Naqareh

The naqareh, naqqāra, nagara or nagada is a Middle Eastern

Naqqāra
drum with a rounded back and a hide head, usually played in
pairs. It is thus a membranophone of the kettle drum variety.

The term naqqāra (‫)نقاره‬, also ‫ نقارات‬naqqarat, naqqarah,

naqqåre, nakkare, nagora comes from the Arabic verb naqr-
that means "to strike, beat".

The instrument was also adopted in Europe following the

Crusades, and known as the naccaire or naker.

Construction
The rounded section of a naqqara is made of baked clay, while
the flat side consists of treated skin fastened around the rim with Iraqi Naqqarat
string which is tightened over the back of the bow
Other names Naqqārat, naqqare,
nakkare, nagora, ‫نقاره‬
Playing Classification
Percussion
This percussion instrument is often played in pairs, where one instrument
naqqara will produce low pitch beats called nar and the other
for the high pitch beats. The instruments are beaten with short More articles or information

wooden sticks bent outward at the upper ends called damka.

Kus
Timpani
Varieties

Iraq and the other Arab countries

Naqqārāt is the name of kettledrums in Arabic countries. Naqqārāt, hemispherical with the skin stretched
over the top, come in pairs. Naqqarat is one of the percussion instruments used in Maqam al-Iraqi chalghi
ensembles. Under the late Abbasids and the Fatimid Caliphate, kettledrums were beaten before the five
daily prayers; small ones form part of present-day orchestral ensembles.

Iran
Naqqåre can be found in different sizes in different regions of Iran:

Naqåre-ye Shomal "northern naqqåre": played in northern Iran. Its native name in
Mazandaran Province is desarkutan. Desarkutan is in fact a pair of small drums whose
bodies are made of clay. Their structure is like that of a bowl. One is larger than the other; the
larger is called bam and the smaller one is called zil. which respectively mean "bass" and
"treble". The diameter of the bam is about 22 cm and the diameter of the zil is about 16 cm.
Two drums are covered by cowhide, though in the past boarhide was used. The skin is
tightened on the drums by bands made of cow tendon.
 Desarkutan: played with two wooden drumsticks. The length of the drumsticks is 25-27 cm.
The thicker drumstick is used to play on the larger drum. The diameter of the drumsticks is 1-
1.5 cm. Serna, the Mazandarani oboe, (Dari Persian sorna) is accompanied by one or two
sets of desarkutan. These instruments are played in festive ceremonies such as wedding
ceremonies, sport ceremonies and so on. Desarkutan is not used as a solo instrument.
Fars naqqåre: played in the Fars province of Iran is a little larger than ordinary naqqåre.
Sanandaji naqqåre: played in the Sanandaj city of Kurdistan province of Iran is a little larger
than ordinary naqqåre.
Naqqårekhån: Khåne literally means "house, home, room, place" and in Iran, there were
different kinds of naqqårekhåne and there were places for announcing important news by
playing on the kettledrums such as rising and setting of the sun, victory, mourning, birth of a
male baby etc. These were also called Kuskhåne or, in Indian languages, naubat-khāna.

Indian subcontinent
Naqqara are also found in India, where the word is pronounced
nagara or nagada. They are paired kettledrums traditionally used in
the naubat "Nine Things", a traditional ensemble of nine
instruments. Nagara are also played with sticks. Today, this
instrument is usually used to accompany the shehnai or "Indian
oboe", an indispensable component of any North Indian wedding.

It was also used during Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s time as a war drum
(first mentioned in the Battle of Banghani). This was to infuse pride Dukar-Tikar, from Nagara genre, are
into the Sikh armies while charging. It can be seen now usually at a kettledrums which accompany
Sikh martial art display (Gatka display) playing in the background. shehnai, an Indian woodwind
instrument. Rajasthan.
Rebecca Stewart's unpublished thesis, The Tabla in Perspective
(UCLA, 1974) has suggested tabla was most likely a hybrid
resulting from experiments with existing drums such as pakhawaj, dholak, and naqqara.

Azerbaijan
In Azerbaijan there is a kind of kettledrum that is called ghosha-
naqara. Ghosha means "pair".[1]

Turkey
In Turkey, this word is pronounced nakkare and refers to small
kettledrums beaten with the hands or two sticks. Kös, or giant
kettledrums played on horseback, are a separate instrument. These
drums and the davul or cylindrical drum were used in Ottoman
mehter music.

Uzbekistan
Ghosha Naqara with zurna and
In Uzbekistan the kettledrum is called naqara or nagora. naqareh
Dulnaqara: a large kettledrum that gives a low and loud sound (i.e.
"tum"). Reznaqara is a small kettledrum that gives a high and loud
sound (i.e. "tak"). Koshnaqara is a small-paired kettledrum, a pair of clay pots with goatskin tops.

Europe
Kettledrums were adopted in Europe during the 13th century
Crusades, following contact with Saracen musicians who played
the drums;The Arabic term naqqara became French nacaires, the
Italian naccheroni and the English nakers. The instrument spread
rapidly, reaching England in the 14th century. The instrument is
very visible in European artwork and iconography of the period,
before fading from view in the 17th century.[2]

As the Grove Dictionary of Music describes them:

They were more or less hemispherical, 15-25cm in

diameter, frequently with snares and usually played in
pairs, suspended in front of the player. They were
usually played with drumsticks, mainly for martial
German woodcut in the early 1500s.
purposes but also in chamber music, dance and
processional music and probably for accompanying
songs.[3]

Kettledrums in Europe today are called tympani or timpani, descended from the imported naqareh.[4]

Georgia
Diplipito is a widespread percussion instrument all over Georgia. It
comprises two small cone-shaped clay pots (jars) of the same
height, but different width, which are covered with leather. One of
the clay pots is smaller than the other. A cord ties the two jars
together. The height of the jars is 200-250 mm, and their diameters
are 90mm and 170mm. The diplipito is played with two small sticks
called "goat legs." The instrument is used to provide rhythms for
vocal music and dance music. It is often combined with instruments
such as duduki, buzika panduri, and salamuri. The diplipito is Diplipito
generally played by males, and plays an important role in Georgian
folk ensembles.

See also
Nagara (drum)
Dhol
Diplipito
Kudum
 Tassa

References
1. Гоша-нагар (http://www.musical-market.ru/page/gosh) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20160306020802/http://musical-market.ru/page/gosh) 2016-03-06 at the Wayback
Machine (in Russian)
2. James Blades (1992). Percussion Instruments and Their History (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=a8V3Z6j2ExEC&pg=PA223). Bold Strummer. pp. 223–. ISBN 978-0-933224-61-2.
3. Stanley Sadie; Alison Latham (1988). The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music (https://books.
google.com/books?id=HI4bAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA514). Macmillan. pp. 514–. ISBN 978-0-333-
43236-5.
4. Edmund Addison Bowles (2002). The Timpani: A History in Pictures and Documents (https://
books.google.com/books?id=sr4IAQAAMAAJ). Pendragon Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-
945193-85-2.

External links
History of Naqqara from ancient times until the 18th century; in German: Janissary
instruments and Europe (https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221805/http://musicalconfron
tations.com/MC5/wlc/mcb/cul/mim/mfl/mtm/foc/JNS/jns0000000002.htm)
Diplipito (https://web.archive.org/web/20110721025924/http://www.hangebi.ge/diplipitoen.ht
m)
"Nacaire" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nacaire).
Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Musical Instruments of Rajasthan (https://archive.today/20130628085358/http://www.4to40.c
om/music/article.asp?p=Musical_Instruments_of_Rajasthan&city=Jaipur)

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