1️⃣ What is Java?
Answer:
Java is a high-level, object-oriented, platform-independent programming language. It uses the
concept of "write once, run anywhere" because Java programs run on the JVM.
2️⃣ What is JVM, JRE, and JDK?
✅ JVM (Java Virtual Machine):
Executes Java bytecode on any machine.
✅ JRE (Java Runtime Environment):
Includes JVM + libraries needed to run Java programs.
✅ JDK (Java Development Kit):
Includes JRE + tools to develop Java programs (compiler, debugger).
3️⃣ What are primitive data types in Java?
Answer:
● byte (8-bit)
● short (16-bit)
● int (32-bit)
● long (64-bit)
● float (32-bit, decimal)
● double (64-bit, decimal)
● char (16-bit, Unicode character)
● boolean (true/false)
✅ Example:
Java
int age = 25;
boolean isStudent = true;
4️⃣ What is the difference between == and
.equals()?
✅ == compares reference (memory address).
✅ .equals() compares content/values.
Example:
Java
String a = new String("Hello");
String b = new String("Hello");
System.out.println(a == b); // false
System.out.println(a.equals(b)); // true
5️⃣ What is a class and an object?
✅ Class: Blueprint for objects.
✅ Object: Instance of a class.
Example:
Java
class Car {
String model;
void drive() {
System.out.println("Driving...");
}
}
Car myCar = new Car();
6️⃣ What is a constructor?
Answer:
A special method that is called when an object is created. It initializes the object.
✅ Example:
Java
class Student {
String name;
Student(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
7️⃣ What is method overloading?
Answer:
Same method name with different parameter lists in same class.
✅ Example:
Java
int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }
double add(double a, double b) { return a + b; }
8️⃣ What is method overriding?
Answer:
Subclass provides a specific implementation of a method already defined in the parent class.
✅ Example:
Java
class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal sound");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Bark");
}
}
9️⃣ What is inheritance?
Answer:
Mechanism where one class acquires properties of another.
✅ Example:
Java
class Parent {
void show() {
System.out.println("Parent");
}
}
class Child extends Parent {
void display() {
System.out.println("Child");
}
}
10️⃣ What is polymorphism?
Answer:
Ability to take many forms.
● Compile-time: method overloading
● Run-time: method overriding
11️⃣ What is encapsulation?
Answer:
Binding data (fields) and code (methods) together.
● Achieved using private fields + public getters/setters.
✅ Example:
Java
class Account {
private double balance;
public void setBalance(double balance) {
this.balance = balance;
}
public double getBalance() {
return balance;
}
}
12️⃣ What is abstraction?
Answer:
Hiding implementation details and showing only functionality.
✅ Using:
● Abstract classes
● Interfaces
Abstract class example:
Java
abstract class Shape {
abstract void draw();
}
13️⃣ What is an interface in Java?
✅ Pure abstraction, no implementation (until Java 8+ default methods).
✅ Class implements interface to define methods.
Example:
Java
interface Animal {
void sound();
}
class Dog implements Animal {
public void sound() {
System.out.println("Bark");
}
}
14️⃣ Difference between abstract class and
interface?
Feature Abstract Class Interface
Methods Can have implemented Only abstract (or default/static in Java 8+)
methods
Variables Can have fields Only public static final
Inheritance Single inheritance Multiple interfaces
15️⃣ What is the final keyword?
✅ Used to restrict modification.
✅ Examples:
● Final variable: value can't change.
● Final method: can't override.
● Final class: can't inherit.
Code:
Java
final int MAX = 100;
final class Car {}
16️⃣ What is static in Java?
✅ Belongs to class, not instance.
✅ Shared across all objects.
Example:
Java
class Counter {
static int count = 0;
Counter() { count++; }
}
17️⃣ Explain this keyword.
✅ Refers to current object.
Example:
Java
class Student {
String name;
Student(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
18️⃣ Difference between Array and
ArrayList?
✅ Array:
● Fixed size
● Can store primitives and objects
✅ ArrayList:
● Dynamic size
● Only objects
● Part of java.util
Example:
Java
int[] arr = new int[5];
ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add(10);
19️⃣ What is exception handling?
✅ Mechanism to handle runtime errors.
✅ Uses try-catch-finally.
Example:
Java
try {
int a = 5 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {
System.out.println("Cleanup");
}
20️⃣ What is checked and unchecked
exception?
✅ Checked: Checked at compile time. (IOException, SQLException)
✅ Unchecked: RuntimeException and its subclasses.
21️⃣ What is the difference between == and
equals() for objects?
✅ == compares references (memory).
✅ .equals() compares contents.
22️⃣ What is String immutability?
✅ Strings in Java cannot be changed once created.
Example:
Java
String s = "Hello";
s.concat("World"); // doesn't change s
23️⃣ How to reverse a String in Java?
✅ Example:
Java
String str = "hello";
String reversed = new StringBuilder(str).reverse().toString();
System.out.println(reversed); // olleh
24️⃣ What is a package?
✅ Group of related classes/interfaces.
✅ Avoids name conflicts.
Example:
Java
package myapp.utils;
25️⃣ What is access modifier?
✅ Controls visibility.
● public
● private
● protected
● default (package-private)
Example:
Java
public class Test { }
26️⃣ What is Collection Framework?
✅ Set of classes/interfaces to store and manipulate groups of data.
✅ Interfaces:
● List
● Set
● Map
● Queue
✅ Classes:
● ArrayList
● HashSet
● HashMap
27️⃣ What is HashMap in Java?
✅ Stores key-value pairs.
✅ Allows null keys and values.
✅ Unordered.
Example:
Java
Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("A", 1);
map.put("B", 2);
28️⃣ What is inheritance in Java?
✅ One class acquires properties of another using extends.
Example:
Java
class Animal {}
class Dog extends Animal {}
29️⃣ What is constructor overloading?
✅ Multiple constructors with different parameters.
Example:
Java
class Person {
Person() {}
Person(String name) {}
}
30️⃣ Can Java support multiple inheritance?
✅ No for classes (avoids diamond problem).
✅ Yes via interfaces.
31️⃣ What is the main method signature?
Java
public static void main(String[] args)
✅ public: accessible anywhere
✅ static: no object needed
✅ void: no return
✅ main: entry point
32️⃣ What is super keyword?
✅ Refers to parent class.
Example:
Java
class Parent {
Parent() {
System.out.println("Parent");
}
}
class Child extends Parent {
Child() {
super();
System.out.println("Child");
}
}
33️⃣ What is a Wrapper class?
✅ Converts primitive to object.
✅ Examples:
● int → Integer
● char → Character
Java
Integer a = 5;
34️⃣ What is autoboxing and unboxing?
✅ Autoboxing: primitive → wrapper
✅ Unboxing: wrapper → primitive
Java
Integer a = 5; // autoboxing
int b = a; // unboxing
35️⃣ Difference between ArrayList and
LinkedList?
Feature ArrayList LinkedList
Access Fast random access Slow random access
(index)
Insert/Delete Slower (shifting) Faster (no shifting)
Memory Less memory overhead More memory (node links)
36️⃣ What is final class?
✅ Cannot be extended.
Java
final class Car {}
37️⃣ How do you create a thread in Java?
✅ By extending Thread:
Java
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread running");
}
}
✅ Or implementing Runnable:
Java
class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Runnable running");
}
}
38️⃣ What is synchronization?
✅ Prevents concurrent access issues in multithreading.
Java
synchronized void print() { }
39️⃣ Explain try-catch-finally.
✅ try: code that may throw exception.
✅ catch: handle exception.
✅ finally: always runs for cleanup.
40️⃣ What is garbage collection?
✅ Automatic memory management.
✅ Unreachable objects are collected by JVM.
