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(Ebook) Essential PHP Tools: Modules, Extensions, and
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Praise for Essential PHP Tools:
Modules, Extensions, and Accelerators:
"Sklar's writing is clear, concise, and accurate . .. The book is a definite
recommendation for intermediate to advanced programmers both
as a text and as a reference. It certainly has earned itselfa spot on my
frequently used bookshelf!"
-Timothy Boronczyk, Codewalkers ([Link])
''The tools are easy to find and useful, the documentation excellent,
and the writing style easy to follow. All this makes Essential PHP
Tools a highly recommended book for anyone using PHP on their
web server."
-Harold McFarland, Midwest Book Review ([Link])
"From Pear packages to parsing XML files, this book is a huge time-
saver to developing your own solutions."
-Richard Testani, AppleTalk weblog
([Link]/blogger /[Link])
Essential PHP Tools:
Modules, Extensions,
and Accelerators
DAVID SKLAR
Editorial Board: Steve Anglin, Dan Appleman, Gary Cornell, James Cox, Tony Davis, John
Franklin, Chris Mills, Steve Rycroft, Dominic Shakeshaft, Julian Skinner, Jim Sumser, Karen
Watterson, Gavin Wray, John Zukowski
The information in this book is distributed on an "as is" hasis, without warranty. Although every
precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall
have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to
be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work.
Contents at a Glance
About the Author ................................................... ix
Acknowledgments .................................................... xi
Introduction ..................................................... . xiii
iv
Contents
About the Author ................................................... ix
Acknowledgments .................................................... xi
Introduction ..................................................... . xiii
v
Contents
vi
Contents
vii
Contents
viii
About the Author
David Sklar is an independent software development and strategic technology
consultant. He was a cofounder and the Chief Technology Officer of Student. com
and [Link]. At both companies, David oversaw the development of varied
systems that delivered personalized dynamic content to users around the world.
He created the PX (http: I /px. sklar. com/), which enables PHP users to
exchange programs, after discovering PHP as a solution to his Web programming
needs in 1996. Since then, David continues to rely on PHP for personal and pro-
fessional projects. He is also the coauthor of PHP Cookbook (O'Reilly, 2002).
When away from the computer, David eats mini-donuts, plays records, and
likes to cook. He is a principal of The Transparency Project, a nonprofit organiza-
tion that coordinates data markup standards and builds tools that analyze publicly
available political and campaign finance information. David lives in New York City
and has a degree in Computer Science from Yale University.
ix
Acknowledgments
MosT IMPORTANT, a tremendous thanks to the authors of the software that this
book is about: Dietrich Ayala, Stig Bakken, Marcus Boerger, Shane Caraveo,
Daniel Cowgill, Tomas V.V. Cox, Adam Daniel, Edd Dumb ill, James E. Flemer,
Chuck Hagenbuch, Richard Heyes, Sterling Hughes, Martin Jansen, Dan Libby,
John Lim, Arnaud Limbourg, Nick Lindridge, Bertrand Mansion, Monte Ohrt,
Jon Parise, Derick Rethans, Rob Richards, George Schlossnagle, Yavor
Shahpasov, Dmitry Stogov, Andrei Zmievski, and many other contributors.
Thanks also to the numerous coders, architects, bug-fixers, and other main-
tainers who have made PHP the powerful, popular language it is today.
Many people at Apress worked hard to make this book a reality: Martin Streicher
(whose idea this book was in the first place), Kylie Johnson (who keeps the trains
running on time), Kim Wnnpsett (whose copyediting caught plenty of errors), and
Doris Wong (who made sure the book is one people want to buy). Without Valerie
Perry there would be no index, and without Kurt Krames there would be no cover.
Thanks also to Christine Calderwood and John Ferguson. The feedback, discipline,
and professionalism of everyone involved with this book is much appreciated.
Many people who don't work for Apress also made essential contributions
to this book's completion: Stewart Ugelow and Max Goldberg provided server
resources that allowed me to test and benchmark software in different environ-
ments, Adam Trachtenberg diligently reviewed the entire book, and Bertrand
Mansion and George Schlossnagle each reviewed individual chapters.
And, in an entirely separate category, thanks to Susannah for encouragement
and her eyelids' flutter.
xi
Introduction
THis INTRODUCTION lays out who the book is written for, provides an overview of
what is covered, and gives some background details on a package management
utility you'll use to install many of the add-ons covered in the book.
• Access a database.
• Authenticate users.
This book assumes you have a basic knowledge of PHP programming: You
know how to perform tasks such as include files, write functions, create objects,
and look in $_REQUEST, $_GET, or $_POST to find submitted form data.
However, to take advantage of the tips and explanations in this book, you
definitely don't have to be an advanced PHP programmer. Each chapter covers
the complete details of installing and using one or two modules, complete with
plenty of examples. So if you've never heard of any of the packages discussed
here, this book is perfect for you. You'll be exposed to a lot of high-quality PHP
code that you can use, for free, to make your own programs better.
xiii
Introduction
Part Two, "HTML," details two packages that assist you with common
HTML generation tasks: HTML_QuickForm in Chapter 3 and Smarty in
Chapter 4. HTML_QuickForm manages forms for you, taking care of details
such as ensuring a standard layout for forms and preserving default values
when a page is reloaded. Smarty is a comprehensive and powerful templat-
ing system, which helps you separate your application code from your page
design. It also includes caching features that make your pages more efficient
Part Three, "XML," explores parsing and using XML in PHP. Chapter 5
talks about the XML_Parser module, which provides an event-based
parsing infrastructure. Chapters 6 and 7 deal with XML-RPC and SOAP,
the two most popular XML-based remote procedure calling formats.
These protocols let you call functions that run on remote servers and
instantly use the results in your PHP programs. Chapter 8 introduces
SimpleXML, an exciting PHP 5-only extension that is the most straight-
forward way to process small, uncomplicated XML documents in PHP.
Part Four, "Networking," focuses on two tasks: sending e-mail and authenti-
cating users. Chapter 9 discusses how the Mail and Mail_mime modules
make it easy to send e-mail messages with HTML, embedded images, and
other advanced features. Chapter 10 shows you how to use the Auth and
Auth_HTTP modules to implement flexible access control for your Web site.
Part Five, "Debugging, Caching, and Optimizing," goes behind the PHP
scenes. Chapter 11 is an overview of PHP internals: the steps that PHP
takes to parse and execute one of your scripts in response to a Web
request. Chapter 12 shows you Xdebug, a debugger that helps you diag-
nose problems in your programs. With Xdebug, you can even pause a
PHP script while it is running to examine variables and see what func-
tions have been called. Chapter 13 analyzes three code cache modules.
Also known as accelerators, these extensions enhance your server's
speed without requiring you to rewrite any of your scripts.
xiv
Introduction
About PEAR
Installing PEAR
The PEAR package manager is installed by default with PHP version 4.3.0 and
later. If you're running an earlier version of PHP or you didn't install the package
manager with PHP, then you need to follow a few steps to install it. The specific
steps to take to install the package manager vary based on your operating system.
On Unix, the easiest way to install pear is by executing the following command:
This downloads the content of the URL http: I /go-pear. org/ and feeds that
content, which is a PHP script, to your local PHP binary. The downloaded PHP
script retrieves the pear program and associated support files from the PEAR
Web site, configures them, and installs them.
If you don't have the text-based browser lynx installed, you can install pear
by viewing http:/ /[Link]/ in a regular Web browser, saving the source code
of the page to a file and then running the saved file through PHP. If you've saved
the source of http: I /go-pear. org to /tmp/go-pear. php, for example, then run this:
# php /tmp/[Link]
On Windows, run the go-pear. bat batch file installed in your PHP directory.
For example:
C:\> c:\php\[Link]
The installation method of saving the contents of http: I /go-pear .org/ and
then running that saved file through PHP also works on Windows.
On both Unix and Windows, this installation process installs the pear pack-
age management program and some core PEAR packages that the package
management program needs to function.
XV
Introduction
# pear
Usage: [Link] [options] command [command-options] <parameters>
Type "[Link] help options" to list all options.
Type "[Link] help <command>" to get the help for the specified command.
Commands:
build Build an Extension From C Source
bundle Unpacks a Peel Package
clear-cache Clear XML-RPC Cache
config-get Show One Setting
config-help Show Information About Setting
config-set Change Setting
config-show Show All Settings
cvsdiff Run a "cvs diff" for all files in a package
cvstag Set CVS Release Tag
download Download Package
download-all Downloads each available Package from master_server
info Display information about a package
install Install Package
list List Installed Packages
list-all List All Packages
list-upgrades List Available Upgrades
login Connects and authenticates to remote server
logout Logs out from the remote server
make rpm Builds an RPM spec file from a PEAR package
package Build Package
package-dependencies Show package dependencies
package-validate Validate Package Consistency
remote-info Information About Remote Packages
remote-list List Remote Packages
run-tests Run Regression Tests
search Search remote package database
shell-test Shell Script Test
sign Sign a package distribution file
uninstall Un-install Package
upgrade Upgrade Package
upgrade-all Upgrade All Packages
xvi
Introduction
Many of the commands that pear supports are useful only to people producing
packages. This introduction covers the five commands most useful for downloading
and installing packages: list, install, upgrade, uninstall, and help.
To see what packages are installed, run pear list:
# pear list
Installed packages:
===================
Package Version State
Archive Tar 1.1 stable
Console_Getopt 1.0 stable
DB 1.S.ORC1 stable
HTTP 1.2.1 stable
Mail 1.1.0 stable
Net SMTP 1.2.3 stable
Net Socket 1.0.1 stable
PEAR 1.3b3 beta
XML Parser 1.0.1 stable
XML RPC 1.0.4 stable
For each PEAR package that's installed on your machine, the pear list
command shows you the name of the package, the version of the package
that's installed, and the state of the installed version; packages are generally
in the stable state, but sometimes you'll want to have an alpha or beta pack-
age installed.
To add a package to your setup, use pear install. For example, to install the
Mail_mime package, which is discussed in Chapter 9, use this:
When you tell it to install something, the package manager downloads the code
archive for the package from http: I /pear. php. net, unpacks the individual files from
the archive, and copies them to the right place in your PHP include path. To see
what directory the files end up in, use the pear config-get command to look at the
php_dir package manager configuration variable:
This means that new PEAR modules are installed under /usr /local/lib/php.
xvii
Introduction
Use the upgrade command when there is a newer version of a package than
the one you have installed. This command downloads the most recent version of
the package, removes the installed version, and installs the newer version. To use
upgrade, pass it the name of the package to upgrade. For example, ifMail_mime
1.2 is installed, this is how to upgrade to version 1.2.1:
If you already have the most recent version of a package installed, upgrade
prints a message telling you so:
xviii
Introduction
When you want to remove a package, use uninstall. This deletes a package
and its files from your system. For example, to uninstall the Mail_mime package,
use this:
To learn more about each pear command, use the help command. Pass a
command name to pear help to get more information about it. For example:
Options:
-n, --nodeps
ignore dependencies, uninstall anyway
-r, --register-only
do not remove files, only register the packages as not installed
-R DIR, --installroot=DIR
root directory used when installing files (ala PHP's INSTALL_ROOT)
--ignore-errors
force install even if there were errors
The help command is especially useful for listing all the options that each
pear command accepts. These options let you perform tasks such as ignoring
package dependencies and changing the directory that pear stores its packages.
xix
Introduction
XX
Part One
Databases
CHAPTER 1
Accessing Databases
with DB
PEAR DB PROVIDES a consistent set of methods for using a relational database no
matter what database you're using. It supports the following PHP database exten-
sions: FrontBase, lnformix, InterBase, Microsoft SQL Server, mSQL, ODBC, MySQL,
Sybase, OCI8, and PostgreSQL. A driver that supports new features in version 4
of MySQL is also in the works. This chapter covers DB version 1.4.
3
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