LESSON 1: THE PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE Dialectic Method or Socratic Method

Who am I? ❖ An exchange of question and answer that

ultimately aims to make a person remember
- We start by identifying who we are through
all the knowledge that he has forgotten,
questioning ourselves.
including his former all-knowing self.
- We carry names given us by our parents in our
birth, and we will carry it until the end of our Plato
lives.
“The first and the best victory is to conquer
Self self”
Plato is a dualist; there is both an
- The person that someone normally is.
immaterial mind (soul) and a material body,
- It is a part of your personality that is shown in a
and it is the soul that represents the self.
particular situation.
Plato believed the soul exists before birth
Individuality and after death. For him, one should care
about his soul rather than his body.
- Our personality or character that makes a
He believed that knowledge lies within the
person different from other people.
person’s soul
- The combination of emotions, thoughts,
actions, etc. makes a person different from The Soul (Mind) is divided into three parts:
others.
1. Logical Element | Reason | Rational
Philosophical Perspective ❖ It decides, analyzes, thinks ahead,
proposes what is best, rationally controls
- “Philosophy” originates from two Greek words
the appetite and spirited.
(“Philos” means beloved and “Sophia” means
2. Appetite Element | Physical Desire
wisdom), meaning love of wisdom.
❖ our basic biological needs such as hunger,
Socrates thirst, and sexual desire
3. Spirited Element | Will Element
An unexamined life is not worth living.
❖ is our basic emotion or passion, such as
Once we know ourselves, we may learn how to
empathy, aggressiveness, love, anger,
care for ourselves, but otherwise, we never
ambition
shall.
Father of Western and Ancient philosophy St. Augustine
Know Thy Self
Accepting God is the path to know thy self.
“Man is composed of two body”
Augustine’s sense of self is his relation to
1. The Body
God, both inn his recognition of God’s love,
• All individuals have an imperfect body
and his response to it.
• It is mortal (it dies), constantly changing,
Augustine believed one could not achieve
imperfect, transforming, disappearing
inner peace without finding God's love
2. The Soul
and through faith and reason, our self
• Immortal, is eternal, unchanging,
seeks to be united with God.
perfect or ideal
• The soul has all the knowledge that is Plato, Socrates, and St. Augustine
stored in his mind
❖ were all dualists who believed the soul to
There was a soul first before a man’s body.
be important.
Rene Descartes – Founder of Modern Philosophy There are two selves:
1. The Conscious
Descartes declares that the essential self, or Refers to all mental processes of which
the self as a thinking entity, is radically we are aware.
different from the self as a physical body. governed by the “reality principle”
The Cogito, the think that thinks, which is behavior and experience are organized
mind and the extension of the mind, which is in ways that are practical, rational, and
the body. appropriate to the social environment
The thinking self – soul 2. The Unconscious
- Non-material, immortal, conscious being, Refers to mental processes that are not
independent of the physical laws of the easily accessible to our awareness.
universe, basic instinctual drives that include
Physical Body aggressiveness, sexuality, and self-
- Is mortal, non-thinking material that is fully destruction; traumatic memories;
governed by the physical laws of nature. childhood fantasies and unfulfilled
wishes; thoughts and feelings that
John Locke: The Self is Consciousness would be considered socially taboo.
Empiricist
The mind is a tabula rasa, a blank slate. Freud’s Primary source of human Behavior
Personal identity is made possible by self- ➢ The id and the superego find themselves
consciousness. clashing against each other, with the
Argues that our personal identity and the superego trying to control the id's impulses
immortal souls are very different entities. and its attempt to satisfy its urges. The
our conscious awareness and memory of winner of this inner battle is manifested in
previous experiences are the keys to the ego, which is the self
understanding the self.
I. Id
David Hume: There is No Self - man's biological nature, impulses, and bodily
Empiricist desires
There is no “self,” only a bundle of II. Superego
constantly - represents the ethical component of the
The self keeps on changing, like how a personality and provides the moral standards
person looks, fees and thinks. by which the ego operates
There is no permanent self and unchanging - The realm of the ego is found in the conscious.
self III. Ego
- which is the self. If the ego behaves, then the
Immanuel Kant: We Construct the Self superego won. If the ego misbehaves, the id
The self is a unifying object, an organizing won
Self is always transcendental
The Inner and outer Self Gilbert Ryle
Man is a free agent; man is gifted with The self is the way people behave.
reason and free will; man can organize data challenged the dualism of mind and body
gathered by the senses and build an idea of initiated by Plato, perpetuated by Descartes,
who we are. and given an "unconscious twist" by Freud
The thinking self will never be found because it
Sigmund Freud is just a ghost in the machine.
The self is multi layered The self is best understood as a pattern of
Regarded the self as the “I” that constitute behavior.
the whole. The mind is nothing but a disposition of the self.
Paul Churchland: The Self is the Brain Agents of Socialization
The physical brain, and not the mind, exists.
Neuroscience into the fore of understanding Primary Socialization
the self. ❖ Occurs when a child learns the attitudes,
They might go for an MRI scan or CT scan to values, and actions appropriate to
understand the situation. individuals as members of a particular
Churchland believes that the term “mind,” our culture.
moods, emotions, actions, consciousness are ❖ Family – Primary agents of socialization
deeply affected by the state of our brain
Secondary Socialization
Maurice Merleau-Ponty ❖ Refers to the process of learning the
The self is embodied with subjectivity; man is appropriate behavior as a member of a
all about how he sees himself.
smaller group within the larger society.
There is unity in our mental, physical, and
❖ Secondary agents: School, Community
emotional disposition, and they all affect how
we experience the self.
The self is grounded on the experiences from Other agents
the past, the possibilities for the future and the ❖ Social media, television, clubs,
present cognition. association, political groups, etc.
The self is a product of our conscious human ❖ The way we can adopt the personalities of
experience. the one who we follow.
Charles Horton Cooley: The looking glass theory
Lesson 2: THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
(1864-1929)
“A Person’s self-concept is enhanced if other
we gradually figure out who we are as we
people’s evaluation towards him or her is
Favorable” grow up. You figure out what you look like by
looking in a mirror. However, you figure out
Sociology who you are through social interactions.
Always make certain reflections about what
Is a study of the role of society in shaping
others have said about us.
behavior.
The people you interact with become your
As a social science, it seeks to discover how
“mirrors.” You see what they think of you
human behavior and interactions affect society
when you interact with them, and it changes
as a whole.
the way you think of yourself
From a sociological perspective:
Parts of the looking glass self
The self is socially constructed that it is shaped
1. We imagine how we appear to others.
through the interaction with other people.
2. We imagine the judgment of that
To be completely developed, we have to
appearance.
interact with other beings of the same kind.
3. We develop ourself (identity) through the
The self is made through socialization process.
judgment of others.
Socialization
This changes how we see ourselves. Like, if we are
The process of learning one culture and getting a lot of positive interpretations or negative
learning to live with it. ones, it changes a specific way of how we see
Socialization helps us learn to function ourselves.
successfully in their social worlds
George Herbert Mead: Social Self Theory Lesson 3: THE ANTHROPOLOGIC PERSPECTIVE
Believed that people develop self-images Anthropology
through interactions with other people.
➢ People throughout the world, their
He argued that the self, which is the pat of a
evolutionary history, how they behave,
person’s personality consisting of self-
adapt to the environment, communicate
awareness and self-image, is a product of
and socialize with one another.
social experience.
➢ The study of people around the World
Mead’s Stages of Development of Self ➢ Attempts to understand both similarities
and differences among human societies
1. Preparatory stage
today and in the past
▪ Starts from when we are born until two.
Children mimic those that are around
them There are four branches of Anthropology
▪ Yet, so self yet is developed. 1. Archaeology
▪ They imitate without knowing the ❖ Focuses on the Past and how it may have
meaning of the action. contributed to the present ways including
2. Play stage (2-6 years old) how humans adopted to change.
▪ Children begin to take the role of ❖ artifacts like pottery, tools, relics, ceramics,
significant others or the people who are weapons, or anything made or used by
close and have a strong influence in them. humans.
3. Game stage (7 onwards) 2. Physical or Biological Anthropology
▪ Children play the general roles of the ❖ is the study of human biology, including how
generalized other of the people who do
people adapt to where they live and how
not have close relationship with the
bodies changed over time (human evolution)
children but influence the child’s
❖ Physical anthropologists also study non-
internalization of values in the society.
human primates.
Mead’s concept of “I” and “Me” 3. Linguistic Anthropology
For Mead, the “me” is our social self, and the ❖ Focuses on the use of language as means to
“I” is our response to the “me.” discover a group’s manner of interaction and
how it is used to create and share meanings.
“I”
❖ is the study of how people speak and the
- Response of the individual to the attitudes of words they use and how their language
others; individual’s impulses. developed and evolved.
- thinks about what those things mean 4. Cultural Anthropology
“Me” ❖ is the study of how people live their lives in
the present and how they may have lived in
- The organized set of attitudes of others which the past.
an individual assumes. ❖ tools they used and the food they produced
- how we believe the generalized other sees us
and consumed.
and what we learn through interactions with
others
The self and person in contemporary anthropology
The “me” as society’s view and then the “I” as our understanding man in light of its cultural
pure personality. context.
 The most influential in terms of self- Catherine Raeff (2010)
development is family’s history, basically Developmental psychologist, culture can influence
referring to the culture one has been brought how you, your peers, and family view:
up in.
1. Relationship
Self as Embedded in Culture This influences how adults encourage children
Anthropologists believe that culture is the full to form relationships: For instance, do they
range of learned behavior patterns choose whom to play with, or are children
encouraged to play in certain ways to promote
Culture group welfare?
Is how humans act, think, and behave based 2. Personality Trait
on shared values of society. Culture influences whether you value and how
everything that makes up the way a group of you value traits like humility, politeness,
people lives. It includes their beliefs, values, assertiveness, sympathy, and self-esteem.
and traditions. 3. Achievement
Culture influences how you define success and
Sir Edward Burnett Taylor whether you value individual and group
the complex whole which includes knowledge, achievements.
beliefs, morals, law, customs, arts, and any 4. Expressing Emotions
other capabilities and habits acquired by a Culture influences how feelings are expressed,
human as a member of society. whether you consider feelings public or
private, openly or discreetly.
The two components of Culture
1. Material Culture Social Norms
❖ consists of human technology 1. Formal social Norms
❖ These are the physical manifestations of ❖ refer to what has generally been written
culture. The goods and products we buy down and involves strict rules for
and the products we use are also included punishments to offenders.
here. 2. Informal Social Norms
2. Non-Material Culture ❖ refer to the generally understood customs
❖ includes intangible human creations like or standards of behaviour but it is not
beliefs, values, norms, morals, rules, precisely recorded nor has any specific
language, and organizations. punishment or sanction for the violators.
Can also be classified as folkways and mores.
Culture - Culture has an impact on how the Folkways
individual views himself ❖ are the general rules of customary and
helps us define how we see ourselves and habitual ways and patterns of expected
how we relate to others. Remember that we behavior in the society.
differ in many ways: language diversity, Mores
cultural diversity, gender diversity, religious ❖ refers to special folkways that are
diversity, and economic diversity. generally emphasized because they are
deemed necessary for the welfare of the
society.
Additionally: Self as a Cognitive Construct
Symbols Cognitive Construction – Constructivism
These are the gestures, pictures, and objects - An approach which focuses on the mental
that have an accepted meaning in a particular processes rather than the observable
culture. behavior.
Rituals Cognition
These are the activities participated by a - The mental processes involved in gaining
group of people for the fulfillment of desired knowledge and comprehension
objectives and are socially essential.
Psychology of the Self
Values
- Psychology focuses on the representation
They involve human preferences towards of the individual based on his or her
good or bad, and right or wrong. experiences from home, school, groups,
organizations, and affiliations.
Lesson 4: The Psychological Perspective
The Self
From two Greek words:
- The sense of personal identity and of who
1. Psyche – Soul
we are as individuals.
2. Logos – Study
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind William James: the ME-Self and the I-Self
and m behavior.
- Started by defining the SELF as the sum
Is a science that attempts to investigate the
total of all that a person can call his or
causes of behavior using systematic and
hers.
objective procedures for observation,
measurement, and analysis. I-Self
Different Types/Branches of Psychology - The thinking, acting, and feeling self.
- Self as knower, experiencer, present
1. Abnormal Psychology
tense, and story teller.
- Deals with the processes and study of
huma abnormal behavior. ME-Self
2. Clinical Psychology
- Is the physical characteristics and
- Deals with psychiatric processes
psychological capabilities that make you
3. Forensic Psychology
who you are.
- Deals with criminal procedures, and
- Self as known, experienced, past tense,
juridical processes involving human
and story.
behavior
- Also known as the EMPIRICAL SELF.
4. Educational Psychology
- Deals with academic and educational
processes of human behavior
Sub-Categories of the ME
5. Cognitive Psychology Spiritual Self
Material Self
- Branch of Psychology that focuses on Social Self A depth
Clothes, foods, and understanding of our
internal mental states other things Relationship with
self and our
other people
relationship with
- Cognitive psychologist study human god.
perception, thinking, and memory.
Carl Rogers’ Self Theory Id
- The curious paradox is that when I accept - is the first part of the self to develop.
myself just as I am, then I can change. - It's the seat of all our desires and wants.
Id has no awareness other than it wants
Ideal Self
what it wants.
- The Person we want to be - The ego is the part of us that
- Idealized version of ourself
Ego
- How I should Be
- Self-image includes the influence of our - is the part of us those functions in reality.
body image on inner personality - It regulates how many of the id's urges
will be expressed.
Real Self
- The ego is able to discern what is right or
- Who we actually are wrong based on context.
- How I see me
Superego
- Also called “Actual self”
- This is the person who we would like to - operates as a moral conscience.
be. It consists of our goals and ambitions - It applies the values of society which are
in life, and is dynamic – i.e., forever learned from one's parents and others.
changing.
Self-Worth – Self Esteem Albert Bandura: The SELF as PROACTIVE AND
AGENTIC
- comprises what we think about ourselves.
- It is an emotional outlook that determines 1. Intentionality
how and what you feel about yourself in - where we humans plan and do things
comparison to other people intentionally.
CONGRUENCE
2. Forethought
- when a person's ideal-self is consistent - where we expect the consequences of our
with what is happening in his life, there is actions.
a matching of experience and awareness
3. Self-Reactiveness | Self-Regulation | Self-
INCONGRUENCE
Motivation
- Small overlap between selves - where we make choices and decide to
- When your ideal and real self doesn’t maintain or evaluate the consequences of
match. our actions.

Schema
4. Self-reflection
- is an organized system or collection of - refers to the self-examining and the ability
knowledge about who we are. to evaluate how effective we are at
exercising our capacity for human agency.
Sigmund Freud: The Layers of the Self
- He sees the Self, its mental processes, and
the person’s behavior as a result of the
interaction between the id, ego and
superego.
David Lester: Multiple Vs. Unified Self
that each multiple self in the individual's
mind is a complex organization of
psychological contents (thoughts, feeling,
emotions, and behaviors.

Multiple Selves
- which is autonomous sets of psychological
processes such as dreams, desires,
emotions and memories, and;
Unified Self
- is the integration of the sub selves into
one, however, integration is a task for the
later part of life.
Dr. Donald Winnicott: True Self Vs. False Self
Winnicott highlighted the importance of the
mother as the caregiver and the child as
spontaneous, meaning they just do whatever
they want without thinking.
True Self
- is basically the real or the truth about
yourself.
False Self
- is a defensive facade used to hide and
protect the true self.
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Department of Psychology
College of Social Sciences and Philosophy

Head of CarDSIS – Career Development and

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