Reviewer 1: Domains of Development (Chapter 1)

1. Physical Development
Growth of the body (height, weight, motor skills).
Includes gross motor skills (running, jumping) and fine motor skills (writing,
buttoning clothes).
2. Cognitive Development
Growth in thinking, problem-solving, and learning.
Development of memory, reasoning, and creativity.
3. Language Development
Learning to communicate through words, symbols, and gestures.
Includes vocabulary growth, grammar, and speech clarity.
4. Social Development
How a child interacts with others (family, friends, teachers).
Learning cooperation, sharing, and building relationships.
5. Emotional Development
Ability to understand and manage emotions.
Development of empathy, self-control, and confidence.
6. Moral Development
Understanding right vs. wrong.
Influenced by family, culture, and experiences.
 Reviewer 4: Brain Development
Key Points
1. The Brain and Learning
o The brain is the control center for thinking, emotions, memory,

and movement.
o Brain development is most rapid in early childhood.

2. Parts of the Brain

o Cerebrum – thinking, memory, language, problem-solving.

o Cerebellum – balance and coordination.

o Brainstem – basic survival functions (breathing, heartbeat).

3. Stages of Brain Growth

o Infancy (0–2 yrs) → rapid brain growth; sensory and motor skills

develop.
o Early Childhood (2–6 yrs) → language, imagination, basic

reasoning.
o Middle Childhood (6–12 yrs) → logical thinking, memory

improves.
o Adolescence (12+ yrs) → abstract thinking, decision-making,

emotional regulation.
4. Factors Affecting Brain Development
o Genetics → inherited abilities.

o Nutrition → healthy diet helps brain function.

o Experiences & Environment → play, learning, and social

interaction stimulate growth.

o Sleep → important for memory and focus.

5. Importance in Education
o Teachers must give age-appropriate activities.

o Play and exploration help children develop critical skills.

Memory Aid:
• Cerebrum = Smart (thinking).
• Cerebellum = Balance.
• Brainstem = Survival.
• Brain develops fastest in early years → “Play = Brain Food.”
 Reviewer 5: Factors Affecting Cognitive Development
What is Cognitive Development?
• Refers to how children think, reason, solve problems, and learn.
• Includes memory, attention, creativity, and intelligence.
Main Factors Affecting Cognitive Development
1. Genetics (Nature)
o Children inherit abilities from their parents.

o Example: natural talent in math, music, or language.

2. Environment (Nurture)
o Home, school, and community shape learning.

o Positive environment = better growth.

3. Early Childhood Experiences

o Early stimulation (play, stories, conversations) builds intelligence.

o Neglect or lack of exposure slows development.

4. Nutrition and Health

o Proper diet = healthy brain function.

o Malnutrition may cause learning difficulties.

5. Social Interaction
o Talking and playing with others improves communication and

thinking skills.
6. Culture and Education
o Beliefs, values, and teaching styles influence learning patterns.

Importance
• Knowing these factors helps parents/teachers support children better.
• Shows that both nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) matter.
Memory Aid:
Think GENES:
• G – Genetics
• E – Environment
• N – Nutrition
• E – Early experiences
• S – Social interaction
 Reviewer 3: Physical and Motor Development
Physical Development
• Refers to changes in the body structure (height, weight, body
proportions).
• Influenced by heredity, nutrition, exercise, and environment.
Motor Development
• Development of movement skills (using muscles to perform actions).
• Two types:
1. Gross Motor Skills → large muscles
▪ Examples: walking, running, jumping, climbing.

2. Fine Motor Skills → small muscles

▪ Examples: writing, drawing, tying shoelaces, buttoning

clothes.
Stages of Motor Development
1. Infancy (0–2 yrs)
o Reflexes (grasping, sucking).

o Sitting, crawling, standing, walking.

2. Early Childhood (2–6 yrs)

o Improved coordination.

o Runs, kicks ball, climbs, starts writing.

3. Middle Childhood (6–12 yrs)

o Stronger muscles.

o Sports, dancing, swimming, handwriting improves.

4. Adolescence (12+ yrs)

o Puberty → rapid physical changes.

o Increased strength, coordination, endurance.

Importance of Physical & Motor Development

• Foundation for health and active lifestyle.
• Enhances confidence and independence.
• Supports learning (writing, playing, teamwork).

Memory Aid:
• Gross = big muscles (run, jump).
• Fine = small muscles (write, draw).
• Stages: Infant → Early Childhood → Middle Childhood → Adolescence.
 Reviewer 6: Human Development Stages (John Santrock, 2002)
Santrock described 8 stages of human development based on Erik
Erikson’s theory. Each stage has a crisis (challenge) that must be resolved.

Stages of Development
1. Infancy (0–1 yr)
o Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust

o Babies learn to trust caregivers if needs are met.

2. Early Childhood (1–3 yrs)

o Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

o Develop independence (walking, toilet training).

3. Preschool (3–6 yrs)

o Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt

o Learn to take initiative through play and imagination.

4. School Age (6–12 yrs)

o Crisis: Industry vs. Inferiority

o Learn skills, teamwork, and achievement in school.

5. Adolescence (12–18 yrs)

o Crisis: Identity vs. Role Confusion

o Discover self, values, and career path.

6. Early Adulthood (18–40 yrs)

o Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation

o Build close relationships and commitment.

7. Middle Adulthood (40–65 yrs)

o Crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation

o Contribute to society through work, family, or service.

8. Late Adulthood (65+ yrs)

o Crisis: Integrity vs. Despair

o Reflect on life with satisfaction or regret.

Importance
• Each stage shapes personality and future behavior.
• Success in earlier stages = healthier development later.
 Reviewer 2: Understanding Child Growth and Development
Key Concepts
1. Growth
o Refers to physical changes (size, weight, height).

o Quantitative → can be measured.

o Example: a child grows 3 inches taller in one year.

2. Development
o Refers to overall changes in skills, abilities, and behavior.

o Qualitative → cannot always be measured.

o Example: a child learns to speak in sentences.

3. Principles of Growth and Development

o Cephalocaudal – growth starts from head to toe (head grows

faster).
o Proximodistal – growth starts from center to outward (arms before

fingers).
o Sequential – development follows a fixed order (crawl → stand →

walk → run).
o Individual differences – children develop at different rates.

o Continuous – development never stops, from conception to death.

4. Importance of Studying Growth and Development

o Helps teachers/parents understand needs of children.

o Guides in giving the right activities for each stage.

o Prevents unrealistic expectations of children’s abilities.

Memory Aid:
• Growth = size (measurable).
• Development = skills (abilities).
• Principles → CPSIC → Cephalocaudal, Proximodistal, Sequential,
Individual differences, Continuous.
 1. Reviewer 7: Havighurst’s Human Development and Education
2. (Presented in Table Form for Easy Recall)

Stage Developmental Task Examples

Infancy & Early Childhood (0–6

Learning to walk, talk, control body Toilet training, simple words
yrs)

Learning physical skills, building

Middle Childhood (6–12 yrs) Sports, making friends
relationships

Choosing subjects, peer

Adolescence (12–18 yrs) Achieving independence, preparing for career
identity

Early Adulthood (19–30 yrs) Starting a family, career, civic duties Marriage, job, social role

Achieving adult responsibilities, adjusting to Parenting, community

Middle Age (30–60 yrs)
aging service

Later Maturity (60+ yrs) Adjusting to retirement, declining strength Hobbies, reflection on life

3. Note: Havighurst says learning tasks are “teachable moments” → if not learned on time,
adjustment in the next stage becomes harder.
o
Reviewer 8: Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
(Presented as Flashcard Style for Quick Memory)
Q: How many intelligences? → 8 Intelligences
Linguistic – word smart (writers, speakers).
Logical-Mathematical – number smart (scientists,
engineers).
Spatial – picture smart (artists, architects).
Musical – music smart (singers, composers).
Bodily-Kinesthetic – body smart (athletes, dancers).
Interpersonal – people smart (teachers, leaders).
Intrapersonal – self smart (philosophers, self-
reflective).
Naturalist – nature smart (biologists, farmers).
Tip: Teachers should give activities for different
intelligences, not just focus on math & language.
 Reviewer 9: Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
(Presented as Diagram/Concept Map Style)
Triarchic = 3 Parts of Intelligence
1. Analytical Intelligence (Componential)
o “Book smart” → problem-solving, logic, academics.

2. Creative Intelligence (Experiential)

o “Think outside the box” → innovation, imagination.

3. Practical Intelligence (Contextual)

o “Street smart” → applying knowledge in real life.

Key Point: Intelligence is not just IQ, but also creativity and
practicality.

Reviewer 10: Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

(Presented in Key-Terms & Examples Format)
1. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
o Gap between what a child can do alone and with help.

o Example: Child can’t solve a puzzle alone → but can with guidance.

2. Scaffolding
o Temporary support given by teacher/parent.

o Example: guiding a child in reading until they become independent.

3. Social Interaction
o Learning happens best through interaction with others.

o Example: group work, peer discussions.

4. Language as a Tool
o Language = bridge for thinking and problem-solving.

o “Private speech” (talking to self) helps organize thoughts.

Key Point: Vygotsky emphasizes learning through culture, language,

and social interaction, not just individual effort.