SBOA School Senior Secondary, Madurai

Class : XII COMPUTER SCIENCE Date: 07.04.22

Revision Notes - Relational Database Management System
Data: Basic/raw facts about something which is not organized, for
example details of some students which is not organized.
Data Item: Each piece of information about an entity, such as name of a
person or address, age or name of a product or the price is a Data Item.
Database: A well organised collection of data that ensures safety,
security and integrity of data.
DataBase Management System(DBMS): Comprehensive software that
provides the essential services to create, manage and maintain the
databases. In short, a DBMS provides the means to store the data in the
database, to edit or delete the data stored, to search and analyze the data
in the database. They also provide various safety and security
mechanisms that ensures that in any case stored data will be safe and
accessible.
Relational DataBase Management System(RDBMS): A Database
Management System that conforms at-least half of the 12 rules defined by
Dr. E.F. Codd (1970) in his research document. In a relational data model,
the data is organized into tables (i.e. Rows and Columns). These tables
are called Relations. A row in a table represents a relationship among a
set of values. Since table is a collection of relationships it is generally
referred to using the mathematical term Relation.
Database Systems: Systems comprising of Databases and Database
Management Systems are simply referred as database systems.
Advantages of Data Base System:
1) Reduce data redundancy (duplication of data).
2) Control data inconsistency to a large extent.
3) Database facilitate sharing of data.
4) Enforce standards.
5) Centralized databases can ensure data security.
Examples of Common Database Management
Systems: MySQL ,INGRES, POSTGRES, ORACLE, DB2.
Data Independence: The ability to modify a scheme definition in one
level without affecting a scheme definition in the next higher level.

Two Level of Data Independence:

1. Physical Data Independence: It refers to the ability to modify the
scheme followed at the physical level without affecting the scheme
followed at the conceptual level.
2. Logical data Independence: It refers to the ability to modify the
scheme followed at the conceptual level without affecting the scheme
followed at the external level.

Data Model: A way by which data structures and their relationships are
analyzed.
Different Data Models:
1. Relational data model
2. Network data model
3. Hierarchical data model
Relational data model: In this model data is organized into tabular
structures called relations. A database may contain many relations
providing a better classification of data based on its nature and use.
Multiple relations are then linked/ associated together on some common
key data values (foreign key).
Network Data Model: In this model data is represented by collections of
records and relationships among data are represented by links. A record is
collection of fields i.e. attributes, each of which contents only one data
value.
Hierarchical data model: In this model records are organized as trees,
data is represented by collection of records connected to one another
through links.
Basics of Relational Model Relation: A tabular structure containing
data. To be a relation it must satisfy following four conditions:
■ Atomicity: At every row-column intersection (Cell) there must be an
atomic value i.e. a value that can not be further subdivided.
■ No duplicity: No two rows of relation will be identical i.e. in any two
rows value in at least one column must be different.
■ Ordering of rows is immaterial.
■ Ordering of columns is immaterial.

Tuple: A row in a relation is called a tuple.

Attribute: A column in a relation is called an attribute.
Domain: Domain of an attribute refers to the set of all the possible values
for that attribute.
Degree: Number of attributes in a relation is the degree of that relation.
Cardinality: Number of tuples in a relation is the cardinality of that
relation.
Candidate Key: A set of one or more minimal attributes used to uniquely
identify a tuple in the relation and which can act as Primary Key. A
relation can have multiple candidate keys.
Primary Key: A candidate key that is primarily chosen for unique
identification of tuples in a Relation.
Any subset of Primary key should not be Primary key.
Alternate Key: Candidate keys that not chosen as primary key are the
alternate keys.
Example: In a LIBRARY Table
Candidate keys can be Accession no, Book no.
Primary key: If we select Book no as primary key for our purpose then
Alternate Key will be Accession No.
Views: A view is a virtual table whose contents are taking from other
tables depending upon a condition.
Table: Student

Roll. No. Name Marks

101 Anu 85

102 Riya 70

103 Ankit 78
Definition of the VIEW:
CREATE VIEW toppers AS
SELECT * FROM Student
WHERE Marks > 75;
Here name of the view is toppers
Base table is students
toppers(A virtual table based on Student table)

Roll. No. Name Marks

101 Anu 85

102 Ankit 78

SQL Commands
SQL commands are instructions used to communicate with the database
to perform specific task that work with data. SQL commands can be used
not only for searching data from the database but also to perform various
other functions, e.g. you can create tables, add data to tables or modify
data, drop the table, set permissions for users. SQL commands are
grouped into four major categories depending on their functionality.

1. Data Definition Language (DDL) These SQL commands are used

for creating, modifying and dropping the structure of database
objects. The commands are CREATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME,
TRUNCATE and COMMENT.
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML) These SQL commands are
used for storing, retrieving, modifying and deleting data. These
commands are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE.
3. Transaction Control Language (TCL) These SQL commands are
used for managing changes affecting the data. These commands
are COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT.
4. Data Control Language (DCL) These SQL commands are used for
providing security to database objects. These commands are GRANT
and REVOKE.

INTRODUCTION TO MYSQL
MySQL: It is an Open Source RDBMS Software that uses Structured Query
Language. It is available free of cost. Key Features of MySQL:
1. High Speed.
2. Ease of Use.
3. Available Free of Cost.
4. Supports standards based SQL.
5. Provides portability.
6. High Security.
7. Provides many data types.
8. Handles large database.

MySQL Data Types: Every column (or data item) should belong to a
unique domain (known as data type). These data types help to describe
the kind of information a particular column holds. MySQL supports the
ANSI SQL data types. Some of the commonly used data types along with
their characteristics are as follows:
Class Data Type Description Example

A fixed-length string between 1

and 255 characters in length
right-padded with spaces to
‘Maths’
Text CHAR(size) the specified length when
‘TexT’
stored. Values must be
enclosed in single quotes or
double quotes.

A variable-length string
between 1 and 255 characters
‘Computer
VARCHAR(size in length; for example
’
) VARCHAR(25). Values must be
‘Me and u’
enclosed in single quotes or
double quotes

It can represent number with

or 17.3 without the fractional
part. The size argument has
two parts: precision and scale.
20.1
NUMERIC DECIMAL(p,s) Precision (p) indicates the
50000.00
number of significant digits
and scale (s) maximum
number of digits to the right of
the decimal point

It is used for storing integer

INT 345
values

Date DATE It represents the date including 2009-07-

day, month and year between 02
 1000-01-01 and 9999-12-31
The Structured Query Language(SQL)
SQL (pronounced SEQUEL for Simple English Query Language) is Non-
procedural universal data access language used to access and manipulate
data stored in nearly all the data bases available currently. SQL standards
are defined by ANSI (American National Standards Institute). SQL
statements are used to retrieve and update data in a database. SQL works
with database programs like MySQL, MS Access, DB2, Informix, MS SQL
Server, Oracle, Sybase, etc. Most of the SQL database programs also have
their own proprietary extensions in addition to the SQL standard.
SQL Commands
SQL commands can be classified into the following:
Data Definition Language (DDL): A database scheme is defined by set
of definitions, which are expressed, by a special set of commands called
Data Definition Language (DDL). They are used to create tables,
databases, identify data items, provide unique names to the data items
and to define the length and provide the range of values that each data
item can assume. They are CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE and DROP TABLE
commands.
Data Manipulation Language (DML): The data manipulation language
(DML) handles operations such as entering rows into a table, changing
data, deleting rows, and extracting data from rows and tables. With DML,
one does not change the table’s structure, but rather its contents. It
contains commands like INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE.
Transaction Control Language (TCL): A transaction is a one complete
unit of work. A transaction is successfully completed if and only if all its
constituent steps are successfully completed. To manage and control the
transactions, the transaction control commands are used. e.g. COMMIT,
ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT.

WORKING WITH SQL

To work on MySQL, you need to open or create the database first:
To Create/Open Database:
mysql> CREATE DATABASE <name of database>;
Now the database with the given name will be created. One must be
connected to the database before using it, as below:
mysql> use <name of database>;

Creating Tables
Tables are defined with the CREATE TABLE command. When tables are
created its columns are named, data types and sizes supplied for each
column. At least one column must be specified.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <TableName>(<ColumnName1> <Data Type1>,
<ColumnName2> <Data Type2>,…….,<ColumnNameN> <Data Type
N>);
Example:
mysql> CREATE TABLE Students
(
RollNo DECIMAL(3),
Name VARCHAR(25)
);
Once the table is created we can insert the record in it, edit or delete
existing records, and also we can search for desired record in a very
comprehensive way using the SQL Select statement.

Creating tables with SQL Constraints:

^ A Constraint is a condition or check applicable on a field or set of fields.
^ Data constraints are the rules that are defined when a table is created.
^ They can also be defined or modified after creating the tables.
^ When constraints are defined any data entering in the table is first
checked to satisfy the condition specified in particular constraint if it is,
only then table data can be updated. If data updation/ insertion is
violating the defined constraints, database rejects the data (entire record
is rejected).
^ When a constraint is applied to a single column, it is called a column
level constraint but if a constraint is applied on a combination of columns
it is called a table constraint.
Following Constraints can be defined on a table in SQL:

Constraints name Description

PRIMARY KEY Used to create a primary key.

UNIQUE to create a unique key.

NOT NULL to define that column will not accept null value

FOREIGN KEY/ REFERENCES to define referential integrity with another tabl

DEFAULT to define the columns default value.

CHECK to define the custom rule.

Not Null and Default constraints can be applied only at column level rest
all constraints can be applied on both column level and table levels.
Use of constraints:
CREATE TABLE student (Srollno integer NOT NULL, …);
CREATE TABLE student (Srollno integer UNIQUE, …);
CREATE TABLE student (Srollno integer NOT NULL, Sclass integer DEFAULT
12, Sname varchar(30));
CREATE TABLE student (Srollno integer CHECK (Srollno>0), Sclass integer,
Sname varchar(30));
CREATE TABLE student (Srollno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, Sclass
integer, Sname varchar(30));
CREATE TABLE teacher (Tid integer NOT NULL, FOREIGN KEY (Studentid)
REFERENCES student (Sid));
Inserting the record in existing table:
The INSERT INTO command append a new record to an existing table and
initializes it to desired values.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name (column_name [,column_name])
VALUES (value [,value]);
INSERT INTO Student (RollNo, Name)
VALUES (12333,’Anu’);
Inserting NULL Values:
INSERT INTO Student (RollNo, Name, Class, Grade)
VALUES (12333,’Anu’,11, NULL);
Inserting Dates:
INSERT INTO Student (RollNo, Name, Class, DOB)
VALUES (12333,’Anu’,11, ‘1998-02-24′)
Inserting Data from another Table:
INSERT INTO
Marks SELECT * FROM Student
WHERE Class>10;
Note: Column names can be omitted if the values are entered in the
same order in which they appear in the table. Insert into will give you an
error if you omit to enter a mandatory value (non-null).

Deleting Existing records from the table:

The DELETE command deletes one, many, or even all records in a table,
depending on the conditions that you specify.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM tablename
WHERE search_conditions;
for example
DELETE FROM Students
WHERE RollNo>11255;
Note: The delete command is VERY dangerous. If run without conditions,
it will delete ALL records in a table. In addition, SQL has no undo function.
For instance, DELETE FROM Students;
Will delete all records from Students table. This is not likely to be what
you want.

Modifying the contents of records: The UPDATE command changes

one, many, or even all records in a table, depending on the conditions that
you specify
Syntax:
UPDATE tablename
SET column_name = expression [,column_name = expression..] [WHERE
search_conditions];
for example(assuming a customer table)
UPDATE customer SET f_name = ‘Thomas’
WHERE l_name = ‘Smith’ and
date_of_birth = ‘3/2/1985′;
An expression can be either a constant value (e.g., ‘Thomas’) or an
operation done on another column or columns (see the example below,
assuming a loan table with column rate.).
UPDATE TABLE loan SET rate = rate + 1.5;
Because there is no condition (i.e., no WHERE) all records will be updated.
All rates will be increased by 1.5.

Selecting data from existing table:

SQL SELECT statement is a comprehensive statement used to
search/select records from one or more tables. All the analysis done on a
database usually involves some form of select statement.
> Choosing all fields (columns): Use an asterisk (*) to indicate all fields
with the select statement:
SELECT *
FROM table_name;
SELECT *
FROM customer;
> Choosing a selected list of fields (columns)
SELECT column_name [,column_name] FROM table_name;
SELECT f_name, l_name, date_of_birth FROM customer;
NOTE: The order in which you list the columns affects their order in the
resulting output. Items within [ ] are optional.
> Temporarily renaming columns in query results
SELECT column_heading AS column_name [,column_heading AS
column_name] FROM table_name;
Example:
SELECT f_name as “Name”
FROM customer;
> Including calculated columns in the results
SELECT date_due, rate, principal, rate * principal FROM loan;
NOTE: If necessary, use parentheses to clarify order of precedence.
> Eliminating duplicate query results with distinct
If you use the keyword distinct after the keyword SELECT, you will only get
unique rows. Example:
SELECT rate,
FROM loan;
(above will display all rate values might be repeated)
SELECT distinct rate FROM loan;
(above will display only unique rate values, no repetition)
> Selecting from all the rows:
SELECT ALL rate,
FROM loan;
(above query will display all rate values)
> Selecting rows: WHERE clause is used to specify the condition for
searching. Only those records will be retrieved that satisfy condition given
with where clause.
SELECT SELECT_list
FROM table_list
WHERE search_conditions;
Example:
SELECT * FROM customer
WHERE f_name = ‘Carl’;
> Possible Search Conditions
– Comparison operators (=,<,>,!=.<>,<=,>=)
SELECT * FROM loan
WHERE principal > 100000000;
– Ranges (between and not between; inclusive)
SELECT * FROM loan
WHERE rate BETWEEN 7.5 AND 8.5;

OR

SELECT * FROM loan

WHERE rate NOT
BETWEEN 7.5 AND 8.5;

– Lists (in and not in)

SELECT *
from Customer
where city IN (‘Ahmedabad’, ‘Baroda’, ‘Delhi’, ’Mumbai’, ’Chennai’);

OR

SELECT *
from Customer
where city NOT IN (‘Ahmedabad’, ‘Baroda’, ‘Delhi’,’Mumbai’,’Chennai’);

– Null values
SELECT *
from Customer
where city is Null;

OR

SELECT *
from Customer
where city is Not Null;

– Character matches (like and not like)

SELECT f_name, l_name
FROM customer
WHERE l_name LIKE ‘Fos%’;
SELECT f_name, l_name
FROM customer
WHERE l_name LIKE ‘_oster’;
Note: “%” (matches any string of zero or more characters) and “_”
(matches any one character). In addition to those, brackets can be used to
include either ranges or sets of characters.
Combinations of previous options using logical operators and, or, and not
etc.: SELECT f_name, l_name FROM customer
WHERE l_name LIKE ‘San%’ AND City NOT IN (‘Baroda’,‘Delhi’)
> Some more examples:
– ‘Am%’ matches any string starting with Am.
– ‘%Singh%’ matches any string containing ‘Singh’
– ‘%a’ matches any string ending with ‘a’
– ‘ ’ matches any string that is exactly 3 characters long.
– ‘ %’ matches any string that has at least 2 characters long.
– ‘ g’ matches any string that is 4 characters along with 3 characters in
the beginning but ‘g’ as the 4th character.
> Viewing a tables structures
Describe/ Desc statement is used to see the structure of a table:
Desc <tablename> ;
Describe <tablename>;
> Sorting records

The output of a SELECT query can be sorted in ascending or descending

order on one or more columns, the default is ascending. This is important
to note that the data in table is not sorted, only the results that appear on
the screen are sorted.
Syntax:
SELECT <column name> [,<column name>, ….] FROM <table name>
[WHERE <condition>] [ORDER BY <column name> [, <column name>.]];
Example: (Sorting on single column)
SELECT * FROM EMPL ORDER BY ENAME;
Example: (Sorting on Multiple columns)
SELECT * FROM EMPL ORDER BY ENAME, JOB;
> Adding a column:

The ALTER TABLE command is used to change definitions of existing

tables. It can add columns, delete columns or change their size,rename
the name of an existing table.
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <table name>
ADD (<column name> <data type with size> <constraints>);
Example:
ALTER TABLE Students
ADD (age NUMBER (2) CHECK (age > 5));

> Modify a column:

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <table name>
MODIFY (column name newdatatype (newsize));
Example:
ALTER TABLE Students MODIFY ( age NUMBER (1));
> Changing a column name:
ALTER TABLE <table name>
CHANGE <old_column_name> <new_column_name> <column definition>
;
Example:
ALTER TABLE Students CHANGE age s_age NUMBER (2)
> Removing table components
– To remove primary key constraints ALTER TABLE Students DROP primary
key;
– To remove column from the table ALTER TABLE Students DROP COLUMN
age;
> Drop a table from database:
DROP TABLE <table name>;
Example:
DROP TABLE Students;
> Renaming a table:

ALTER TABLE <old table name>

RENAME TO <new table name>;

Example:

ALTER TABLE Students RENAME TO Students_Details;

Operator Precedence:
All the operators have precedence. Precedence is the order in which
different operators are evaluated. Various operators in descending order
of precedence (top to bottom) are listed below:

1 !

2 (Unary minus)

3 ^

4 *,/,DIV,%, MOD

5 -,+

6 =, <=, >, >=, =, !=, IS, LIKE, IN

7 BETWEEN

8 NOT

9 &&, AND

10 || OR
MySQL Functions
Functions
A function is a predefined command set that performs some operation and
returns the single value.

Numeric Functions
> POWER(): Returns the argument raised to the specified power. POW ()
works the same way. Example:(i)POW(2,4):Result:16 (ii)POW(2,-
2):Result:0.25 (iii)POW(-2,3):Result: -8
> ROUND(): ROUND(X) Rounds the argument to the zero decimal place,
where as ROUND(X,d) rounds the argument to d decimal places.
Example :
(i) ROUND(-1.23); Result: -1
(ii) ROUND(-1.58); Result: -2
(iii) ROUND(1.58); Result: 2
(iv) ROUND(3.798, 1); Result: 3.8
(v) ROUND(1.298, 0); Result: 1
(vi) ROUND(23.298, -1); Result: 20
(vii) ROUND( 25.298,-1); result: 30
> TRUNCATE(): Truncates the argument to specified number of decimal
places.
Example: (i) TRUNCATE (7.29,1) Result: 7.2 (ii) TRUNCATE(27.29,-1)
Result: 20
> SIGN(): Returns sign of a given number.
Example: (i) SIGN (15) Result: 1 : (ii) SIGN (-15) Result : -1 : (iii) SIGN (0)
Result : 0.
> SQRT: Returns the square root of given number.
Example: (i) SQRT (25) Result: 5

Character/String Functions
> LENGTH(): Returns the length of a string in bytes/no.of characters in
string.
Example: LENGTH(‘INFORMATICS’); Result:11
> CHAR(): Returns the corresponding ASCII character for each integer
passed.
Example: CHAR(65) ; Result : A
> CONCAT(): Returns concatenated string i.e. it adds strings.
Example: CONCAT(‘Informatics’,’ ‘,‘Practices’); Result : Informatics
Practices’
> INSTR(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of substring.
Example: INSTR(‘Informatics’,’ mat’); Result : 6(since ‘m’ of ‘mat’ is at 6th
place)
> LOWER()/ LCASE(): Returns the argument after converting it in
lowercase.
Example: LOWER(‘INFORMATICS’); Result: informatics
> UPPER()/ UCASE(): Returns the argument after converting it in
uppercase.
Example: UCASE(‘informatics’); Result: INFORMATICS
> LEFT () : Returns the given number of characters by extracting them
from the left side of the given string
Example : LEFT(‘INFORMATICS PRACTICES’, 3); Result : INF
> RIGHT(): Returns the given number of characters by extracting them
from the right side of the given string
Example : RIGHT(‘INFORMATICS PRACTICES’,3); Result: CES
> MID(): Returns a substring starting from the specified position in a given
string.
Example: MID(‘INFORMATICS PRACTICES’,3,4); Result : FORM
> SUBSTR(): Returns a substring from a given string.
Example: SUBSTR(‘INFORMATICS’ , 3 , 4 ) ; Result : FORM
SUBSTR(‘INFORMATICS’ , -3 , 2 ) ; Result : IC
> LTRIM(): Removes leading spaces.
Example : LTRIM(‘ INFORMATICS’); Result: ‘INFORMATICS’
> RTRIM(): Removes trailing spaces.
Example : RTRIM(‘INFORMATICS ‘); Result: ‘INFORMATICS’
> TRIM(): Removes leading and trailing spaces.
Example: TRIM(‘ INFORMATICS ‘); Result: ‘INFORMATICS’

Date/Time Functions
> CURDATE(): Returns the current date
Example: CURDATE(); Result: ‘2012-09-18’
> NOW(): Returns the current date and time
Example: NOW(); Result : ‘2010-07-21 13:58:11’
> SYSDATE(): Return the time at which the function executes
Example: SYSDATE(); Result: ‘2010-07-21 13:59:23’
> DATE(): Extracts the date part of a date or datetime expression
Example: DATE(‘2003-12-31 01:02:03’); Result:: ‘2003-12-31’
> MONTH() Returns the month from the date passed
Example: MONTH(‘2010-07-21’); Result : 7
>MONTHNAME() Returns the name of month from the date passed
Example: MONTHNAME(‘2010-07-21’); Result : JULY

> YEAR(): Returns the year.

Example: YEAR(‘2010-07-21’); Result : 2010
> DAYNAME(): Returns the name of the weekday
Example: DAYNAME(‘2010-07-21’); Result : WEDNESDAY
> DAYOFMONTH(): Returns the day of the month (0-31)
Example: DAYOFMONTH(‘2010-07-21’); Result: 21
> DAYOFWEEK(): Returns the weekday index of the argument
Example: DAYOFWEEK(‘2010-07-21’); Result: 4 (Sunday is counted as 1)
> DAYOFYEAR(): Return the day of the year(1-366)
Example: DAYOFYEAR(‘2010-07-21’); Result: 202

Aggregate functions
Aggregate functions that return one value from the set of specified rows.
There are two keywords used to group data into columns:
1. Distinct
2. All
Distinct keyword
It avoids the duplicates data. Observe the following table named
Departments:
 Department HO no_of_emp

Accounts Ahmedabad 300

Sales Baroda 250

IT Ahmedabad 350

HRM Anand 200

departments
select distinct HO from departments;
Output:
Ahmedabad
Baroda
Anand
So in the above command Ahmedabad is present two time in the HO
column. When distinct keyword is used, it will consider the first value and
ignore rest all similar values. As in above example we have Ahmedabad.

All Keyword
It will consider all the values including duplicates. It is by default option for
all the queries if not specified the distinct key word.
We will cover the following aggregate functions in Database Query using
SQL Class 12 as per your syllabus.
1. avg
2. count
3. max
4. min
5. sum
avg()
It compute average of given values as parameters.
select avg(no_of_emp) from departments;
Output
275.0
count()
This function count the total no. of values from the given set of rows.
select count(*) from departments;
Output will be - 4

select count(distinct HO) from departments;

Output will be - 3
In above example, two variations of count() is used. When it is used with
distinct keyword it eliminates the duplicate value in counting.
The count(*) will count all the values including null and where as
count(column_name) will ignore null values.
max()
This function is used to return maximum value from the given set of
values.
select max(no_of_emp) from departments;
Output will be - 350
min()
It will return the minimum value from given set of values. Just consider
above given example and replace max with min.
sum()
It will return the addition of specified values. It is also similar like max and
min. Write example yourself and see the results. This function can work
with column as well with specific where condition.
The order by clause – MySQL Queries
As you know when we are using SQL queries, the results are not available
with proper order. It is displayed as it is inserted in the table by default.
To get the results in proper order, order by clause is useful. The order by
clause will be the last part of the select query in MySQL probably. Observe
the following query:
select * from employees order by empname;
This command display the result in ascending order. You can use order by
clause with where condition as well.
select empname,salary from employees where salary>=2500
order by salary;
You can use any of the column with order by clause. You can use order by
clause with multiple columns in following manner:
select empname, salary from employees where salary>=2500
order by salary, order by ename ;
For accurate results, use only one order by clause in the query. As it will
sort the columns as specified order by clause in the query.
You can sort the records in descending order by using DESC key word.
Observe the following code:
select empname, salary from employees order by salary desc;
To sort the records in ascending order ASC keyword is used. By default,
the results are available in ascending order by itself.
You can also sort the results produced with expression in select query. As
it is written with select clause.
select empname, salary * 12 from employees order by salary*12
asc;