INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 3040

Fourth edition
2016-05-01

Geometrical product specifications

(GPS) — Dimensioning and
tolerancing — Cones
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) — Cotation et
tolérancement — Cônes

Reference number
ISO 3040:2016(E)

© ISO 2016
ISO 3040:2016(E)

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 ISO 3040:2016(E)

Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Graphical symbol for a rate of taper for a cone .................................................................................................................... 2
5 Dimensions and indication on a cone............................................................................................................................................. 2
5.1 Dimensions on a cone ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5.2 Indication of rate of taper value on drawings .............................................................................................................. 4
6 Tolerancing of a cone ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Annex A (informative) Tolerancing of a cone: Examples ................................................................................................................. 8
Annex B (informative) Relation to the GPS matrix model ...........................................................................................................23
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24

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ISO 3040:2016(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and geometrical product
specifications and verification.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 3040:2009), which has been technically
revised:
— Clause 6 on the tolerancing of cones has been revised;
— Annex A on former practice from ISO 3040:1990 has been deleted;
— a new informative Annex A with examples has been added.

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 ISO 3040:2016(E)

Introduction
This International Standard is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded
as a general GPS standard (see ISO 14638), applicable to a conical feature. It influences chain links A
and B of the chain of standards on size, form, orientation, location and run-out.
For more detailed information about the relationship of ISO 3040 to other standards and to the GPS
matrix model, see Annex B.
The ISO/GPS matrix model given in ISO 14638 gives an overview of the ISO/GPS system of which this
international standard is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO/GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this
international standard and the default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to specifications made
in accordance with this international standard, unless otherwise indicated.
In this International Standard, the figures illustrate the text only and should not be considered as
design examples. For this reason, the figures are simplified and are not to scale.
No indications from the previous edition (ISO 3040:2009) have been made obsolete by this edition.
Therefore, there is no ‘former practice’.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3040:2016(E)

Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensioning

and tolerancing — Cones

1 Scope
This International Standard specifies graphical indication applicable to a cone (right-angle circular
cones) to define its dimensioning or to specify its tolerancing.
For the purposes of this International Standard, the term “cone” relates to right-angle circular cones
only (any intersection by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the nominal cone is a circle).
NOTE 1 For simplicity, only truncated cones have been represented in this International Standard. However,
this International Standard can be applied to any type of cone within its scope.

NOTE 2 This International Standard is not intended to prevent the use of other methods of dimensioning and
tolerancing.

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1119:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Series of conical tapers and taper angles
ISO 81714-1, Design of graphical symbols for use in the technical documentation of products — Part 1:
Basic rules

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
rate of taper
C
ratio of the difference in the diameters of two sections of a cone to the distance between them
Note 1 to entry: lt is expressed by the following formula (see also Figure 1).

D d α 
C 2 tan   (1)
L 2

Figure 1

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ISO 3040:2016(E)

4 Graphical symbol for a rate of taper for a cone

A rate of taper for a cone shall be indicated using the graphical symbol illustrated in Figure 2 centred
on a reference line (see Figure 7). The orientation of the graphical symbol shall coincide with that of the
cone (see Figure 7 and Figure 8).
Size and line thickness of the graphical symbol are according to ISO 81714-1.

Figure 2

5 Dimensions and indication on a cone

5.1 Dimensions on a cone

Several kinds of dimensions as shown in Table 1 may be used in order to define a cone.

Table 1 — Dimensions on a cone

Type of dimensions Letter symbol Examples of indication
Preferred method Optional method
Rate of taper value C 1:5 0,2:1
1/5 20 %
Cone angle value α 35° 0,6 rad
Cone diameter value
— at the larger end D
— at the smaller end d
— at the specified cross-section Dx
Length value
— Distance between two planes limiting L
a cone
— Distance between two planes limiting a L′
set of a cone and a cylinder
— Distance locating the cross-section Lx
where Dx is defined

No more dimensions than necessary shall be indicated. However, additional dimensions may be given
for information as auxiliary dimensions.
Some dimensions may be used to establish a tolerancing by dimensional or geometrical specification
(see Clause 6). For this reason these dimensions may be defined as TEDs.
Some typical combinations of cone dimensions are shown in Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6.

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Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

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Figure 6

5.2 Indication of rate of taper value on drawings

The graphical symbol with the rate of taper value of a cone shall be indicated near the feature according
to the rules presented in Clause 4.
As shown in Figure 7, the reference line attached to the graphical symbol shall be:
— drawn parallel to the cone axis, and
— connected by a leader line to the outline of the cone.
When the taper belongs to a standardized series of conical taper (in particular Morse or metric taper),
the rate of taper value of the cone may be replaced by the codification given by standard series according
to ISO 1119 and appropriate number (see Figure 8). For example, the rate of taper value “1:20,047” may
be replaced by the codification “Morse No. 1”.

Key
1 leader line
2 rate of taper graphical symbol
3 reference line

NOTE 1:5 is the rate of taper value.

Figure 7

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Figure 8

6 Tolerancing of a cone
A cone is intrinsically defined by its angle (see Figure 9).

Figure 9 — Intrinsic representation of a cone

NOTE A cone is different from a frustum which is defined by three geometrical entities (one of them is a cone).

EXAMPLE A frustum defined by a cone and two end planes (not necessarily perpendicular to the axis of this
cone). See Figure 10.

Key
1 Plane 1
2 Plane 2
3 cone

Figure 10 — Example

The objective of tolerancing is to define a set of one or more GPS specifications. Each GPS specification
defines a particular characteristic and its permissible extent by the mean of one or two tolerances
limits (see example in Figure 11).
When a gauge plane is used in a specification, the gauge plane location shall be defined by TEDs (explicit
or implicit: 0 mm).

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ISO 3040:2016(E)

When a datum or datum system is used to locate or orientate the tolerance zone, the angular or linear
dimensions constraining the tolerance zone shall be defined by TEDs (explicit or implicit:0 mm, 0°, 90 °,
180°, 270°).
When a geometrical specification is applied to a cone with the surface profile characteristic symbol
without datum or datum system and the intrinsic characteristic of the cone shall be taken into account
as fixed, then:
— the symbol VA shall not be indicated in the second compartment of the tolerance frame; and
— the angle of the cone shall be indicated:
— directly with the cone angle as a TED, or
— indirectly with the rate of taper value or by a combination of several dimensions on a cone (e.g.
see Figure 6).
Each characteristic controls a set of degrees of freedom on the real workpiece.
The set of degrees of freedom, which are possible to consider individually or collectively, is:
— the angle deviation;
— the form deviation on a section line or the surface;
— the location deviation (X, Y, Z : in Cartesian system);
— the orientation deviation (β, γ : in Cartesian system).
The table in Figure 11 presents, for a specification, the type of deviations which are controlled.
The indication of the specification is presented and its meaning is illustrated and explained. This
presentation is used in Annex A.
Figure 11 and Annex A present various individual (independent) examples of possible dimensional
or geometrical specifications in relation with a cone, in accordance with ISO 1101, ISO 14405-1 and
ISO 14405-3. Each of these examples shall be considered independently from each other, but could be
used in the same drawing on the same feature.

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 ISO 3040:2016(E)

Indication of a form specification of the cone Meaning

surface with its size considered as fixed
The extracted surface of the cone is required to be
inside of the tolerance zone without orientation or
location constraint. The tolerance zone consists of the
space included between two coaxial conical surfaces
with a specified theoretical angle and 0,3 mm apart.

Controlled deviations
Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
Yes Yes No No No Never No No

WARNING The orientation and location of the cone are not locked.

Figure 11 — Example of tolerancing of a cone: specification of the surface form considering its
theoretical exact angle

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ISO 3040:2016(E)

Annex A
(informative)

Tolerancing of a cone: Examples

A.1 General
Cones belong to the invariance class of revolute surface. Therefore, the rotation about the cone axis
cannot be locked. The six degrees of freedom of a cone can be represented in a Cartesian or cylindrical
coordinate system aligned with the cone axis, with its origin located at the apex of the cone.
Alternatively, the origin can be located elsewhere along the cone axis, at a nominal distance, LA , from
the apex of the cone [see Formula (A.1) and Figure 9].

D α
LA  tan  (A.1)
2 2
where

α is the cone angle;

D is the nominal cross section diameter;

LA is the distance between the apex of the cone and the cross section where D is defined.

A.2 Examples
Thirteen cone tolerancing examples are provided.

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EXAMPLE 1 Cone tolerancing - surface form without considering the cone angle (illustration of the closeness
to a perfect conical shape, without taking into account a predefined cone angle)

Indication of a form specification of the cone Meaning

surface with its size considered as variable
The extracted surface of the cone is required to be
inside of the tolerance zone without orientation or
location constraint. The tolerance zone consists of the
space included between two coaxial conical surfaces
with the same unspecified angle and 0,3 mm apart.

Key
θ non predefined angle

Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
No Yes No No No Never No No
(conical
surface)

WARNING The orientation and location of the cone and its size are not locked.

This kind of specification combines two requirements (straightness of any generatrix line or all
generatrix lines and roundness of any directrix line or all directrix lines).

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EXAMPLE 2 Cone tolerancing - form of any generatrix lines

Indication of a form specification of any generatrix Meaning

of the cone (straightness)

Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
No Yes No No No Never No No
(genera-
trix lines)

WARNING The orientation and location of the cone and its size are not locked. The form of the cone is
partially locked.

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EXAMPLE 3 Cone tolerancing - form of any directrix line or all directrix lines at any cross section perpendicular
to the axis of the associated feature with the real surface of the cone, using the least squares criteria.

Indication of a form specification of any directrix Meaning

of the cone (roundness)

Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation deviation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
No Yes No No No Never No No
(directrix
lines at any
cross-sec-
tion)

WARNING The orientation and location of the cone and its size are not locked. The form of the cone is
partially locked.

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EXAMPLE 4 Cone tolerancing - surface located from an end datum. The controlled degrees of freedom (Tx,
Rz, Ry) are dependent on the datum. Datum A locks the location and orientation. In this case, the orientation
constraint and the location constraint are applied to lock the tolerance zone from datum A (no other restriction is
required).

Indication of a location specification of a cone (with Meaning

its size considered as fixed) from the datum A
The extracted surface of the cone is required to be
inside of the tolerance zone with orientation and
location constraint from the datum A: the axis of the
tolerance zone is constrained perpendicular to the
datum A, and the gauge plane is located at 5 mm from
the datum A. The tolerance zone consists of the space
included between two coaxial conical surfaces with
specified theoretical angle and 0,3 mm apart.

Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
Yes Yes Yes No No Never Yes Yes

WARNING The size, the form and the orientation of the cone are locked and the location of the cone is
partially locked.

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EXAMPLE 5 Cone tolerancing - surface orientated from an end datum. Datum A can lock the location and
orientation, the modifier >< retains only the orientation constraint of the tolerance zone from datum A.

Indication of orientation specification of the cone Meaning

surface (with its size considered as fixed) from
the datum A
The extracted surface of the cone is required to be
inside of the tolerance zone with orientation con-
straint only from the datum A: the axis of the tolerance
zone is constrained perpendicular to the datum A. The
tolerance zone consists of the space included between
two coaxial conical surfaces with specified theoretical
angle and 0,3 mm apart.

Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
Yes Yes No No No Never Yes Yes

WARNING The location of the cone is not locked.

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ISO 3040:2016(E)

EXAMPLE 6 Cone tolerancing - surface located from a datum system. Secondary datum B is defined
perpendicular to primary datum A. The tolerance zone is constrained to be coaxial with datum B (Y = Z = 0) and
located so that the section plane, where the diameter of the circular cross section is 30 mm, is placed 20 mm from
datum A.

Indication of location specification of the cone Meaning

surface (with its size considered as fixed) from the
datum system
The extracted surface of the cone is required to be
inside of the tolerance zone with orientation and
location constraint from the datum sytem. The axis of
the tolerance zone is perpendicular to primary datum
A, and the gauge plane, containing the conical section
having a diameter 30 mm, is located 20 mm from pri-
mary datum A. The axis of the tolerance zone is coaxial
to secondary datum B. The tolerance zone is the space
between two coaxial conical surfaces with the speci-
fied theoretical angle of 30° and 0,3 mm apart.

Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Never Yes Yes

WARNING The form, orientation and location of the cone and its size are locked.

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EXAMPLE 7 Cone tolerancing - circle diameter located on a cross section a fixed distance from one end plane.
By default, the GPS characteristic is the local diameter (two point size). Other type of size characteristic can be
defined (see ISO 14405-1, e.g. ∅20 ± 0,08 ).

Locating the section plane a distance of 0 mm from the end plane is ambiguous on a real workpiece, due
to the possible imperfections of the corner and should be avoided.

Indication of location specification of a cone (with Meaning

its size considered as variable)
The two-point diameters (as defined in ISO 14405-1)
are defined in the intersection plane, parallel from
the datum B and located from the left side at 5 mm.
The two-point diameters are required to be included
between the lower and upper tolerances.

NOTE Without intersection plane indicator, the in-

tersection plane is defined as perpendicular to the axis
of the associated cone (feature of angular size) with
variable angular size.

Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
No No Yes No No Never No No

WARNING The size, the form and the orientation of the cone are not locked. The location of the cone is
partially locked in X direction depending of the actual size of the cone.

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ISO 3040:2016(E)

EXAMPLE 8 Cone tolerancing - angle between two opposite generatrices. Any local angle, located in any
longitudinal section, defined between two contacting straight lines, is required to be within tolerance. A
longitudinal section is obtained by a plane that contains the axis of the associated cone (with variable angle)
associated with fit to the real cone surface.

Indication of dimensional angular specification of Meaning

a cone (with its size considered as variable)
Any local angle is defined as the angle between two
associated coplanar straight lines. These straight lines
are established with minimax association criteria
constrained outside of material from an extracted pair
line resulting of the intersection between the extract-
ed integral surface and any longitudinal plane (that
includes the axis of the least-square associated cone
with variable size). The local angles are required to be
included between the lower and upper tolerances.

Key
1 Extracted integral surface
2 Associated cone
3 Cone axis
4 (Example of an) intersection plane
5 (Example of) two extracted lines
6 (Example of) two associated straight lines
7 (Example of a) local angle

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Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
Yes a No No No No Never No No

a The angle is controlled between two opposite generatrices, and not the angle of the best fit cone.
WARNING The form, orientation and location of the cone are not locked. Only the local size of the
cone is locked, since there is no global size modifier indicated (see ISO 14405-3).

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ISO 3040:2016(E)

EXAMPLE 9 Cone tolerancing - two diameters of two circles located in two cross sections. By default, the GPS
characteristic defining the circular cross section is the local two point size diameter (two point size). Other types
of size characteristic can be defined (see ISO 14405-1).

Indication of a set of two dimensional specifi- Meaning

cations on a cone defined in two specific cross
sections
Two dimensional specifications defined in two dif-
ferent specific cross sections from the same conical
surface and located from the left side which is by
default constrained to be perpendicular to the axis of
the associated cone.

Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
Yes a No Yes No No Never No No

a The angle control is indirect and is effected by the form.

NOTE Specific cross section (SCS) is implicit.

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EXAMPLE 10 Cone tolerancing – perpendicularity of the axis of the cone. The tolerance zone which is a cylinder
is constrained perpendicular in orientation from the datum A.

Indication of orientation specification of a cone Meaning

from the datum A without considering its form
The extracted median line of the cone is required
to be inside of the tolerance zone with orientation
constraint from the datum A: the axis of the tolerance
zone is constrained perpendicular to the datum A. The
tolerance zone consists of the space included into a
cylinder of 0,1 mm diameter.

Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
No No No No No Never Yes Yes

WARNING The size, the form and the location of the cone are not locked.

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EXAMPLE 11 Cone tolerancing – coaxiality of the extracted median line of a cone from a datum system. The
tolerance zone which is a cylinder is constrained to be perpendicular to the datum A and coaxial to datum B.

Indication of location specification of a cone from Meaning

the datum system
The extracted median line of the cone is required to
be inside of the tolerance zone with orientation and
location constraint from the datum system: the axis of
the tolerance zone is constrained perpendicular to the
primary datum A and coaxial to the secondary datum
B. The tolerance zone consists of the space included
into a cylinder of 0,3 mm diameter.

Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
No No No Yes Yes Never Yes Yes

WARNING The size and the form of the cone are not locked.

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EXAMPLE 12 Cone tolerancing – circular runout of the cone from the datum system. The area between two
circles, 0,2 mm apart on a cone, the axis of which is constrained perpendicular to datum A in orientation and
coaxial to datum B in location.

Indication of a circular runout specification of a Meaning

cone surface with considering
as its angle as variable
Any extracted integral line of the cone is defined as
the intersection between the extracted conical surface
and an intersecting cone, the axis of which is perpen-
dicular to datum A and coaxial to datum B, and which
has an angle of 60°.
The tolerance zone consists of the portion area of
an intersecting cone limited by two circles, 0,2 mm
apart, which are centred on the cone axis. This axis is
constrained perpendicular to the datum A and coaxial
to the datum B.
Any extracted line is required to be inside the toler-
ance zone.

Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
No Yes No Yes Yes Never Yes Yes

WARNING The size of the cone is not locked and the location of the cone is partially locked.

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EXAMPLE 13 Cone tolerancing – calculated angle from two diameters of two circles located in two cross-
sections (see ISO 14405-1).

Indication of a calculated angle defined from two Meaning

dimensional characteristics evaluated in two spe-
cific cross sections
Two linear dimensional characteristics are defined in
two different specific cross-sections from the same
conical surface and located from the left side. Each
linear dimensional characteristic corresponds to the
evaluated size of the maximum inscribed circle associ-
ated to the extracted line obtained by the intersection
of the extracted integral surface of the cone and a
specific cross-section.
The calculated characteristic α is the angle derived
from these two linear dimensional characteristics d1
and d2 and the distances a and b, such as
α  d2 d1
2 tan  
2 b a

Calculated characteristic from the d1

and d2 characteristics
Intermediate characteristic evaluat-
ed with for calculated character-
istic

Controlled deviations by the specification

Angle Form de- Location Orientation Illustration of degrees of freedom
deviation viation deviation deviation
Tx Ty Tz Rx Ry Rz
Yes a No Yes No No Never No No

a The angle control is indirect and is effected by the form.

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Annex B
(informative)

Relation to the GPS matrix model

B.1 General
For full details about the GPS matrix model, see ISO 14638.

B.2 Information about the standard and its use

This International Standard specifies graphical indication applicable to a cone to define its dimensioning
or to specify its tolerancing.

B.3 Position in the GPS matrix model

This International Standard is a general GPS standard, which influences chain links A and B of the chain
of standards on size, form, orientation, location and run-out, as illustrated in Table B.1

Table B.1 — ISO GPS Standards matrix model

Chain links
A B C D E F G
Symbols and Feature re- Feature prop- Conformance Measurement Measurement Calibrations
indications quirements erties and non-con- equipment
formance
Size • •
Distance
Form • •
Orientation • •
Location • •
Run-out • •
Profile sur-
face texture
Areal surface
texture
Surface
imperfections

B.4 Related standards

The related standards are those of the chains of standards indicated in Table B.1.

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ISO 3040:2016(E)

Bibliography

[1] ISO 8015, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Fundamentals – Concepts, principles and rules
[2] ISO 14253-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Inspection by measurement of workpieces
and measuring equipment — Part 1: Decision rules for proving conformity or nonconformity with
specifications
[3] ISO 14405-1: —1), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Dimensional tolerancing — Part 1:
Linear sizes
[4] ISO 14405-3: —2), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Dimensional tolerancing — Part 3:
Angular sizes
[5] ISO 14638:2015, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Matrix model

1) To be published.
2) To be published.

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