EXTENSIVE REVIEWER: WILDLIFE QUIZ BOWL

(Philippine Context)

1. BASIC BIOLOGY
Cell and Life Concepts

 Cell Theory:
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
 Types of Cells:

o Prokaryotic (bacteria, archaea) – no nucleus.

o Eukaryotic (plants, animals, fungi, protists) – with nucleus.

Organismal Biology

 Nutrition:
o Autotrophs (self-feeding, e.g., plants).
o Heterotrophs (consume others, e.g., animals).
 Reproduction:
o Sexual (genetic variation, e.g., humans).
o Asexual (identical offspring, e.g., amoeba).

Biodiversity & Taxonomy

 Classification: Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family →

Genus → Species.
 Philippine examples:
o Philippine Eagle: Pithecophaga jefferyi (Genus Pithecophaga, Species
jefferyi).
o Tamaraw: Bubalus mindorensis.

2. ECOLOGY
Ecological Levels

 Population: group of same species (e.g., tamaraws in Mindoro).

 Community: all species in an area (forest flora + fauna).
 Ecosystem: living + non-living interactions (mangrove swamp).
Energy Flow

 Producers → Primary Consumers → Secondary Consumers → Tertiary

Consumers → Decomposers.
 10% Rule: Only ~10% of energy transfers to the next trophic level.

Biomes in the Philippines

 Tropical rainforest (Luzon, Mindanao).

 Mangrove forests (Palawan, Bohol).
 Coral reefs (Tubbataha).
 Grasslands (Mindoro, Negros).

Ecological Relationships (Examples in PH)

 Mutualism: Bats pollinating durian flowers.

 Commensalism: Orchids growing on Philippine hardwood trees.
 Parasitism: Mites on Philippine hornbills.
 Competition: Tamaraw and cattle for grazing land.

3. PHILIPPINE WILDLIFE
Terrestrial Fauna

 Mammals:
o Pithecophaga jefferyi – Philippine Eagle (critically endangered).
o Bubalus mindorensis – Tamaraw (endemic to Mindoro).
o Carlito syrichta – Philippine Tarsier (smallest primates).
o Rusa alfredi – Visayan Spotted Deer.
 Reptiles:
o Crocodylus mindorensis – Philippine Crocodile (critically endangered).
o Monitor lizards (Varanus spp.).
 Amphibians:
o Harlequin Tree Frog (Rhacophorus pardalis).

Marine Wildlife

 Marine Mammals: Dugong (Dugong dugon), dolphins, whales.

 Marine Reptiles: 5 species of sea turtles (green, hawksbill, olive ridley,
loggerhead, leatherback).
 Fish: Whale shark (Rhincodon typus), bangus (Chanos chanos), sardines.
 Coral Reefs: ~400 coral species in the Philippines.

Flora

 Rafflesia schadenbergiana – largest flower (Mindanao).

  Dipterocarp trees (narra, yakal, lauan).
 Mangroves (bakhaw, pagatpat).

4. PHILIPPINE BIOGEOGRAPHY
Philippines as a Biodiversity Hotspot

 Megadiverse Country: ~52,000 species, half endemic.

 Endemism Rates:
o 50% terrestrial vertebrates.
o 70% of plants.

Biogeographic Zones

 Luzon Faunal Region: Philippine eagle, cloud rat.

 Visayas Faunal Region: Visayan spotted deer, Visayan warty pig.
 Mindanao Faunal Region: Rafflesia, tarsier, Mindanao hornbill.
 Palawan Biogeographic Region: closer to Borneo fauna (Palawan peacock-
pheasant, bearded pig).

Zoogeographic Theories

 Wallace’s Line – separates Asian and Australian fauna.

 Philippines as “Center of the Center” of Marine Biodiversity (Coral
Triangle).

5. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS (Philippine Focus)

Key National Laws

 RA 9147 (Wildlife Act) – bans illegal wildlife trade and hunting.

 RA 7586 (NIPAS Act), amended by RA 11038 – protects national parks and
reserves.
 RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act) – segregation and
recycling.
 RA 8749 (Clean Air Act) – bans incineration, regulates emissions.
 RA 9275 (Clean Water Act) – controls water pollution.
 RA 10654 (Fisheries Code amendment) – bans destructive fishing methods.

International Agreements

 CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.

 CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity.
 Paris Agreement – climate change mitigation.
6. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (Philippines)
Biodiversity Threats

 Deforestation (illegal logging, slash-and-burn agriculture).

 Habitat loss from mining, agriculture, urbanization.
 Poaching and illegal wildlife trade (e.g., pangolins, hornbills).
 Coral reef destruction (blast fishing, cyanide, siltation).

Climate Change

 Philippines ranked among most climate-vulnerable nations.

 Stronger typhoons (Haiyan/Yolanda, 2013).
 Sea level rise threatening coastal communities.
 Coral bleaching due to rising ocean temperatures.

Pollution

 Metro Manila air pollution (vehicle emissions, industrial).

 Plastic waste – PH among world’s top marine plastic polluters.
 Water pollution – Pasig River once biologically dead (rehabilitation ongoing).

Invasive Species

 Golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata).

 Janitor fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.).
 American bullfrog displacing native amphibians.

📌 SAMPLE MOCK QUESTIONS

Identification

1. What is the critically endangered crocodile species endemic to the

Philippines?
→ Crocodylus mindorensis
2. Which RA regulates the management of protected areas in the Philippines?
→ RA 7586 (NIPAS Act), amended by RA 11038
3. What Philippine island is home to the Tamaraw?
→ Mindoro

Multiple Choice

1. The Philippines is part of which global marine biodiversity hotspot?

a) Great Barrier Reef
 b) Coral Triangle ✅
c) Wallacea
d) Caribbean
2. Which Philippine law promotes waste segregation and recycling?
a) RA 9275
b) RA 9003 ✅
c) RA 8749
d) RA 9147
📘 Wildlife Quiz Bowl Reviewer
(Philippine Context)

1. Basic Biology
 Levels of Biological Organization: cell → tissue → organ → organ system
→ organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere.
 Classification:
o Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera.
o Binomial nomenclature: Genus species, italicized. Ex: Pithecophaga
jefferyi (Philippine Eagle).
 Key Concepts:
o Producers (autotrophs), consumers (heterotrophs), decomposers.
o Food chain vs. food web.
o Trophic levels (10% energy transfer rule).
 Endemic species – species found only in one specific location. Ex: Tarsier
(Carlito syrichta).

2. Ecology
 Ecosystem: Interaction of living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components.
 Major Philippine Ecosystems:
o Forests: dipterocarp, mossy, mangrove.
o Marine ecosystems: coral reefs, seagrass beds.
o Freshwater: rivers, lakes, wetlands.
 Ecological Relationships:
o Mutualism (ex: clownfish and anemone).
o Parasitism (ex: ticks on carabao).
o Commensalism (orchids on trees).
 Carrying Capacity – max population an environment can support.
 Biodiversity Hotspots in PH: Philippines is a megadiverse country but a
biodiversity hotspot due to high endemism + high threat.

3. Philippine Wildlife
 Flagship Species:
o Pithecophaga jefferyi – Philippine Eagle, national bird, critically
endangered.
o Bubalus mindorensis – Tamaraw, found only in Mindoro.
o Crocodylus mindorensis – Philippine crocodile, one of the rarest crocs.
 o Rafflesia schadenbergiana – world’s largest flower, found in Mindanao.
 Endangered Marine Wildlife:
o Dugong (Dugong dugon).
o Whale shark (Rhincodon typus).
o Pawikan (five marine turtle species in PH, e.g., Green Sea Turtle).
 Unique Philippine Mammals:
o Palawan Bearcat (Arctictis binturong whitei).
o Philippine deer (Rusa marianna).
o Visayan spotted deer (Rusa alfredi).

4. Philippine Biogeography
 Wallace’s Line: Imaginary line separating Asian fauna (west) and
Australasian fauna (east). Philippines lies in this transition zone.
 Biogeographic Regions: Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao (each with distinct
species).
 Endemism: ~50% of terrestrial vertebrates are endemic to the Philippines.
 Important Protected Areas:
o Mount Apo Natural Park.
o Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site).
o Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park.

5. Environmental Laws (Philippines)

 Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (RA 9147) – prohibits
illegal collection, hunting, trade of wildlife.
 Clean Air Act (RA 8749) – regulates air pollution.
 Clean Water Act (RA 9275) – regulates water pollution.
 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003) – promotes waste
segregation and recycling.
 National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act (RA 7586,
amended by RA 11038) – establishes protected areas in PH.
 Fisheries Code (RA 8550, amended by RA 10654) – regulates fishing
practices, bans dynamite and cyanide fishing.
 Philippine Mining Act (RA 7942) – governs mining activities.

6. Environmental Issues (Philippine Context)

 Deforestation – Logging and kaingin system are major causes of forest loss.
 Illegal Wildlife Trade – Threatens endemic species like Philippine eagle and
pawikan.
  Marine Resource Depletion – Overfishing, destructive fishing (dynamite,
cyanide).
 Climate Change – Philippines is highly vulnerable to typhoons, rising sea
levels, coral bleaching.
 Pollution:
o Plastic waste in oceans (PH is among the world’s top plastic polluters).
o Air pollution in Metro Manila.
 Mining and Quarrying – habitat destruction, siltation of rivers.
 Invasive Species – Golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata), janitor fish.

📌 Sample Quick Questions

1. What is the national bird of the Philippines? (Philippine Eagle).
2. Which law protects wildlife resources in the Philippines? (RA 9147).
3. Name one UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Philippines recognized for
biodiversity. (Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park).
4. What Philippine island is home to the Tamaraw? (Mindoro).
5. What is the largest flower found in the Philippines? (Rafflesia
schadenbergiana).
🎯 QUIZ BOWL REVIEWER (Philippine
Context)
Category 1: Basic Biology (20 Qs)

Easy (1–7)

1. What is the basic unit of life? → Cell

2. What process do plants use to make food using sunlight? → Photosynthesis
3. Which macromolecule carries genetic information? → DNA
4. What is the powerhouse of the cell? → Mitochondria
5. How many chromosomes do humans have? → 46 (23 pairs)
6. What is the scientific name of humans? → Homo sapiens
7. Which kingdom includes mushrooms? → Fungi

Moderate (8–14)
8. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? → Presence of
a nucleus
9. What is the sum of all chemical processes in the body? → Metabolism
10. Which blood cells fight infection? → White blood cells
11. What type of reproduction produces genetically identical offspring? → Asexual
reproduction
12. What do you call the arrangement of organisms into categories based on
similarities? → Taxonomy
13. Which biomolecule serves as the main source of energy? → Carbohydrates
14. Give an example of an autotrophic organism in the Philippines. → Narrah tree,
seagrass, algae

Difficult (15–20)
15. What are the three tenets of the Cell Theory? → All living things are made of
cells, cells are the basic unit of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells
16. What is the most diverse group of animals? → Insects
17. Which Philippine organism is an example of a keystone species? → Philippine
Eagle
18. In binomial nomenclature, which part of the name is capitalized? → Genus
19. Which cellular organelle is responsible for protein synthesis? → Ribosomes
20. What molecule is known as the “universal energy currency” of the cell? → ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate)

Category 2: Ecology (18 Qs)

Easy (21–26)
21. What do you call the role of an organism in its environment? → Niche
22. What type of consumer eats only plants? → Herbivore
23. What type of relationship benefits both species? → Mutualism
24. Which ecosystem in the Philippines protects coastlines from erosion? →
Mangrove forest
25. What do decomposers feed on? → Dead organic matter
26. What is the original source of energy in most ecosystems? → Sun

Moderate (27–32)
27. Define carrying capacity. → Maximum number of individuals an ecosystem
can support
28. Give an example of parasitism in the Philippines. → Lice on carabao, mites on
hornbills
29. What term describes the interconnected food chains in an ecosystem? → Food
web
30. What is an invasive species that damages Philippine rice fields? → Golden
apple snail
31. What do you call the gradual change in species composition over time? →
Ecological succession
32. What is the ecological role of seagrass beds in Philippine waters? → Nursery
grounds for fish, carbon sink

Difficult (33–38)
33. What is the ecological pyramid that shows energy flow? → Pyramid of Energy
34. In the 10% energy rule, if plants have 1,000 kcal, how much will secondary
consumers get? → 10 kcal
35. What is the major limiting factor of productivity in coral reefs? → Light
availability
36. Which Philippine ecosystem has the highest biodiversity per unit area? → Coral
reefs
37. What ecological principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche
indefinitely? → Competitive exclusion principle
38. What is bioremediation? → Use of organisms to remove pollutants

Category 3: Philippine Wildlife (20 Qs)

Easy (39–45)
39. What is the national bird of the Philippines? → Philippine Eagle
40. What is the scientific name of the Philippine Eagle? → Pithecophaga jefferyi
41. What is the only native buffalo found in Mindoro? → Tamaraw
42. What is the world’s largest fish, also found in Philippine waters? → Whale shark
(Butanding)
43. Name one endangered species of sea turtle in the Philippines. → Green,
hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead, leatherback
44. What is the largest flower in the Philippines? → Rafflesia schadenbergiana
45. Which marine mammal in Palawan is a strict herbivore? → Dugong

Moderate (46–52)
46. What is the rarest crocodile in the world, found in the Philippines? → Philippine
crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis)
47. Which species is called the “forest sentinel” because it indicates healthy forests?
→ Philippine Eagle
48. Which Visayan deer is one of the rarest in the world? → Visayan Spotted Deer
(Rusa alfredi)
49. Which small primate in Bohol is known for its huge eyes? → Philippine Tarsier
50. What endemic fruit bat is found in Palawan? → Palawan flying fox
51. What is the largest species of clam, found in Philippine reefs? → Tridacna gigas
(Giant clam)
52. What is the scientific name of the Philippine tarsier? → Carlito syrichta

Difficult (53–58)
53. Which Philippine bird species is critically endangered due to illegal trade, locally
called “kulasisi”? → Philippine hanging parrot (Loriculus philippensis)
54. Which fish species was discovered in Lake Lanao but is now nearly extinct? →
Lanao freshwater sardines (Harengula tawilis)
55. Which Philippine endemic rodent is among the largest in the world? → Giant
Cloud Rat
56. What marine site in the Philippines hosts the highest concentration of whale
sharks? → Donsol, Sorsogon
57. What reptile endemic to Palawan is listed as endangered due to illegal pet trade?
→ Palawan forest turtle
58. Which bird endemic to the Visayas is called the “bleeding heart dove”? →
Negros bleeding-heart dove

Category 4: Philippine Biogeography (14 Qs)

Easy (59–62)
59. The Philippines is located in what region known as the global center of marine
biodiversity? → Coral Triangle
60. What biogeographic theory explains the distribution of species across islands? →
Island Biogeography Theory
61. Which island is home to the Tamaraw? → Mindoro
62. Which province is known for the Rafflesia schadenbergiana? → Bukidnon &
South Cotabato (Mindanao)

Moderate (63–67)
63. What line separates Asian fauna from Australasian fauna? → Wallace’s Line
64. Which region has fauna similar to Borneo? → Palawan
65. Which UNESCO World Heritage Site is located in the Sulu Sea and known for
coral diversity? → Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
66. What term describes species unique to a specific location? → Endemic
67. Which region is known as the “Center of the Center” of marine shorefish
diversity? → Verde Island Passage

Difficult (68–72)
68. Which Philippine mammal genus is only found in the Luzon faunal region? →
Cloud rats (Phloeomys, Crateromys)
69. Which mountain is the highest in the Philippines and a center of endemism? →
Mount Apo
70. Which Philippine biogeographic region is closest to Wallacea? → Mindanao–
Sulu archipelago
71. What Philippine amphibian is restricted only to Mindanao and shows
biogeographic isolation? → Mindanao endemic frogs (e.g., Platymantis spp.)
72. Which Philippine biodiversity hotspot is most threatened due to mining and
logging? → Sierra Madre

Category 5: Environmental Laws (14 Qs)

Easy (73–76)
73. What law is known as the Philippine Wildlife Act? → RA 9147
74. What law established the National Integrated Protected Areas System? → RA
7586, amended by RA 11038
75. What law requires waste segregation? → RA 9003
76. Which law regulates air pollution in the Philippines? → RA 8749

Moderate (77–81)
77. What law regulates water pollution in the Philippines? → RA 9275
78. Which law amended the Philippine Fisheries Code? → RA 10654
79. What is the governing body of the NIPAS system? → DENR (Department of
Environment and Natural Resources)
80. What international convention regulates trade of endangered species? → CITES
81. What Philippine law regulates mining activities? → RA 7942 (Philippine Mining
Act)

Difficult (82–86)
82. What law requires the creation of protected areas management boards? →
NIPAS Act
83. Which Philippine law established the “Expanded NIPAS”? → RA 11038
84. Which environmental law prohibits incineration? → RA 8749 (Clean Air Act)
85. Which Philippine act promotes community-based forestry? → EO 263 (CBFM
Program)
86. What is the primary purpose of the Philippine Environment Code (PD 1152)? →
Provides framework for environmental management and protection

Category 6: Environmental Issues (16 Qs)

Easy (87–90)
87. What is the main cause of deforestation in the Philippines? → Logging and
slash-and-burn farming (kaingin)
88. What is the biggest contributor to marine plastic pollution in the Philippines? →
Single-use plastics
89. Which Philippine river was once declared biologically dead? → Pasig River
90. Which region is most frequently hit by typhoons in the Philippines? → Eastern
Visayas / Bicol region
Moderate (91–96)
91. What destructive fishing practice uses explosives? → Blast fishing
92. What climate change phenomenon causes coral bleaching? → Rising sea
temperatures
93. Which Philippine island is highly vulnerable to sea level rise due to low
elevation? → Metro Manila bay areas / small islands
94. What is the most destructive form of mining in Palawan? → Open-pit mining
(nickel mining)
95. What invasive freshwater fish competes with native species in Laguna de Bay?
→ Janitor fish
96. What is the major pollutant in Metro Manila’s air? → Vehicle emissions
(particulate matter)

Difficult (97–102)
97. Which natural disaster in 2013 highlighted the vulnerability of the Philippines to
climate change? → Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan)
98. Which Philippine ecosystem is disappearing fastest due to coastal development?
→ Mangrove forests
99. Which Philippine law requires the planting of trees for graduates? → RA 10176
(Arbor Day Act / Graduation Legacy for the Environment Act)
100. Which mining disaster in 1996 spilled toxic waste into the Boac River in
Marinduque? → Marcopper Mining Disaster
101. What phenomenon describes the loss of species due to habitat fragmentation?
→ Edge effect
102. What international climate agreement did the Philippines ratify in 2017? →
Paris Agreement

✅ That’s 102 Q&A items, escalating from easy → moderate → difficult, grouped by
six categories for a Quiz Bowl format.

Would you like me to also prepare this in a PowerPoint-ready format (slides with
questions and answers separated) so you can directly use it in your Quiz Bowl?