Riemann Integral
Name: Sumit Gope
Roll No.: 22BS54060090
College/University: Birsa College, Khunti
HOD: Mr. Tarif Lugun
1.1 Introduction to Riemann Integral
A Riemann Integral is a way to find the area under a curve. It is one of the first types of integrals
you learn in calculus. If a function is defined and bounded on an interval, we can split the interval
into small parts and add up areas of rectangles.
1.2 Historical Background
The Riemann integral was introduced by Bernhard Riemann in 1854. It helped mathematicians
formalize the idea of finding areas and solving problems in physics and geometry. Before this, only
simple curves could be integrated easily.
1.3 Basic Definitions
Key terms include partition, mesh, upper sum, and lower sum. - Partition: dividing the interval into
smaller subintervals. - Mesh: the length of the largest subinterval. - Upper sum: sum of areas of
rectangles above the curve. - Lower sum: sum of areas below the curve.
1.4 Properties of Riemann Integrable Functions
Some important properties: 1. If a function is continuous, it is always Riemann integrable. 2. Sum
and difference of integrable functions are integrable. 3. Multiplying by a constant keeps it integrable.
Example: f(x) = x^2 on [0,2] is integrable.
2.1 Partition and Refinement
A partition divides [a,b] into subintervals. Refinement means adding more points to make
subintervals smaller. Example: [0,1] divided into [0,0.5] and [0.5,1] is a partition. Refining it gives
[0,0.25], [0.25,0.5], [0.5,0.75], [0.75,1].
2.2 Upper and Lower Sums
Upper sum is made by taking the maximum value of f(x) in each subinterval. Lower sum uses the
minimum. Example: f(x)=x on [0,1], partition into 2 intervals: Upper sum = (0.5*0.5)+(0.5*1)=0.75,
Lower sum=(0*0.5)+(0.5*0.5)=0.25
2.3 Criteria for Integrability
A function is Riemann integrable if the difference between the upper and lower sums can be made
very small. All continuous functions are integrable. Even some functions with small jumps are
integrable.
2.4 Comparison with Darboux Integral
Darboux integral uses upper and lower sums directly for definition. Riemann integral uses limits of
sums. For continuous functions, both integrals give the same value.
3.1 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
This theorem connects integration and differentiation. It says that if F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x),
then the integral of f from a to b is F(b)-F(a). Example: f(x)=2x, F(x)=x^2, ∫0^2 2x dx =
F(2)-F(0)=4-0=4
3.2 Applications in Geometry
Riemann integral finds areas, lengths, and volumes. Example: Area under f(x)=x^2 from 0 to 1: ∫0^1
x^2 dx = 1/3 Volume of solid by rotating curve can also be found using integrals.
3.3 Improper Integrals Overview
Some integrals have infinite limits or unbounded functions. Example: ∫1^∞ 1/x^2 dx = 1. We take a
limit to evaluate such integrals.
3.4 Riemann vs Lebesgue
Riemann integrates by summing over intervals. Lebesgue integrates by measuring sets of values of
the function. Lebesgue is better for complicated functions or probability theory.
3.5 Modern Developments
Riemann integral is the foundation of modern analysis. It is still taught because it is simple and
practical. Lebesgue and other integrals are used for advanced mathematics and research.
Conclusion
The Riemann integral helps us find areas, volumes, and solve problems in science and
engineering. By using partitions and sums, we can approximate areas under curves very
accurately. Understanding Riemann integrals is important for all students learning calculus.
References
1. Apostol, Tom M., Calculus, Vol. 1.
2. Bartle, Robert G., The Elements of Integration.
3. Stewart, James, Calculus: Early Transcendentals.
