JIS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF
Experiment Name:
BASIC NETWORKING CMD COMMANDS
Networking commands are essential for diagnosing and managing network connections in
Windows. These commands help in checking IP configurations, connectivity, routing, and
troubleshooting network-related issues. Below are some fundamental networking
commands with their syntax and purpose.
1. Ipconfig :
• Syntax : ipconfig
• Purpose : Displays IP configuration details, including IP address, subnet mask, and
gateway.
2. Ping :
• Syntax : ping <hostname or IP>
ping google.com
• Purpose : Tests connectivity between your system and another host (Google, for
example).
3. tracert :
• Syntax : tracert <hostname or IP>
tracert google.com
• Purpose: Traces the route packets take to reach a destination, showing all hops
between your device and the target.
4. nslookup:
• Syntax: nslookup <domain>
nslookup google.com
• Purpose: Queries DNS to resolve domain names to IP addresses. Used for checking
DNS resolution.
5. netstat:
• Syntax : netstat -an
• Purpose : Display active network connections and listening ports.
Name:- University Roll No.:- Page No.:-
JIS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF
Experiment Name:
6. arp:
• Syntax : arp -a
• Purpose : The arp -a command displays the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
table, which shows the mapping of IP addresses to MAC (Media Access Control)
addresses.
7. route :
• Syntax : route print
• Purpose : The route print command displays the IP routing table of a system,
showing how network traffic is directed.
8. netsh :
• Syntax : netsh interface show interface
netsh wlan show profile
netsh wlan show networks
• Purpose: A powerful command for network configuration.Can manage firewall
settings, Wi-Fi profiles, and network interfaces.
9. hostname:
• Syntax: hostname
• Purpose: Display the name of the computer
10. getmac:
• Syntax : getmac
• Purpose : Retrieves the MAC (Media Access Control) address of the network
adapter.
Name:- University Roll No.:- Page No.:-
JIS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF
Experiment Name:
LAN Cable:
A LAN (Local Area Network) cable is a wired medium used to connect computers, routers, switches,
and other networking devices within a network to enable data transfer. The most common type of
LAN cable is the Ethernet cable, which follows specific wiring standards.
Types of LAN Cables:
1. Straight-Through Cable
Definition:
A straight-through cable has the same wiring standard (either T568A or T568B) on both ends.
Usage:
• PC to Switch
• PC to Router
• Switch to Router
Wiring:
• Both ends follow the same colour coding (T568B ↔ T568B or T568A ↔ T568A).
2. Crossover Cable
Definition:
A crossover cable has different wiring standards on each end: T568A on one end and T568B on the
other.
Usage:
• PC to PC
• Switch to Switch
• Router to Router
Wiring:
• One end follows T568A, and the other follows T568B.
Colour Coding of LAN Cables:
Pin T568A T568B Function
1. White-Green (sender +) White-Orange (sender +) Transmit data +
2. Green (sender) Orange (sender) Transmit data -
3. White-Orange (receiver +) White-Green (receiver +) Receive data +
4. Blue (un used) Blue (un used) Not used in std. ethernet
5. White-Blue (un used) White-Blue (un used) Not used in std. ethernet
6. Orange (receiver -) Green (receiver-) Receive
7. White-Brown (un used) White-Brown (un used) Receive
8. Brown (un used) Brown (un used) Receive
Name:- University Roll No.:- Page No.:-
Socket Programming using TCP & UDP
Socket programming is a way for programs on different devices to communicate
over a network. A socket is a communication endpoint for sending and receiving
data across a network, acting as an interface between the application and network
layers. A socket's address is uniquely identified by a combination of an IP address
and a port number.
TCP vs. UDP Protocols
TCP and UDP are two fundamental protocols used in socket programming, each
with distinct characteristics:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
• Connection-Oriented: A connection is established between the client and
server before data transmission begins.
• Reliable: Guarantees that data will be delivered in the correct order and
without any loss. It includes mechanisms for error checking and
retransmission.
• Slower: The overhead of establishing a connection and ensuring reliability
makes TCP slower.
• Use Cases: Ideal for applications where data integrity is critical, such as web
browsing (HTTP) and file transfer (FTP).
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
• Connectionless: Data is sent without establishing a prior connection. It
simply sends packets to the destination.
• Unreliable: Does not guarantee delivery, order, or error-free transmission.
Packets can be lost or arrive out of order.
• Faster: The lack of connection setup and reliability features makes UDP
much faster.
• Use Cases: Suitable for applications where speed is more important than
perfect reliability, such as streaming video, online gaming, and VoIP (Voice
over IP).
Nodes LAN Configuration using Packet Tracer
Configuring a 5-node LAN in Cisco Packet Tracer is a practical exercise to simulate
a small network. Here are the general steps to achieve this:
1. Place Devices: In Packet Tracer, place the following devices on your workspace:
• 5 PCs (end devices)
• 1 Switch (network device to connect the PCs)
2. Connect Devices: Use a straight-through Ethernet cable to connect each PC to
an available FastEthernet port on the switch.
3. Assign IP Addresses: This is a crucial step for communication. Assign a unique
static IP address from the same subnet to each PC. For example, using the
192.168.1.x subnet:
• PC0: IP Address: 192.168.1.10, Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
• PC1: IP Address: 192.168.1.11, Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
• ...and so on for all 5 PCs.
4. Verify Connectivity: The simplest way to confirm your configuration is to use
the ping command from the command prompt of any PC. For example, from
PC0, type ping 192.168.1.11 to check connectivity to PC1. A successful reply
confirms your network is configured correctly.
