JAVA NOTES
1. Introduction to Java
• Java is an object-oriented, platform-independent, and secure programming
language developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (1995).
• JVM (Java Virtual Machine): Executes Java bytecode.
• JRE (Java Runtime Environment): Provides libraries + JVM.
• JDK (Java Development Kit): Contains compiler (javac), JRE, and tools.
2. Features of Java
1. Simple and easy to learn
2. Object-Oriented
3. Platform Independent (Write Once, Run Anywhere)
4. Secure (no pointers, bytecode verification)
5. Robust (exception handling, garbage collection)
6. Multithreaded
7. High Performance (JIT compiler)
8. Distributed
9. Dynamic and Portable
3. Java Architecture
• Source Code → Compiler → Bytecode → JVM → Machine Code
• JVM Components:
o Class Loader
o Memory Areas (Heap, Stack, Method Area)
o Execution Engine (Interpreter + JIT)
o Garbage Collector
4. Basic Syntax
class Hello {
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
Compile: javac Hello.java
Run: java Hello
5. Data Types
Type Size Example
byte 1 byte byte a = 10;
short 2 bytes short s = 200;
int 4 bytes int x = 1000;
long 8 bytes long l = 12345L;
float 4 bytes float f = 10.5f;
double 8 bytes double d = 99.99;
char 2 bytes char c = 'A';
boolean 1 bit boolean flag = true;
6. Operators
• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
• Relational: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
• Logical: &&, ||, !
• Assignment: =, +=, -=
• Increment/Decrement: ++, --
• Ternary: condition ? a : b
7. Control Statements
• If-else
• Switch
• Loops: for, while, do-while
• Jump: break, continue, return
8. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Main Concepts:
1. Class: Blueprint for objects.
2. Object: Instance of a class.
3. Encapsulation: Binding data and methods.
4. Inheritance: Reuse of properties (using extends).
5. Polymorphism: One name, many forms (method overloading/overriding).
6. Abstraction: Hiding details using abstract classes or interface.
9. Constructors
• Special method used to initialize objects.
class Student {
int id;
String name;
Student(int i, String n) {
id = i; name = n;
• Default, Parameterized, Copy Constructor
10. Inheritance
class A {
void display() { System.out.println("A"); }
class B extends A {
void show() { System.out.println("B"); }
Types: Single, Multilevel, Hierarchical
(No multiple inheritance with classes — use interfaces)
11. Polymorphism
• Compile-time (Overloading)
• Runtime (Overriding)
class A {
void show() { System.out.println("A"); }
class B extends A {
void show() { System.out.println("B"); }
12. Abstraction
• Abstract class: abstract keyword, may have abstract methods.
• Interface: Fully abstract (all methods public & abstract).
interface Animal {
void sound();
class Dog implements Animal {
public void sound() { System.out.println("Bark"); }
}
13. Packages
• Group of related classes.
package mypack;
import java.util.*;
14. Exception Handling
Keywords: try, catch, finally, throw, throws
try {
int a = 5 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println(e);
} finally {
System.out.println("Always executes");
15. File Handling (java.io)
• FileReader, FileWriter, BufferedReader, PrintWriter
FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("data.txt");
fw.write("Hello Java");
fw.close();
16. Multithreading
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread running...");
}
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start();
• Thread lifecycle: New → Runnable → Running → Waiting → Terminated
17. Collections Framework
Interface Implementation
List ArrayList, LinkedList
Set HashSet, TreeSet
Map HashMap, TreeMap
Queue PriorityQueue
18. Strings
String s = "Java";
System.out.println(s.length());
System.out.println(s.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(s.equals("JAVA"));
• StringBuffer and StringBuilder are mutable.
19. Java Input/Output
import java.util.Scanner;
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter name:");
String name = sc.nextLine();
20. Important Topics Summary
• Static Keyword
• Final Keyword
• this and super keywords
• Wrapper Classes (Integer, Double, etc.)
• Garbage Collection
• Inner Classes
• JDBC (for database connection)
