Java Practice Guide

Arrays, Lists, Maps & File Handling — Code + Explanation + Output

40 Examples (10 per topic). Each example includes a simple explanation, code, and expected output
notes.

Colored, easy-to-read formatting. No author name on cover.

Arrays — 10 Examples

Arrays are fixed-size boxes. You decide how many boxes first (like 5). Each box holds one item.

Example 1: Read and Print 5 Numbers

Explanation: User enters 5 numbers; program stores them in an array and prints them back.
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Ex1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int[] numbers = new int[5];
System.out.println("Enter 5 numbers:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
numbers[i] = sc.nextInt();
}
System.out.println("You entered:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

If user types: 1 2 3 4 5 → Program prints each number on a new line.

Example 2: Sum of Array Elements

Explanation: Add all numbers the user enters and print the sum.
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Ex2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int[] arr = new int[5];
int sum = 0;
System.out.println("Enter 5 numbers:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
arr[i] = sc.nextInt();
sum += arr[i];
}
System.out.println("Sum = " + sum);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

If user enters 10 20 30 40 50 → Sum = 150.

Example 3: Find Maximum

Explanation: Find the biggest number in the array.

 import java.util.Scanner;

public class Ex3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int[] arr = new int[5];
System.out.println("Enter 5 numbers:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
arr[i] = sc.nextInt();
}
int max = arr[0];
for (int i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (arr[i] > max) max = arr[i];
}
System.out.println("Max = " + max);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

For input 3 7 2 9 5 → Max = 9.

Example 4: Find Minimum

Explanation: Find the smallest number in the array.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Ex4 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int[] arr = new int[5];
System.out.println("Enter 5 numbers:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) arr[i] = sc.nextInt();
int min = arr[0];
for (int i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) if (arr[i] < min) min = arr[i];
System.out.println("Min = " + min);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

For input 6 2 8 1 4 → Min = 1.

Example 5: Reverse Array

Explanation: Print the elements of the array in reverse order.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Ex5 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int[] arr = new int[5];
System.out.println("Enter 5 numbers:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) arr[i] = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Reversed:");
for (int i = arr.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) System.out.println(arr[i]);
sc.close();
}
}
Expected Output / Notes:
Input: 1 2 3 4 5 → Reversed: 5 4 3 2 1 (each on new line).

Example 6: Count Even and Odd

Explanation: Count how many entered numbers are even and how many are odd.
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Ex6 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int[] arr = new int[5];
int even = 0, odd = 0;
System.out.println("Enter 5 numbers:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
arr[i] = sc.nextInt();
if (arr[i] % 2 == 0) even++; else odd++;
}
System.out.println("Even: " + even + ", Odd: " + odd);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Input 2 3 4 5 6 → Even: 3, Odd: 2.

Example 7: Average of Array

Explanation: Calculate average (mean) of numbers in the array.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Ex7 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int[] arr = new int[5];
int sum = 0;
System.out.println("Enter 5 numbers:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { arr[i] = sc.nextInt(); sum += arr[i]; }
double avg = (double) sum / arr.length;
System.out.println("Average = " + avg);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

For 10 20 30 40 50 → Average = 30.0.

Example 8: Search in Array

Explanation: Look for a number the user asks and say if it's found.
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Ex8 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int[] arr = new int[5];
 System.out.println("Enter 5 numbers:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) arr[i] = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter number to search:");
int key = sc.nextInt();
boolean found = false;
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) if (arr[i] == key) { found = true; break; }
System.out.println(found ? "Found" : "Not found");
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

If key present → prints Found, otherwise Not found.

Example 9: Copy Array

Explanation: Copy all elements from one array into another and print copied array.
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Arrays;

public class Ex9 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int[] a = new int[5];
int[] b = new int[5];
System.out.println("Enter 5 numbers:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { a[i] = sc.nextInt(); b[i] = a[i]; }
System.out.println("Copied: " + Arrays.toString(b));
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Input 1 2 3 4 5 → Copied: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Example 10: Count Positive and Negative

Explanation: Count how many numbers are positive (>=0) and negative (<0).
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Ex10 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int[] arr = new int[5];
int pos = 0, neg = 0;
System.out.println("Enter 5 numbers:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
arr[i] = sc.nextInt();
if (arr[i] >= 0) pos++; else neg++;
}
System.out.println("Positive: " + pos + ", Negative: " + neg);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Input 1 -2 3 -4 5 → Positive: 3, Negative: 2.
Lists (ArrayList) — 10 Examples

Lists can grow and shrink. Use ArrayList for flexible storage.

Example 1: Add and Print Names

Explanation: User adds 5 names to a List and program prints them.

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class ListEx1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
List<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
System.out.println("Enter 5 names:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) names.add(sc.nextLine());
System.out.println("Names:");
for (String n : names) System.out.println(n);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

User types names → Program prints the same names, each on a new line.

Example 2: Remove an Item

Explanation: Remove a name the user types from the list (if present).
import java.util.*;
public class ListEx2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("Apple","Mango","Banana","Grapes","Orange"));
System.out.println("Current: " + list);
System.out.println("Enter name to remove:");
String r = sc.nextLine();
if (list.remove(r)) System.out.println(r + " removed.");
else System.out.println(r + " not found.");
System.out.println("Now: " + list);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

If user enters Mango → Mango removed. If not present → not found.

Example 3: Get by Index

Explanation: User asks index and program shows the item at that index.
import java.util.*;
public class ListEx3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
 List<String> colors = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("Red","Blue","Green","Yellow"));
System.out.println("Enter index (0..3):");
int idx = sc.nextInt();
if (idx >= 0 && idx < colors.size()) System.out.println("At " + idx + ": " + colors.get(idx));
else System.out.println("Invalid index");
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

If user enters 2 → prints Green.

Example 4: Sort Numbers

Explanation: User types numbers, program sorts and prints them.

import java.util.*;
public class ListEx4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
List<Integer> nums = new ArrayList<>();
System.out.println("Enter 5 numbers:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) nums.add(sc.nextInt());
Collections.sort(nums);
System.out.println("Sorted: " + nums);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Input 3 1 4 2 5 → Sorted: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Example 5: Contains Check

Explanation: Check if the list contains the item the user asks for.
import java.util.*;
public class ListEx5 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
List<String> items = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("Pen","Pencil","Eraser"));
System.out.println("Enter item to check:");
String it = sc.nextLine();
System.out.println(items.contains(it) ? "Yes present" : "No");
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

If user types Pen → Yes present.

Example 6: Insert at Position

Explanation: Insert a value at a specific index (shifts others).

import java.util.*;
public class ListEx6 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
 Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("A","B","C","D"));
System.out.println("Enter index to insert (0..4):");
int idx = sc.nextInt();
sc.nextLine();
System.out.println("Enter value to insert:");
String v = sc.nextLine();
if (idx >= 0 && idx <= list.size()) list.add(idx, v);
System.out.println("Now: " + list);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Insert X at index 2 → A, B, X, C, D.

Example 7: Remove by Index

Explanation: Remove element at user-given index.

import java.util.*;
public class ListEx7 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("One","Two","Three","Four"));
System.out.println("Enter index to remove (0..3):");
int idx = sc.nextInt();
if (idx >= 0 && idx < list.size()) {
String removed = list.remove(idx);
System.out.println("Removed: " + removed);
} else System.out.println("Invalid index");
System.out.println("Now: " + list);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Removing index 1 removes 'Two'.

Example 8: Replace Value

Explanation: Replace element at an index with user-provided value.

import java.util.*;
public class ListEx8 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("Red","Green","Blue"));
System.out.println("Enter index to replace (0..2):");
int idx = sc.nextInt();
sc.nextLine();
System.out.println("Enter new value:");
String nv = sc.nextLine();
if (idx >= 0 && idx < list.size()) list.set(idx, nv);
System.out.println("Now: " + list);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Replace index 0 with Pink → [Pink, Green, Blue]
Example 9: Convert Array to List

Explanation: Read array from user, then convert to List and print.
import java.util.*;
public class ListEx9 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter 5 words:");
String[] arr = new String[5];
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) arr[i] = sc.nextLine();
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(arr));
System.out.println("As list: " + list);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Input words → prints list representation.

Example 10: Count Items with Prefix

Explanation: Count how many strings start with a certain letter the user gives.
import java.util.*;
public class ListEx10 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
List<String> names = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("Ravi","Ramu","Teja","Rakesh","Hema"));
System.out.println("Enter starting letter:");
String ch = sc.nextLine();
int count = 0;
for (String n : names) if (n.startsWith(ch)) count++;
System.out.println("Count starting with " + ch + " = " + count);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

If user enters R → Count = 3 (Ravi, Ramu, Rakesh).
Maps (HashMap) — 10 Examples

Maps store key-value pairs. Use HashMap for fast lookup.

Example 1: Simple Key-Value (Names -> Age)

Explanation: User enters 3 name-age pairs; lookup age by name.

import java.util.*;
public class MapEx1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Map<String,Integer> ages = new HashMap<>();
System.out.println("Enter 3 name and age pairs:");
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
System.out.print("Name: ");
String name = sc.next();
System.out.print("Age: ");
int age = sc.nextInt();
ages.put(name, age);
}
System.out.println("Enter name to lookup:");
String q = sc.next();
System.out.println(ages.containsKey(q) ? q + "'s age = " + ages.get(q) : "Not found");
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Store pairs like (Ravi,22). Lookup prints the age or Not found.

Example 2: Country -> Capital

Explanation: Store countries and capitals, then print all pairs.

import java.util.*;
public class MapEx2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Map<String,String> map = new HashMap<>();
System.out.println("Enter 3 country and capital pairs:");
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
System.out.print("Country: ");
String country = sc.next();
System.out.print("Capital: ");
String cap = sc.next();
map.put(country, cap);
}
for (String c : map.keySet()) System.out.println(c + " -> " + map.get(c));
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Prints all country -> capital lines.

Example 3: Update Value

Explanation: Change an existing value (e.g., update a player's score).
import java.util.*;
public class MapEx3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Map<String,Integer> scores = new HashMap<>();
scores.put("A", 10);
scores.put("B", 15);
System.out.println("Enter name to add points:");
String name = sc.next();
System.out.println("Enter points to add:");
int p = sc.nextInt();
scores.put(name, scores.getOrDefault(name, 0) + p);
System.out.println("Now: " + scores);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

If name not present it's added with given points; otherwise updated.

Example 4: Remove a Key

Explanation: Remove an entry by key provided by the user.

import java.util.*;
public class MapEx4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Map<String,String> m = new HashMap<>();
m.put("k1","v1"); m.put("k2","v2"); m.put("k3","v3");
System.out.println("Map before: " + m);
System.out.println("Enter key to remove:");
String k = sc.next();
m.remove(k);
System.out.println("After: " + m);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Removing key k2 removes that pair from the map.

Example 5: Count Frequency of Words

Explanation: Read 5 words and count how many times each word appears.
import java.util.*;
public class MapEx5 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Map<String,Integer> freq = new HashMap<>();
System.out.println("Enter 5 words:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
String w = sc.next();
freq.put(w, freq.getOrDefault(w, 0) + 1);
}
System.out.println("Frequencies: " + freq);
sc.close();
}
}
Expected Output / Notes:
Input: a b a c b → Frequencies: {a=2, b=2, c=1}

Example 6: Map of Lists (Grouping)

Explanation: Group names by starter letter into a map of lists.

import java.util.*;
public class MapEx6 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Map<Character, List<String>> groups = new HashMap<>();
System.out.println("Enter 5 names:");
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
String s = sc.next();
char k = s.charAt(0);
groups.putIfAbsent(k, new ArrayList<>());
groups.get(k).add(s);
}
for (Character c : groups.keySet()) System.out.println(c + " -> " + groups.get(c));
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Groups names by first letter, e.g., R -> [Ravi, Ramu]

Example 7: Find Key with Max Value

Explanation: Find the key that has the highest integer value (e.g., top scorer).
import java.util.*;
public class MapEx7 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Map<String,Integer> m = new HashMap<>();
System.out.println("Enter 3 name-score pairs:");
for (int i=0;i<3;i++){ String n=sc.next(); int s=sc.nextInt(); m.put(n,s); }
String top = null; int max = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
for (Map.Entry<String,Integer> e : m.entrySet()) {
if (e.getValue() > max) { max = e.getValue(); top = e.getKey(); }
}
System.out.println("Top: " + top + " with " + max);
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Finds the name with largest score.

Example 8: Merge Two Maps

Explanation: Combine two maps (second overrides duplicate keys).

import java.util.*;
public class MapEx8 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<String,Integer> a = new HashMap<>();
a.put("x",1); a.put("y",2);
 Map<String,Integer> b = new HashMap<>();
b.put("y",20); b.put("z",3);
a.putAll(b);
System.out.println("Merged: " + a);
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Result: {x=1, y=20, z=3}

Example 9: Check Empty and Size

Explanation: Show how to check if map is empty and its size.

import java.util.*;
public class MapEx9 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<String,String> m = new HashMap<>();
System.out.println("Is empty? " + m.isEmpty());
m.put("a","b");
System.out.println("Size: " + m.size());
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Initially empty true, after add size 1.

Example 10: Iterate Entries

Explanation: Iterate through entries and print key -> value lines.
import java.util.*;
public class MapEx10 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<String,Integer> m = new HashMap<>();
m.put("A",10); m.put("B",20);
for (Map.Entry<String,Integer> e : m.entrySet()) {
System.out.println(e.getKey() + " -> " + e.getValue());
}
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Prints A -> 10 and B -> 20 (order may vary).
File Handling — 10 Examples

File handling allows you to read from and write to files like notebooks on your computer.

Example 1: Write 3 lines to a file

Explanation: User inputs 3 lines; program writes them to data.txt.

import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class FileEx1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
try (FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("data.txt")) {
System.out.println("Enter 3 lines:");
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
fw.write(sc.nextLine() + System.lineSeparator());
}
System.out.println("Written to data.txt");
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Creates/overwrites data.txt with 3 user lines.

Example 2: Read a file line by line

Explanation: Read and print all lines from data.txt.

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class FileEx2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
File f = new File("data.txt");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(f);
while (sc.hasNextLine()) {
System.out.println(sc.nextLine());
}
sc.close();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println("File not found");
}
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Prints each line contained in data.txt.

Example 3: Append to existing file

Explanation: Add a new line at the end of an existing file without erasing it.
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class FileEx3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
try (FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("data.txt", true)) {
System.out.println("Enter line to append:");
fw.write(sc.nextLine() + System.lineSeparator());
System.out.println("Appended.");
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Error");
}
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Adds the new line at the end of data.txt.

Example 4: Create and delete a file

Explanation: Create if not exists, then delete the file (demo).

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;

public class FileEx4 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
File f = new File("example.txt");
if (f.createNewFile()) System.out.println("Created example.txt");
else System.out.println("example.txt already exists");
if (f.delete()) System.out.println("Deleted example.txt");
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Error");
}
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Shows create and delete messages.

Example 5: Count lines in a file

Explanation: Count how many lines exist in a given text file.

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class FileEx5 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
File f = new File("data.txt");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(f);
int count = 0;
while (sc.hasNextLine()) { sc.nextLine(); count++; }
System.out.println("Line count = " + count);
 sc.close();
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println("File not found");
}
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Counts lines present in data.txt.

Example 6: Copy file contents to another file

Explanation: Read a source file and write its contents into target file.
import java.io.*;
public class FileEx6 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try (FileReader fr = new FileReader("data.txt");
FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("copy.txt")) {
int c;
while ((c = fr.read()) != -1) fw.write(c);
System.out.println("Copied to copy.txt");
} catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Error"); }
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Creates copy.txt with the same contents as data.txt.

Example 7: Write CSV-like data

Explanation: Write comma separated student name and marks lines to students.csv.
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class FileEx7 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
try (FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("students.csv")) {
System.out.println("Enter 3 student name and marks:");
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
String name = sc.next();
int marks = sc.nextInt();
fw.write(name + "," + marks + System.lineSeparator());
}
System.out.println("Saved students.csv");
} catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Error"); }
sc.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

students.csv will have lines like: Ravi,85

Example 8: Read CSV and compute average marks

Explanation: Read students.csv and compute average marks.
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class FileEx8 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
File f = new File("students.csv");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(f);
int sum = 0, count = 0;
while (sc.hasNextLine()) {
String line = sc.nextLine();
String[] parts = line.split(",");
int marks = Integer.parseInt(parts[1]);
sum += marks; count++;
}
sc.close();
if (count > 0) System.out.println("Average = " + ((double)sum/count));
else System.out.println("No data");
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("students.csv not found"); }
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Computes average of marks stored in students.csv.

Example 9: Search a word in file

Explanation: Ask user a word and check if it appears in data.txt.

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class FileEx9 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scn = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter word to search:");
String key = scn.next();
try {
File f = new File("data.txt");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(f);
boolean found = false;
while (sc.hasNextLine()) {
if (sc.nextLine().contains(key)) { found = true; break; }
}
sc.close();
System.out.println(found ? "Found" : "Not Found");
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("File not found"); }
scn.close();
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Prints Found if key appears in any line.

Example 10: Safe file write with try-with-resources

Explanation: Show using try-with-resources to auto-close writer.

import java.io.FileWriter;
 import java.io.IOException;

public class FileEx10 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try (FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("safe.txt")) {
fw.write("This uses try-with-resources\n");
System.out.println("Wrote safe.txt");
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Error");
}
}
}

Expected Output / Notes:

Creates safe.txt and ensures writer is closed automatically.