative Prefixes
May and Might. Much and A lot
Tell vs Say. To and For for purpose.
Whether vs If. To and For other uses.
Nothing and anything Around vs Surround
Nobody and Anybody
Nobody and no one
Make vs. Do.
Make. Creation of a physical object, an action/reaction, a
sound/speech or food.
Produce a reaction. Plans and decisions.
 Make arrangements.
 Make your eyes water.  Make a decision/a plan.
 Make you happy  Make a choice.
Product, material/origin 

Make you smile.
Make you sleepy.
 Make a mistake.
 Earrings made of gold.  Make a phone call.
 Wine is made from grapes.


Butter is made out of/from milk.
She makes all her own clothes.
Food, drink and meals. Speaking and sounds.
 The label said "made in China".  Make a cake.  Make a noise.
 Make breakfast/dinner.  Make a comment/suggestion.
 Shall I make some coffee?  Make a speech
Do. To perform an action, activity or task.
Replace verb when obvios.
 Do your hair.
 Do the dishes/laundry.
Work, jobs and tasks. Non-specific activities. 

Do the exam.
Do the cleaning/ironing/washing.
 Do your homework.
 Do a good job.  Do something.



Do your chores.
Do a deal. 
Do nothing.
Do anything.
Change or affect sth
 What is she planning to do with  Do everything.  The storm did a lot of damage.
her money problems?  What he did to her was horrible.
Do is also used when speaking about things in general.

 I'm not doing anything today.

 He does everything for his mother.
 She's doing nothing at the moment.

Expressions using ‘do’.

 A trip in the country will do you good.
 Can you do me a favor?
 We do business in countries around the world.
Do is also used to replace a verb when the meaning is
clear or obvious.
This is more common in informal spoken English:

 Do I need to do my hair? (do = brush or comb).

 Have you done the dishes yet? (done = washed).

 I'll do the kitchen if you do the lawns (do = clean, do = mow).

 Remember Do can also be as an auxiliary verb (for making questions in the present tense - Do you like
chocolate?)
Make and Do. Practice.
 https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/confusing_words/make_do.htm

 https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/make-or-do-exercise-1.html

 https://www.superprof.es/apuntes/idiomas/ingles/gramatica-inglesa/verbs/exercises-to-do-do-and-
make-i.html

 https://usefulenglish.ru/vocabulary/synonyms-exercise-three
Make and Do. Practice.

 https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/make-or-do-exercise-2.html

 https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/make-or-do-exercise-3.html

 https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/make-or-do-exercise-4.html
Make vs Have
Have. Indicates possesion. To own. To perform
the action mentioned
To eat or drink something: To experience something.
To receive, accept, or allow something  I had shrimp and rice for
lunch.
 We're having a wonderful time
here in Venice.
 Can I have a drink of water?  We didn't have any
to happen:  When are we having dinner? difficulty/problem finding the
house.
 Here, have some more coffee.
 My mother's having visitors (to
stay) next week.
 Let me have the book back next
To cause something to happen or someone to do something.
week.  We're having the house painted next month.
 In the end they solved their  If you wait, I'll have someone collect it for you.
problems and she had him back.  The film soon had us crying.
 Some common events used with ‘have’.
Abreak: “I haven’t had a break all morning and I’m starving!”
A meeting: “Let’s have a meeting to discuss the upcoming budget cuts.”
Breakfast, lunch, dinner (meals): “Do you want to have lunch together today?”
A holiday: “Lucy hasn’t had a holiday since 2010! She’s a workaholic!”
An interview: “I have four interviews coming up this week. I’m so nervous!”
 Collocations used with ‘have’.
A disagreement/an argument: “John and his neighbour had a disagreement after John parked in the
neighbour’s parking space.”

A chat: “We haven’t spoken in weeks! I’ll call you tonight so we can have a good chat.”
A conversation: “We had to have a long conversation about where our relationship was really going.” ‘
Make. Make is commonly used when talking about what we are
doing when we speak.
We also use it:
 A promise
 A deal/offer When referring to planned activities. First we make our
We make: 

A statement
A compromise
plans, then we have them.

 A mistake/error For example, we make an appointment at the doctor’s

 A complaint office when we telephone to schedule a visit. Once that
 An excuse has been arranged, we have an appointment.
 A suggestion
 An apology
 A point/comment
 A threat
Collocations used with ‘make’.

‘Make conversation’ is also possible, and it means to engage in small talk, such as discussing the weather,
when you don’t really know a person well.

Make a mess. 'if you make a mess in your room, you will have to clean it yourself'.
Make time. 'I'm very busy, but I'll try and make time to see you this afternoon.'
Make a mistake. 'Clint made a lot of mistakes on his homework and his teacher got angry.'
 Collocations used with ‘make’.
Make money. 'Being an English teacher is not a good way to make money!'
Make plans. 'We need to make some holiday plans before it's too late.'
Make dinner. 'What do you want me to make for dinner tonight?'
Make a noise. 'Try not to make too much noise, or you will wake the baby.'
 Collocations used with ‘make’.
‘Make the bed. 'Don't forget to make your bed before you go to school.'
Make a (telephone) call . 'hang on. I need to make a quick call.'
Make sure/ certain. ' Make sure you lock the door when you leave.'
Make a decision. 'I want you to make a decision on what we should do this weekend'.
Make believe. (To pretend or imagine) 'the kids were making believe they were cowboys and Indians.'
Since for reasons.
Since. Often use when we want to focus more on the result than the reason,
Like because, we use since to give reason but with since, the reason should
already be known by the listener.
 They couldn’t deliver the parcel since no
one was there to answer the door.
 Since I was hungry, I wanted to eat something first.  Since you ate the ice cream last night,
 Sean had no reason to take a taxi since his flat was near we don't have any dessert tonight.
enough to walk to.  We cancelled the picnic since it was
 Since her husband hated holidays so much, she decided to raining.
go on her own.  Since it was raining, we cancelled the
picnic.
May and Might.
May. Use to express future possibility., to ask or give permission
and to introduce a wish or a hope. Ask or give permission.
 A reader may borrow up to six books at any one
time.
 "May I help myself to some more food?" "Yes, of
Future possibilities. course."
 Hi, my name's Tiffany. How may I help you?
 There may be other problems that we don't know
about.
 I may see you tomorrow before I leave.
Introduce a wish or a hope.
 The cause of the accident may never be  May the force be with you.
discovered.  May you have a long and fruitful marriage.
 We'd better not interfere - she may not like it.
Might Past simple of the verb may, used especial y when reporting what
someone has said, thought, asked, etc. Use to express the possibility that
something wil happen or be done, or that something is true although not very
likely. Use to make a suggestion or suggest a possibility in a polite way.
Might.
Possibility that something wil happen or
be done or is true
Reporting what someone has said, thought, asked.  We might come visit you in Atlanta in the spring.
 He’s very fast and he might even finish in the top
 I brought him some sandwiches because I three.
thought he might be hungry.  The Beach Boys might well have been the most
 Very politely the little boy asked if he might have talented act to perform at the Monterey Pop
another piece of cake (= he said "May I have Festival.
another piece of cake, please?").
To make a suggestion..
 I thought you might like to join me for dinner.
Tell vs Say.
Tell. To say something to someone, often giving them
information or instructions.
 Tell me about your holiday then.
 Can you tell me how to get to the library?
 Did you tell anyone (that) you were coming to see me?
 "I'm leaving you," she told him.
 I told her to go home.
 He told us of his extraordinary childhood.
 I can't tell you how grateful I am for your help (= I am extremely grateful).
Tell.
To tell a lie/lies. She's always telling lies.
Tell it like it is. To tell the facts without hiding anything
Tell tales. If someone, usually a child, tells tales, they tell someone such as a teacher about something bad
that someone else has done: Your classmates won't trust you if you're always telling tales, Alvin.

Tell thetruth. To speak honestly: How do you know she's telling the truth?
Totell (you) the truth. To be honest: To tell (you) the truth, I didn't understand a word of what he was
saying.
Tell.

Tell the time UK (US tell time). To be able to understand a clock: My daughter has just learned to tell the
time.

There is no telling. There is no way of knowing: There is no telling what the future will hold for them.
You never can tell (also you can never tell). Said to mean that you can never know or be certain:
Who knows what will happen to Peter and me in the future - you can never tell. Tell it like it is. To tell the
facts without hiding anything.
Say. To pronounce words or sounds, to express a thought,
opinion, or suggestion, or to state a fact or instruction.

 Small children find it difficult to say long words.  Do you know what she said to him?
 She said goodbye to all her friends and left.  What did they say about the house?
 Ben never forgets to say "Please" and "Thank you".  "I'm going out this evening," she said.
 How do you say "goodbye" in French?  I'm sorry, what did you say?
Say.
 He said to himself (= thought), "This will never work."

 [ + (that) ] The doctors say (that) it will take him a few weeks to recover.

 [ + question word ] She didn't say whether she was coming.

 Did she say (= tell you) why she wasn't coming?

 He said (= told me) to meet him here.

 I've got something to say to you.

 The offer was so good that I couldn't say no (= couldn't refuse).

 Whether vs If.
Although if and whether, translate as the conditional "si", we use these two
words in different context.
If.
If starts a sentence that states a relation between cause and effect, makes a prediction, or speculates
about what might happen. The bare bones: a subordinate clause is a clause that does not form a sentence
by itself and is connected to a main clause, which is a complete sentence. The if clause states what must
occur before something else, which is stated in the main clause. It can be at the beginning or end of a
conditional sentence.

 If it doesn't rain, we will go. = We will go if it doesn't rain.

 Please contact us if you have any further questions
If. Is used to:
1. Present a condition, that is, something that must be fulfilled before something else happens.
 If the team wins, we will celebrate later.

2. Express alternatives using "or".

 I don't know if we should go today or tomorrow.

3. Present a negative alternative in the sentence, making use of "or not".

 I turned on the T.V., to see if the show had started or not.
Whether. Is used when:
1. Two alternatives are presented that are possible or when there is more than one alternative.
 We're not sure whether we should drink, coffee or tea.

2. With infinitive: Whether is placed in the sentence before the infinitive verb to refer to future decisions or
plans:
 She is not sure whether to sleep or not.

3. Whether + Or not: ‘Or not’ is used immediately after whether, or at the end of the sentence:
 We are going to the meeting whether you like it or not.
Whether. Is used when:
4. After a preposition: Whether, and not if, is always used after a preposition:
 Everything depends on whether she decides.

If o Whether
Either of these two can be used to present sentences after having used a doubtful verb. For example:

 I don’t know whether this is the best solution.

 I’m not sure if we should go. It´s too dangerous.

Whether and If (Interchangeable)
When reporting yes/no questions.

 I am unsure whether I will be attending the party.

 I am unsure if I will be attending the party.
(In this example, the yes/no question is "Am I attending the party?")
 Janice wondered whether she had unplugged the iron.
 Janice wondered if she had unplugged the iron.
(In this example, the yes/no question is "Did Janice unplug the iron?")
Whether and If (Interchangeable)
In whether/if...or...constructions.
 I would like to know whether it is a true story or fabricated.
 I would like to know if it is a true story or fabricated.

Note: Using "whether" is far more common. It is certainly more formal.

Practice.

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https://www.englishgrammar.org/grammar-exercise-20/

https://englishsupersite.com/if-vs-whether-exercises/
Whether.

https://idiomas.gcfglobal.org/es/curso/ingles/gramatica/uso-de-if-y-
whether/#:~:text=A%20diferencia%20de%20if%2C%20whether,beber%2C%20si%20caf%C3
%A9%20o%20t%C3%A9.

https://www.grammar-monster.com/easily_confused/if_and_whether.htm

https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/if-vs-whether-difference-usage
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es-LA/grammar/british-grammar/if-or-whether
Nothing and anything
Anything
Anything We use it to express “a thing of any kind” in a question or a negative statement. To refer to
both an open, unlimited set of things and specific things.

 Do they have anything to eat?

 They do not have anything to eat.
 Can I do anything to help?
Anything
The rule works the same way with “anyone” and “anybody.” For example,
 Has anyone come to pick up the mail today?
 I have not seen anyone this morning.
 I don’t know anybody who speaks Portuguese.

Attention.
 Anything, anyone, anybody don’t have a negative meaning on their own.
Nothing
Nothing We use nothing to refer to an absence of things. The verb form that appears with this word is
always singular because you cannot have more than one of nothing. Nothing means not a single thing, or
not a single part of something.
 Nobody ever goes to see her. She’s very lonely.
 You usually have to wait for a long time. Nothing happens quickly.
 The man knows nothing of history or sociology.

You can apply the rule again to create a statement with only one negative. Here is how we can use
anything and nothing together.

 Is anything happening at your school today?

 There is nothing happening at school. Today is a holiday.
 Rules to remember Nothing vs. Anything
 Use “anything” and other words with “any” in
questions and statements that include “not” or “no.”

 Use “nothing” in statements where there is no other

negative word.
Practice. Complete the sentences.
1. anything
Do you know ____________from the shop?
2. Nothing
____________ you say will change what he thinks.
3. nothing
I know ____________ about films, because I prefer books.
4. I had ____________
nothing else to do, so I went to the cinema.
5. anything bad.
He didn't want to do ____________
6. anything you are afraid of?
Is there ____________
7. anything
My girlfriend is never angry or worried about ____________.
8. nothing
The film was ____________ special, but the book was very good.
9. Her father didn't know ____________
anything about it.
10. You don't know ____________
anything about my life!
Practice. Complete the sentences.
1. I need to download another game. There isn’t ____________
anything specific and attractive in this one.
2. nothing
You will see ____________ in my room. It’s totally empty.
3. anything about their future job. They are not interested at all.
The students do not know ____________
4. nothing
Stop feeling nervous and frustrated. There is ____________ to worry about — he will come back soon.
5. anything
Will you give me ____________ for my birthday? I like to get presents from my friends.
6. nothing could distract him from his goal.
Robert felt calm and confident. ____________
7. I won’t tell you ____________
anything about your present. It’s going to be a surprise.
8. nothing
What do you want me to take out of this box? There is ____________ inside, except for a small piece of
paper.
Homework. Complete the sentences. Example: I can't ______ see on the table.
Answer: I can't see anything on the table.

1. Is there _____________ special in this dish? I can’t believe that you can get such a taste from such
common ingredients.
2. You do not need _____________ to do extraordinary. I am just asking you to tidy up your room.
3. What do you want to drink? , _____________ I'm not thirsty.
4. We can see _____________ in the dark room. Let’s switch on the light.
5. Let’s go home now. There isn’t _____________ interesting in this show.
6. There is _____________ special in his suitcase — just some shirts, notebooks, and a first aid kit.
7. Emily strongly believes that _____________ can prevent her from fulfilling her plans.
8. Do you have _____________ to tell me about that accident? You’d better tell us all the truth.
Homework. Complete the sentences. Example: I can't ______ see on the table.
Answer: I can't see anything on the table.

1. anything
Is there _____________ special in this dish? I can’t believe that you can get such a taste from such
common ingredients.
2. anything to do extraordinary. I am just asking you to tidy up your room.
You do not need _____________
3. nothing
What do you want to drink? , _____________ I'm not thirsty.
4. nothing
We can see _____________ in the dark room. Let’s switch on the light.
5. anything
Let’s go home now. There isn’t _____________ interesting in this show.
6. nothing
There is _____________ special in his suitcase — just some shirts, notebooks, and a first aid kit.
7. nothing
Emily strongly believes that _____________ can prevent her from fulfilling her plans.
8. anything
Do you have _____________ to tell me about that accident? You’d better tell us all the truth.
Nobody and Anybody
What Is Their Main Difference?
The difference between 'anybody' and 'nobody' as pronouns is that
'anybody' is any one out of an indefinite number of persons, while 'nobody'
is not any person. It is the logical negation of 'somebody'.
Anybody
Anybody means any random person out of an indefinite number of people. We use 'anybody' to address a

group of several people, for example:

 Is there anybody who can speak French?

 Anybody can use this area. It's not restricted.
 Anybody will do.
 Is there anybody inside?
Anybody as a pronoun (informal)
A person of some consideration or standing.

 Everybody who wants to be anybody will come to Jake's party.

 Here one isn't anybody, if one doesn't dance like Travolta.
Nobody
Nobody shows absence of a person. It works as a singular pronoun in sentences. Note that when we have

'nobody' in a sentence, the verb should not be in negative form.

 Nobody agreed to my proposal.

 Nobody realizes how bad things are.
 I asked several people, but nobody knew how.
 Nobody called or visited that day.

Nobody as a noun. Someone who is not important or well-known.

 Whether you're a nobody or a player, everyone in Tinseltown wants to be King of Hollywood!

There isn’t any difference between nobody and no one, anybody
and anyone, somebody and someone.
▰ Somewhere, anywhere, nowhere are used
▰ We can use nobody / no-one / nothing at the
for place.
beginning of a sentence or alone only to
 They live somewhere in the north of Ireland.
answer a question.
 Did you go anywhere interesting for your
 The house is empty. Nobody lives there.
holiday?
 What did you say? Nothing.
 I don't like this town. There is nowhere to
 Who did you speak to? No-one.
go.
The difference between somebody and anybody, something and
anything, somewhere and anywhere, etc are the same as the
difference between some and any.
▰ Not + anybody / anyone, nobody / no-one
are used for people in negative and
interrogative sentences.
▰ Somebody / someone are used for indefinite
 There isn't anybody/anyone in the room.
quantity in the affirmative sentences.
 There is nobody/no-one in the room.
 There is somebody/someone in the garden.
▰ Not + anything, nothing are used for things.
 There is somebody/someone at the door.
 There isn't anything in the bag.
 There is nothing in the bag.
Exercises.
Exercise 1 - Somebody, anybody, nobody
https://www.weloveteachingenglish.com/es/lecciones-gratis-para-aprender-ingles/nivel-
inicial/determinantes/some-any-none/85-exercise-1-somebody-anybody-nobody.html

HOMEWORK
https://www.engblocks.com/grammar/exercises/somebody-anybody-nobody-everybody/somebody-anybody-
nobody-everybody-exercise-1/

Indefinite pronouns PDF

Exercises
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/indefinite-pronouns-exercise-1.html
How to Use "Nobody“ and “No one”.
▰ "No one" is also an indefinite pronoun,

▰ "Nobody" is an indefinite pronoun, meaning it does not and it means the same thing as

refer to any particular person. It means the same thing "nobody." It is usually considered more

as "no person" or "not anyone." As an indefinite pronoun formal than "nobody," which is why it is

that refers to an absence, "nobody" also has no defined more likely to appear in writing.

amount. Grammatically, though, it is treated as a singular  No one is ever too old to learn

noun: something new.

 Nobody was there to open the door.

How to Use "Nobody“ and “No one”.

▰ "Nobody and "no one" are basically interchangeable; the main difference between the two is the degree
of formality. In general, no one is a more appropriate singular pronoun for academic or professional
writing.

▰ We can also choose with one to use according to syllables (for poetry, music lyrics, etc.), we can choose
the one sounds better to us.
Modal verbs
Modal verbs
Modal verbs show possibility, intent, ability, or necessity. Because they’re a type of auxiliary verb (helper
verb), they’re used together with the main verb of the sentence. Common examples include can, should,
and must.

Because they’re auxiliary verbs, they can’t necessarily be used on their own. (A modal verb should only
appear alone if it’s clear from context what the main verb is.)
Modal verbs
Consider the difference between these two examples:
 I swim every Tuesday.
 I can swim every Tuesday.

The first example is a simple factual statement. The speaker participates in a swimming activity every week
on Tuesdays.
The second example uses the modal verb can. Notice how the meaning changes slightly. The speaker
does not swim every Tuesday; they’re saying they are capable of swimming every Tuesday if they need to.
It’s hypothetical.
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are quite common in English, and you’ve

Modals are different from normal verbs: probably seen them hundreds of times without actually
knowing their name. The most frequently used ones are:

 They don't use an 's' for the third person  can

singular.  may

 They make questions by inversion ('she can go'  might

becomes 'can she go?').  could

 They are followed directly by the infinitive of  should

another verb (without 'to').  would

 will
 must
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs.html

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/modal-verbs/?gclid=CjwKCAiAgvKQBhBbEiwAaPQw3JJ-
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https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/modal-verbs

All about modals

https://www.englishpage.com/modals/can.html
Modal verbs exercises.
https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/might-and-may-
modals#:~:text='Might'%20is%20used%20mostly%20to,also%20used%20in%20conditional%20sentences.

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Away uses
Away
We most commonly use away to mean ‘from here to another place’ or ‘disappearing from sight’.

 Please go away and leave her alone.

 He walked away without saying anything.
 The floods were really serious this year but most of the high water has flowed away now.
 The dog ran away when I tried to wash it.
 Can you put your stuff away? I want to set the table
Away
Away can also mean ‘not present’ or ‘not here’, used after verb ‘be’.

 She’s away at the moment but can I get her to ring you when she returns?

 Martin is away all week. Can I take a message?

 Who feeds the cat when you’re away?
Away
If you look or turn away from something, you move your head so that you are no longer looking at it.
 She quickly looked away and stared down at her hands.
 As he stands up, he turns his face away from her so that she won't see his tears.

If you put or tidy something away, you put it where it should be. If you hide someone or something away,
you put them in a place where nobody can see them or find them.
 I put my journal away and prepared for bed.
 All her letters were carefully filed away in folders.
 I have $100m hidden away where no one will ever find it.
Away
We use amount + away to say how far it is to a place or to a future event.
 The nearest shops are two miles away.
 Is the train station a long way away?

 Our summer holidays are only three weeks away

 The children are getting very excited cos our trip to China is only a week away.
 The start of the football season is two months away but everyone still keeps talking about football.
Away
https://grammarist.com/usage/away-vs-a-way/
https://elt.oup.com/elt/students/completegrammaritaly/pdf/CEG_dl_Away.pdf
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es-LA/grammar/british-grammar/away-and-away-from
Negative Prefixes
Negative Prefixes
Affirmative: Negative:
accurate inaccurate
The most common negative prefixes in English
eligible ineligible
are in-, un-, non-, de-, dis-, a-, anti-, im-, il-, and ir-.
organic inorganic
decent indecent
Words that take in- as a negative prefix can begin with
sane insane
a vowel (except for i or u) or a consonant.
competent incompetent
capable incapable
There are many words that begin with in- that are not
correct incorrect
words with a negative prefix. As: incline, indulge, insist,
expensive inexpensive
invoke.
compatible incompatible
Negative Prefixes
un- is the most common negative prefix in English. We usually use this prefix before a consonant or a verb.

Affirmative: Negative: Affirmative: Negative: Affirmative: Negative:

able unable prepared unprepared fortunate unfortunate
interesting uninteresting healthy unhealthy forgettable unforgettable
usual unusual friendly unfriendly happy unhappy
comfortable uncomfortable fair unfair attractive unattractive
helpful unhelpful real unreal occupied unoccupied
Negative Prefixes Affirmative: Negative:
fat nonfat
Words that take non- as a negative prefix may begin
sense nonsense
with a vowel or a consonant
standard nonstandard
religious nonreligious
Some words can be negated either with non-.
conformist nonconformist
non- means not or lack
existent nonexistent
stop nonstop
non- can be attached to virtually any noun, verb,
fiction nonfiction
adjective, or adverb.
Negative Prefixes Affirmative: Negative:
activate deactivate
The prefix de- is usually affixed to verbs to denote
frost defrost
reversal of an action. Thus, it is most commonly applied
humidify dehumidify
before a verb or action word.
forestation deforestation
hydrate dehydrate
de- means down, not, undo.
colonize decolonize
classify declassify
centralize decentralize
militarize demilitarize
Negative Prefixes Affirmative: Negative:
Words that take dis– as a negative prefix may begin agree disagree
with a vowel or a consonant. comfort discomfort
advantage disadvantage
It means lack of, not, apart, opposite of. placement displacement
like dislike
comfort discomfort
mount dismount
orient disorient
Negative Prefixes
Words that take a- as a negative prefix always begin with a consonant.

Affirmative: Negative:
political apolitical
sexual asexual
theist atheist
Negative Prefixes
Words that take anti- as a negative we can put it in front of lots of nouns, and the list of words is growing all
the time. Anti- means against.

Affirmative: Negative:
biotic antibiotics
oxidant antioxidant
social antisocial
freeze antifreeze
histamine antihistamine
Negative Prefixes Affirmative: Negative:
mobile immobile
Words that take im- as a negative prefix always begin moral immoral
with letter m or p. perfect imperfect
possible impossible
polite impolite
perfect imperfect
patient impatient
moral immoral
pure impure
probable improbable
mature immature
Negative Prefixes
Affirmative: Negative:
Words that take il- as a negative prefix can only be legitimate illegitimate
used with words that start with letter L. legible illegible
legal illegal
literate illiterate
logical illogical
Negative Prefixes
Affirmative: Negative:
Words that take ir- as a negative prefix always begin rational irrational
with letter r. reconcilable irreconcilable
regular irregular
It is very important to remember that the resistible irresistible
adjective reliable is an exception to the rule.
replaceable irreplaceable
relevant irrelevant
Reliable takes the prefix un-
religious irreligious
reliable – unreliable responsible irresponsible
Negative Prefixes
Some root words can take more than one negative prefix, but the meaning of the word is then different,
depending on the negative prefix used.

disable – limited in movements, senses, or activities due to a disease or injury

unable – not having the skill or opportunity to do something

discomfort – a feeling of lack of comfort

uncomfortable – a physical feeling of slight pain

to discover – to find something out or become aware of something for the first time
to uncover – to remove a cover or top from something
Negative Prefixes. In a paragraph.
un Unfortunately, you can’t just add it to any word, which seems unfair to lots of learners. This is an

unforgettable prefix for most students.

in An inexpensive train ticket in the UK is invariably (always, or without variation) a cause for great

celebration. However, when you get on that train you might run into people talking loudly on their mobile
phone. Or crunching loudly on crisps and getting them all over the floor. How inconsiderate!
 When it comes to exams, two things you don’t want are an incomplete answer sheets, or one full of
incorrect answers. The three prefixes below are used similarly to ‘in’.

im So this is certainly not an impossible prefix to learn how to use. Immoral behavior is not something we

should condone. And we should definitely pay attention to the gender imbalance in managerial jobs. (Not the
fact that men are literally heavier than women, but that there are rather more of them than women.)
Negative Prefixes. In a paragraph.
r We all know that it is irresponsible to go to a party the night before an exam. It is an irrational thing to do;

we think somehow it’ll be OK. Often, the pull of a good night out is completely irresistible.

il Did you know that it’s technically illegal to damage an image of the Queen of England? So scribbling all

over a fifty pound note is not only a waste, but also a punishable offence. And, how can I tell that you, my
reader, are not illiterate? Well, because you’ve made it this far. It would be illogical to assume that you had
continued reading and understood nothing.

Mis While learning English there will be some instances of misunderstanding. In contrast to ‘not

understanding’, if you misunderstand, you think you understand, and boldly go forwards. Usually doing the
wrong thing. You can also misinterpret someone’s actions towards you. An English man in Paris might be
thrilled to receive two kisses on the cheek from a lovely French lady, and may misinterpret this as love. Our
Englishman would be very misinformed about French customs and behavior.
Negative Prefixes. In a paragraph.
non If you meet a Yorkshire man with a very broad accent you might think he is talking nonsense. Certain

Yorkshire men are actually more like nontalkers – they can communicate in grunts and mumblings for hours.
 In some languages, articles are nonexistent. That means learners of Russian, for example, don’t have to
worry about ‘a’ and ‘the’. Lucky them!

anti Anti-Brexit, for example, or anti-ageing creams and treatments. Some common words you might need

are antisocial, for when you don’t feel like socializing with others. How about antibiotics for when you’re ill?
Or an antidote if you get bitten by a poisonous spider on your trip to Australia? Another you might use
is anticlimax, when an ending wasn’t as exciting as you’d hoped.

dis No one can disagree that English is an important language to learn nowadays. But, most learners

dislike learning English tenses. And they can become very discouraged when they don’t make the progress
that they want. Learning with Lingoda can help those negative feelings disappear. We promise that your
lessons will be unforgettable!
Negative Prefixes
https://grammarist.com/usage/negative-prefixes/

http://languagelearningbase.com/93585/negative-prefix-list-uses

Exercises:
https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/negative-prefixes
https://create.kahoot.it/details/c3835810-d30e-4495-a0cc-fb71d10cffe6

HOMEWORK Allthingsgrammar worksheets

Much and A lot
What does much means?
The word much is often used in questions and negative sentences as in the sentences given below:

• How much money do you spend on food every month?

• Did you have much trouble with your customers?
• There is not much milk left in the house.

In the first two sentences, you can see that the word much is used in questions. In the last sentence, the word
much is used in a negative sense or in a negative sentence. The third sentence would mean ‘there is very little
milk left in the house.’ It only means that the milk left in the house is not sufficient for the members of the family
to drink. Hence, it is used in a negative sense. In all these sentences, you can see that the word much is used
with uncountable nouns.
What does A Lot Of mean?
The expression a lot of is used in the case of both countable and uncountable nouns as in the sentences

given below.

• A lot of money was spent on his education.

• A lot of books on philosophy were seen in his shelf.

In the first sentence, the expression a lot of is used with an uncountable noun ‘money’ whereas in the second
sentence, the expression a lot of is used with a countable noun, namely ‘books’. Hence, it is understood that
the expression a lot of is used in affirmative sentences. Both the sentences given above for that matter are
affirmative sentences.
What is the difference between much and
a Lot of?
The expression a lot of is used in the case of both countable and uncountable nouns as in the sentences

given below.

 The word much is often used in questions and negative sentences.

 The word much is used with uncountable nouns.
 On the other hand, the expression a lot of is used in the case of both countable and uncountable nouns.
This is an important difference between the two expressions much and a lot of.
 The expression a lot of is used in affirmative sentences.
Much and a Lot of. Practice
https://agendaweb.org/exercises/grammar/countable-uncountable/many-much-a-lot-of-1

https://agendaweb.org/exercises/grammar/countable-uncountable/many-much-a-lot-of-test-1
To and For
for purpose.
“To” for purpose.
Use to when the reason or purpose is a verb.

 I came here to see you.

Why did you travel to London?

 I traveled to London to improve my English.

Why are you going home?

 I’m going home to feed my cats.
“For” for purpose.
Use for when the reason or purpose is a noun.

 I came here for you.

Why did she buy a cake?

 She bought a cake for her brother’s birthday.

Why did you go to the museum yesterday?

 I went to the museum for a lecture on modern art.
 “For” can be used before an -ing form to express the
purpose of a thing.
An altimeter is used for measuring height above sea level. OR An altimeter is used to measure height above sea level.

When the clause has a person as subject, we usually use an infinitive to express the purpose of a thing.

We use an altimeter to measure height above sea level.

(More natural than 'We use an altimeter for measuring height above sea level.')

The garden shears were used to clip the hedge. OR The garden shears were used for clipping the hedge.

BUT
We used garden shears to clip the hedge.
(More natural than 'We used garden shears for clipping the hedge.')
Let’s look at some more examples of “to” and “for” used
side-by-side:
I bought a present to give to Sarah on her birthday. (verb)
I bought a present for Sarah’s birthday. (noun)

I drink coffee to feel more awake. (verb)

I drink coffee for its wonderful taste. (noun)

I’m exercising to stay healthy. (verb)

I’m exercising for my health. (noun)
 Let’s look at some more examples of “to” and “for” used
side-by-side:
 I came to New York to work. (the reason why I came to NYC is to work – verb in infinitive)

 I came to New York for a new job. (the reason why I came to NYC could have been business, pleasure –
a noun)
 I did these exercises to help a friend. (the reason why I did the exercises was to help my friend – verb in
infinitive)
 I did these exercises for a friend. (the reason why I did the exercises for my friend was be- cause my
friend probably did not know how to do them, but it could also have
been "for fun", "for practicing" – a noun)
To and For
other uses.
“To” uses.
To has two uses. It can be a preposition. It can also be an infinitive marker. When to is used as a preposition it

is followed by a noun which acts as its object. When to is used as an infinitive marker, it should be followed by
a verb.
 He goes to the office at 9 am. (noun: office)
 John went to the market. (verb: went)
 He is working hard to win the first rank. (verb: win)
The prepositions “to” and “for” are very easy to confuse!
Here are some rules:
“To” uses “For” uses
Destination: Benefits:
 We are going to Paris..  Yogurt is good for your digestion.
What time is it: Period of time:
 It’s a quarter to two.  We’ve lived here for 2 years.
Distance: Schedule:
 It’s about ten miles from my house to the university.  I made an appointment for May 3rd.
Comparing: Agree with:
 I prefer coffee to tea.  Are you for or against the use of nuclear weapon?
Giving: Doing something to help someone:
 I gave the book to my sister.  Could you carry these books for me?
Function – with verb (-ing form):
 A ladle is a big spoon used for serving soup.
“Go to” and “Go for” expressions.
 go to work
 go for a walk
 go to school
 go for a ride
 go to bed
 go for a drive
 go to church
 go for a beer
 go to town
“Go To”  go to court
“Go for”  go for it
 go for a wee
 go to pieces
 go for a break
 go to hell
 go for a coffee
 go to London
 go to the bank
 go to the office
Common word pairings that use
“to” and “for”.
Certain words just go together.
Even when other words are technically correct too. When you’re familiar with a language, specific word

pairings just sound “natural” because everyone seems to use them, but swapping one of those words

with another doesn’t sound as good because the phrasing is less common. For example, we often say

“save time,” but rarely use “conserve time,” even though both are correct and have the same meaning.

These pairings are known as collocations.

Word pairings that use “to”:
 to some extent
 to [someone’s] surprise
 access to  react/reaction to  to [someone’s] face
 addiction/addicted to  refer/reference to  to this day
 attraction/attracted to  respond/response to
 change to  threat to Common phrasal verbs with “to”.
 contribute to  transition to
 get around to
 dedicate/dedication to  introduce to
 get down to
 new to
 get to
 look up to
 see to
Word pairings that use “for”:
 for a living Common phrasal verbs with “for”.
 for a while
 go for
 advertise/advertisement for  recipe for  for free
 look for
 approval for  room for  for good
 look / watch out for
 argue/argument for  search for  for now
 care for  study for  for sale
 cure for  talent for  for starters
 hunger/hungry for  thirst/thirsty for  for sure
 pay for  for the best
 for the record
 for the time being
Homework.

https://forms.gle/j1ZxmnZuHfMZXmk67
Grammar explanations

http://thebritishlanguageschool.com/es/noticias/item/323-diff-to-for

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/to-vs-for/

https://www.fluentu.com/blog/english/to-vs-for/

For google forms exercises

https://www.fluentu.com/blog/english/to-vs-
for/#:~:text=To%20vs.%20For%3A%20Test%20Your%20Understanding%20with%
20a%20Simple%20Quiz
Around vs Surround
Around vs Surround. “Surround” means an uninterrupted circle of something

around something else. To be everywhere around

something:
“Around” means nearby or close to something. We
 "The forest surrounds the hotel.“
use around when we refer to movements in circles
or from one place to another.
If the center is a person, this could feel dangerous or
 "There are lots of restaurants around my hotel." intimidating:
 "There were tons of tourists around the park."  "The angry crowd surrounded the policeman."
 "I love being around artists."

The person surrounded is the center of attention:

There is also a common phrase "See you around"  "The crowd surrounded the man performing his
which means goodbye, the same as "See you magic trick."
later".
Practice. Complete the sentences.
1. Snow-capped mountains _____________ the city.
2. The earth goes _____________ the sun.
3. Gwen sat at her desk, _____________ by books and papers.
4. The president arrived _____________ by his minders.
5. Now they are retired, they are planning a trip _____________ the world.
6. Where’s Jill? I know she’s _____________ somewhere in the office.
7. Gwen sat at her desk, _____________ by books and papers.
8. How old do you think the castle is? I’d say _____________ 500 years.
9. The house is _____________ by trees, so it's not overlooked at all .
10. We spent the whole day moving _____________ some furniture in the bedroom.
Practice. Complete the sentences.
1. surround
Snow-capped mountains _____________ the city.
2. The earth goes _____________
around the sun.
3. surrounded by books and papers.
Gwen sat at her desk, _____________
4. surrounded by his minders.
The president arrived _____________
5. Now they are retired, they are planning a trip _____________
around the world.
6. Where’s Jill? I know she’s _____________
around somewhere in the office.
7. Gwen sat at her desk, _____________
surrounded by books and papers.
8. How old do you think the castle is? I’d say _____________
around 500 years.
9. The house is _____________
surrounded by trees, so it's not overlooked at all .
around
10. We spent the whole day moving _____________ some furniture in the bedroom.
El uso de though en inglés
Y si quieres más, en mi otra web tengo un artículo que
explica en detalle el uso de “though” al final de una frase.
¿La version corta?
Se usa como “but” pero en otra posición de la frase.
But se usa en medio, y though al final.
I love you, but I can’t marry you.
I love you. I can’t marry you, though.
Pero al final es lo mismo. Hace contraste entre una idea y
otra.
1) Common mistake #1

“Through” versus “throughout”

These are very similar.
There is a lot of overlap when it comes to the use of these
two words but they do have a slightly different meaning.
Here is what they mean:
•Through – from one end to the other
•Throughout- in every corner of a space

“The voice was heard through the store” = from the front
door to back door, more precise, straight line
versus
“The voice was heard throughout the store”= at the front,
at the back, in the bathroom, etc.

More examples:
•“Do you walk through the subway cars when you get on
to find the best seat?”
•“Do rats scamper throughout the entire subway system?”
2) Common mistake #2
“Though”=conjunction= in spite of the fact that, although
Example: “Though he worked hard on his business, it
failed”
versus
“Tough”= adjective= hard, difficult, tricky
Examples:
“This test was so tough.”
“The toughest guy in school was a bully.”
versus
“Thought”= noun or verb= an idea, a neuron firing in your
head or the past tense of “to think”
Example: “I thought you were coming to my party.”

What is the key to not getting confused with these?

Slow down, read them closely.
Even natives mess them up.
3) Common mistake # 3
“Throw” = verb= To move something in the air
versus
“Thorough”= adjective= complete or perfect
versus
“Thoreau”= Henry David Thoreau. He was a writer who
lived in Concord, MA and on Walden Pond. He wrote
Walden and he lived between 1817 and 1862.