UNIT-4

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

INTRODUCTION:

MAGNET:

“Any substance which possesses the power of attracting magnetic substances (pieces of
iron) is known as Magnet”

• Normally a magnet can attract iron, cobalt, steel, nickel.

• The points of maximum attraction are called Magnetic poles. A magnet has two
magnetic poles

• If a Magnet is suspended it comes to rest in north-south line of direction

• The Magnetic pole that points north is called North pole

• The Magnetic pole that points south is called south pole

PROPERTIES OF MAGNET:

 The two poles of magnet have equal strength

 The poles of magnet cannot be separated
 Isolated poles do not exist
 Like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other

MAGNETISM:

The Phenomenon of attraction of magnetic substances like iron by a magnet is known as

magnetism
MAGNETIC FIELD:

“The region or space around a magnet up to which the influence of the magnet is
experienced is called Magnetic field”

(OR)

“The region or space around a magnet in which the magnetic pole experiences a force of
attraction of repulsion is called magnetic field”

(OR)

“The region or space around a magnet in which the imaginary lines of force exist is
called Magnetic field”

MAGNETIC FLUX:

“The total number of magnetic lines of force in a magnetic field is called the
Magnetic flux(Ф)”

• The magnetic flux is measured in weber (Wb)

• 1 Weber = 108 Lines of force

MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE:

“The magnetic field around a magnet is represented by imaginary lines called magnetic lines
of force”

POLE STRENGTH(m) :

It is the strength with which the magnetic materials get attracted to the magnet.

It measures a magnet’s ability to attract magnetic materials and is quantified by the force it
exerts in a magnetic field.
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY(B):

“Magnetic flux density is defined as the amount of magnetic flux in an area taken
perpendicular to the magnetic flux's direction.”

∅
𝐵= Wb/𝑚2 or Tesla
𝑎

MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY OR FIELD STRENGTH(H):

The magnetic field intensity at any point is defined as the force experienced by a unit north
pole, which placed at that point

• It is denoted by letter, H

• It is given by the formula,

H= m/4 π μoμrd₂ newtons/wb

 UNIT-4
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

SYLLABUS:
4.1. COULOMB’S LAWS OF MAGNETISM

FIRST LAW:

Coulomb’s first law states that “Like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each
other”

SECOND LAW: This law gives the magnitude of force between two magnetic poles

It states that the force of attraction or repulsion between any two magnetic poles is

 directly proportional to the product of pole strengths (m1 and m2)

 inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
 depends on the nature of the medium

Thus, magnetic force F between the two magnetic poles of strengths m1 and m2 placed at a
distance ‘d’ meter apart is given by

𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹 ∝
𝑑2

𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹=𝐾
𝑑2

Where K is proportionality constant and it depends on nature of medium in which poles are
placed.
 1
The value of K is given by 𝐾 =
4𝜋𝜇0 𝜇𝑟

Where μ0 = Absolute permeability of vacuum or free space or air

= 4π × 10−7 Henry/meter

μr = Relative permeability of the medium in which poles are placed.

1 m1 m2
F= ×
4πμ0 μr d2

m1 m2
= newtons
4πμ0 μr d2

Where,

F = force between the two magnetic poles

m1 and m2 = poles of strengths of two poles in Weber

d = distance between the poles in meters

𝜇0 = Absolute permeability of vacuum or free space or air = 4𝜋 × 10−7 Henry/meter

𝜇𝑟 = Relative permeability of the medium in which poles are placed.

K= constant whose value depends on nature of medium in which poles are placed.

4.2. ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE PERMEABILITY AND RELATION

BETWEEN THEM

PERMEABILITY:

“It is the property of a material which allows flux through it”

(OR)

“The ability of a material to conduct magnetic flux through it is called permeability of a

material”
For any magnetic material there are two permeabilities.

1. Absolute permeability

2. Relative permeability

ABSOLUTE PERMEABILITY:

• It is the measure of a material’s ability to concentrate magnetic flux

• It quantifies how easily a material can support the formation of magnetic field within
itself by concentrating magnetic flux.

“It is defined as the ratio of magnetic flux density (B) in a particular

medium other than air or vacuum to the magnetic field strength(H) producing
magnetic flux density”

𝐵
𝜇=
𝐻

ABSOLUTE PERMEABILITY OF FREE SPACE OR AIR OR VACUUM:

• Absolute permeability of free space or vacuum or air is denoted by 𝜇0 .

“It is the ratio of magnetic flux density (B) to the magnetic field
strength(H) in free space or air or vacuum”

• Its value is 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 Henry/meter

RELATIVE PERMEABILITY:

• The degree or extend to which magnetic field can penetrate or permeate a material is
called relative permeability.

• It is represented by 𝜇𝑟 .

“It is defined as the ratio of magnetic flux density (B) in a medium

other to the magnetic flux density (B) produced in air or vacuum or free
space”

𝐵
𝜇𝑟 =
𝐵0
RELATION BETWEEN ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE PERMEABILITY:

• According to the definition absolute permeability is given by

𝐵
𝜇= ………. (1)
𝐻

𝐵0
𝜇0 = …………(2)
𝐻

• Dividing equation (1) with (2)

𝝁 𝑩⁄ 𝐵
= 𝐵0 𝑯 =
𝜇0 ⁄𝑯 𝐵0

According to the definition relative permeability is given by

𝐵
𝜇𝑟 =
𝐵0

• According to the definition relative permeability is given by

𝐵
𝜇𝑟 =
𝐵0

𝝁 𝐵
= = 𝜇𝑟
𝜇0 𝐵0

𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟
We can also define relative permeability as the ratio of permeability of the material to the
permeability of free space or air or vacuum.
𝝁
𝜇𝑟 = 𝜇
0

***To get the maximum flux from the lesser magnetic field strength the relative
permeability of the material should be as high as possible***
4.3. MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE & MAGNETIC FIELD:

MAGNETIC FIELD:

“The region or space around a magnet up to which the influence of the magnet is
experienced is called Magnetic field”

(OR)

“The region or space around a magnet in which the magnetic pole experiences a force of
attraction of repulsion is called magnetic field”

(OR)

“The region or space around a magnet in which the imaginary lines of force exist is
called Magnetic field”

MAGNETIC FLUX:

“The total number of magnetic lines of force in a magnetic field is called the
Magnetic flux(Ф)”

• The magnetic flux is measured in weber (Wb)

• 1 Weber = 108 Lines of force

MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE:

“The magnetic field around a magnet is represented by imaginary lines called magnetic lines
of force”
EXPERIMENT TO SHOW THE MAGNETIC LINES:

• Place a permanent magnet on a table

• Cover it with a smooth white card board and sprinkle steel filings uniformly over the
sheet

• The filings set themselves in curved chains between the poles

• The Fig shows the conception of magnetic lines of force

• The stronger the magnet the greater is the number of these magnetic lines of force

PROPERTIES OF LINES OF FORCE:

• Always starts from north pole and ends at south pole

• Form closed loops

• Never intersect each other

• Behave like stretched rubber bands

• Unaffected by non-magnetic materials

• The lines of force which are parallel and travelling in the same directionrepel each
other.
MAGNETISM OF CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR

“When a conductor carries an electric current, a magnetic field is produced around the
conductor”

4.4. RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE:

RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE:

“Grip the conductor with right hand with the thumb outstretched parallel to the
conductor and pointing in the direction of current the fingers then pointing in the direction of
flux.”
4.5. FIELD PATTERN OF DUE TO a) STRAIGHT CURRENT CARRYING
CONDUCTOR b) SOLENOID c) TOROID:

4.5.a). FIELD PATTERN OF DUE TO STRAIGHT CURRENT CARRYING

CONDUCTOR:

• Whenever a conductor carries electric current, the magnetic lines of force are setup
around and along the length of the conductor.

• The line of force are in the form of concentric circles in the plane right angle to the
conductor.

• The field pattern of the magnetic field depends on the direction of the current through
the conductor.

It is experimentally proved that

• When the direction of current is downward then the direction of lines of force is
clockwise

• When the direction of current is upward then the direction of lines of force is anti-
clockwise
4.5.b) FIELD PATTERN OF DUE TO SOLENOID:

If a wire is closely wound with a number of turns in the form of helix is known as
“Solenoid”.

 The wire is coated with an insulating material so that the adjacent turns are
electrically insulated from each other.
 When an electric current is passed through this wire (energized), a magnetic field is
created
“The field pattern due to solenoid shows uniform, parallel straight lines
inside it and curved looping lines outside similar to a bar magnet having north(N)
and south(S) poles.”

 The direction of magnetic field is determined using right hand rule where the curled
fingers indicate the direction of the current and the stretched thumb indicates the
direction of magnetic field inside the core i.e it indicates north pole(N) direction.
4.5.c) FIELD PATTERN OF DUE TO TOROID:

• A toroid is a coil of insulated or enameled wire wound on a circular magnetic core.

• When an electric current is passed through this wire (energized), a magnetic field is
created

“The magnetic lines of force inside the toroid are concentric circles with the center
of toroid and are uniform. The field outside the toroid is zero”

 The direction of magnetic field is determined using right hand rule. Holding the
Toroid in right hand such that curled fingers point in the direction of the current
through the conductor then thumb the thumb points the direction of flux lines inside
the core as shown in the figure below
4.6. MECHANICAL FFORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR
PLACED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD:

MECHANICAL FFORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR PLACED IN

A MAGNETIC FIELD:

“When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a mechanical force is

exerted on the conductor which can make the conductor move.”

This force is directly proportional to the

i) Flux density of uniform magnetic field(B)

ii) Current flowing through the conductor(I)

iii) Active length of the conductor(l)

iv) Angle between the conductor and uniform magnetic field (𝜃)

Therefore, the magnitude of the force is given by

𝐹 = 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 sin 𝜃
EXPLANATION:

 Consider a uniform magnetic field of flux density B Wb/m2 existing between the
poles of magnet.

Let the conductor of length ‘l’ meters carrying a current of ‘I’ amperes out of the plane of the
paper represented by dot(.) produces magnetic field around the conductor in anticlockwise
direction as shown in figure

When this conductor is placed in a uniform magnetic field, these two fields combine to form
a single resultant field.

 It will be seen that in the region below the conductor, both the fields act in the same
direction and therefore give a resultant field at any point equal to the sum of the
individual fields at that point.
 In the region above the conductor, one field acts in the direction opposite to that of
other and so the resultant is the difference of the two fields.
 The result is that the original field of the magnet is strengthened at the bottom of
conductor and weakened at the top.
 Since the magnetic lines of force behave like stretched rubber bands, a force acts on
the conductor from bottom to top, hence conductor move upwards

 If the direction of the current in the conductor is reversed , then the force experienced
on the conductor also reversed.

 The direction of the force can be easily found by Fleming’s left-hand rule.
4.7. EXPRESSION FOR THE MAGNITUDE OF MECHANICAL FFORCE
ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR PLACED IN A MAGNETIC
FIELD:

EXPRESSION FOR THE MAGNITUDE OF MECHANICAL FFORCE ON A

CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR PLACED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD:

Considering a straight conductor of length ‘I’ meters carrying current ‘I ‘amperes as shown in
figure

According to biot-savart law magnetising force at a point P by dl is

𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐻 =
4𝜋𝑟 2

Flux density at P due to I is

𝜇.𝐼.𝑑𝑙.sin 𝜃
𝐵 = 𝜇 𝑑𝐻 =
4𝜋𝑟 2

If a pole of strength is placed at point P, It will experience a force by ‘dl

𝑚.𝜇.𝐼 𝑑𝑙.sin 𝜃
dF = newton
4𝜋𝑟 2
According to newton’s third law of motion

If a current carrying conductor exerts a force on the pole placed at point P, the pole also
exerts an equal and opposite force on the conductor

Therefore, force on the element ‘dl’ is

𝑚.𝜇.𝐼 𝑑𝑙.sin 𝜃
dF = newton
4𝜋𝑟 2

𝑚.𝜇.
= 𝐼 𝑑𝑙. sin 𝜃
4𝜋𝑟 2

= B 𝐼 𝑑𝑙. sin 𝜃
𝑚.𝜇.
Where B =
4𝜋𝑟2
= Flux density at a distance ‘r’ meter from the magnetic pole of strength
‘m’ webers

The total force on the conductor of length ‘l’ meters due to pole placed at the point ‘P’is

𝑙 𝑙
𝐹 = ∫0 𝑑𝐹 =∫0 𝐵 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃

= B I l sin 𝜃
Under the influence of this force conductor moves in the magnetic field.

 The direction of the motion of the conductor can be found by Fleming’s left-hand
rule.
4.8. STATEMENT OF FLEMING’S LEFT-HAND RULE:

4.8. FLEMING’S LEFT-HAND RULE:

According to Fleming’s left hand rule, if the thumb, fore-finger and middle finger of the left
hand are stretched to be perpendicular to each other,

“If the fore finger represents the direction of magnetic field, the middle finger represents
the direction of current, then the thumb represents the direction of force”.
4.9. EXPRESSION FOR THE FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL
CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTORS AND PROBLEMS ON IT

FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENT CARRYING

CONDUCTORS

i)Currents in the same direction:

 If two parallel conductors carrying currents 𝐼1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 in the same direction, then the
field strength in the space between the conductors is decreased due to the field there
being in opposite to each other.
 Then the two conductors attract each other.

i)Currents in opposite direction:

 If two parallel conductors carrying currents 𝐼1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 in opposite direction, then the
field strength in the space between the conductors is increased due to the field there
being in the same direction
 Then the two conductors experience a mutual force of repulsion.
EXPRESSION FOR THE FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL
CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTORS:

Consider two conductors 1 and 2 carrying currents 𝐼1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 respectively

 It is clear that each of the two parallel conductors lies in the magnetic field of the
other conductor
 Hence field produced due to one of the conductors experience a force on another
conductor.

Force on conductor 2 due to the field of conductor 1

 Field strength due to the current carrying conductor 1 is

𝐼1
𝐻1 = [According to work law]
2𝜋𝑑
 Flux density of the field due to current carrying conductor 1 is

𝐵1 = 𝜇 𝐻1
= 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐻1 [Since 𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 ]
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐼1
=
2𝜋𝑑
[since 𝐻1 =
𝐼1
2𝜋𝑑
]
  Force acting on the current carrying conductor 2, due to the magnetic field produced
by the conductor 1

F = 𝐵1 𝐼2 l
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐼1
= . 𝐼2 l
2𝜋𝑑
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐼1 𝐼2 l
=
2𝜋𝑑
 It is clear that same amount of force acts on the current carrying conductor 1, due to
the magnetic field produced by the conductor 2

Therefore, the force between two parallel current carrying conductors is

𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐼1 𝐼2 l
F=
2𝜋𝑑
4.10. CONCEPT OF MAGNETIC CIRCUIT, AND DEFINITION
OF MMF, RELUCTANCE

MAGNETIC CIRCUIT:

“The path of the magnetic flux in a high permeability material is known as magnetic
circuit.”

 It may also be defined as the route or path which is followed by magnetic flux

 A magnetic circuit consists of a high permeability magnetic material called core.

 The core is of uniform cross section of ‘a’ [Link] with a mean length ‘l’ meter and
is excited by a winding having ‘N’ turns and carrying a current of ‘I’ amperes.
 This core develops a magnetic flux of ‘ø’ webers, which completes its path
through the core.
 As the permeability of the core is greater than that of surrounding air, core allows
magnetic flux through it.
 The amount flux produced in the core depend upon current through the coil ‘I’ and
number of turns of the coil.
 • In any magnetic circuit, flux created is given by

∅=𝐵×𝐴

= 𝜇𝐻 ×A

= 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐻 ×A
𝑁𝐼 𝑁𝐼
= 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 ( ) ×A (since H= )
𝑙 𝑙

𝑁𝐼
= 𝑙⁄
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟𝐴
𝑁𝐼
=
𝑆
𝑀𝑀𝐹
= Where N I = Magnetomotive force (MMF)
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
S = Reluctance

MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE(MMF):

“The force required to drive the magnetic flux through the magnetic circuit is known as
magnetomotive force (MMF)”

• It is measured in ampere-turns (AT)

MMF = [Number of turns in the coil] ×[Current passing through the coil]

=N𝐼

RELUCTANCE:

“The property of the magnetic material which opposes the magnetic flux through it is
known as reluctance”

• It is denoted by ‘S’.

• It is measured in (amp-turns)/weber i.e AT/Wb

 Reluctance S ∝ 𝑙 (𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡)
1
𝑆∝ ( 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡)
𝑎
𝑙
𝑆∝
𝑎
𝑙 1 𝑙
𝑆=𝐾 = 1
Where K=Proportionality constant = 𝜇
𝑎 𝜇𝑎
1 𝑙
=
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑎
𝑙
= AT/wb
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑎

4.12. EFFECT OF AIR GAP IN A MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

EFFECT OF AIR GAP IN A MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

• Energy conversion devices which consist of moving parts have necessarily air gaps in
their magnetic circuits.

• Generally, airgaps are provided to permit part of magnetic circuit to move.

• Air gap is also provided to make the magnetisation characteristics of the circuit more
linear because the permeability of air is constant.

• Air gap helps the magnetic flux to expand outside the magnetic circuit. This effect is
called as magnetic fringing.

• The fringing effect results from the presence of the air gap in the magnetic circuit.

• The main consequence of the fringing effect is to make the magnetic flux density of
the air gap different from the flux density of the core due to the path of the flux.

• For a given current, the flux density will be smaller due to the air gap presence, hence
saturation is not reached
4.13. CONCEPT OF LEAKAGE FLUX AND LEAKAGE COEFFECIENT:

USEFUL FLUX:

• Most of the flux is set up in the core of the solenoid passes through the particular path
that is through the air gap and is utilized in the magnetic circuit.

• This flux is known as Useful flux ∅𝑢 .

• As practically it is not possible that all the flux in the circuit follows a particularly
intended path and sets up in the magnetic core and thus some of the flux also sets up
around the coil or surrounds the core of the coil, and is not utilized for any work in the
magnetic circuit.

• This type of flux which is not used for any work is called Leakage Flux
LEAKAGE FLUX:

“The magnetic flux that does not follow desired path in a magnetic circuit is called
“leakage flux”.

It is denoted by ∅𝑙

TOTAL FLUX:

The total flux Φ produced by the solenoid in the magnetic circuit is the sum of
the leakage flux and the useful flux and is given by the equation shown below:

LEAKGE COEFFECIENT:

“The ratio of the total flux produced to the useful flux set up in the air gap of the
magnetic circuit is called a leakage coefficient or leakage factor.”

It is denoted by (λ).
4.11. COMPARISON OF MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
IN DIFFERENT ASPECTS