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HTML

HTML, or Hyper Text Markup Language, is the standard markup language used to create web pages, describing their structure through various elements and tags. A basic HTML document includes a doctype declaration, head, and body sections, with tags like <h1> for headings and <p> for paragraphs. HTML elements can have attributes that provide additional information about the elements, such as alignment and styling.

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HTML

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yogitas804

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HTML

What is HTML?
● HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
● HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
● HTML describes the structure of a Web page
● HTML consists of a series of elements
● HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
● HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this
is a paragraph", "this is a link", etc.

Basic HTML Document

In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to
format the content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag
Name>. Except few tags, most of the tags have their corresponding closing
tags. For example, <html> has its closing tag </html> and <body> tag
has its closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses the following tags −

Sr.N Tag & Description

1 <!DOCTYPE...>
This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

2 <html>
This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly
comprises of document header which is represented by
<head>...</head> and document body which is represented by
<body>...</body> tags.

3 <head>
This tag represents the document's header which can keep other
HTML tags like <title>, <link> etc.

4 <title>
The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the
document title.

5 <body>
This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML
tags like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.

6 <h1>
This tag represents the heading.

7 <p>
This tag represents a paragraph.

HTML Document Structure

A typical HTML document will have the following structure −
<html>

<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related tags
</body>

</html>

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand
the version of the HTML used in the document. Current version of HTML is 5
and it makes use of the following declaration −
<!DOCTYPE html>
There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML
document depending on what version of HTML is being used. We will see
more details on this while discussing <!DOCTYPE...> tag along with other
HTML tags.
Basic Tags
Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your
headings. HTML also has six levels of headings, which use the
elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>. While displaying
any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that heading.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>

</html>

Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs.
Each paragraph of text should go in between an opening <p> and a closing
</p> tag as shown below in the example −

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>

</html>

Line Break Tag

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the
next line. This tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not
need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward
slash. If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the
line break, while if you miss the forward slash character and just use <br> it
is not valid in XHTML.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment ontime.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>

</html>

Centering Content
You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or
any table cell.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Centring Content Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This text is not in the center.</p>

<center>
<p>This text is in the center.</p>
</center>
</body>

</html>

Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document.
The <hr> tag creates a line from the current position in the document to the
right margin and breaks the line accordingly.
For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the
given example below −

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>

</html>

Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not
need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward
slash. If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the
horizontal line, while if you miss the forward slash character and just
use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML

Preserve Formatting
Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written
in the HTML document. In these cases, you can use the preformatted
tag <pre>.
Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will
preserve the formatting of the source document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>
</body>

</html>

Nonbreaking Spaces
Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not
want a browser to split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines −
An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."
In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should
use a nonbreaking space entity   instead of a normal space. For
example, when coding the "12 Angry Men" in a paragraph, you should use
something similar to the following code −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie
"12 Angry Men."</p>
</body>

</html>
Elements
An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other
content, it ends with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a
forward slash as shown below with few tags −

Start Tag Content End Tag

<p> This is paragraph content. </p>

<h1> This is heading content. </h1>

<div> This is division content. </div>

<br />

So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML

element. There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed,
such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements. These are known as void
elements.
HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how
HTML documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed
in what part of an HTML document.

HTML Tag vs. Element

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other
content, it ends with a closing tag.
For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of
the same paragraph but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph
element.

Nested HTML Elements

It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML
element −

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Nested Elements Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
<p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
</body>

</html>
Attributes
We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>,
<h2>, paragraph tag <p> and other tags. We used them so far in their
simplest form, but most of the HTML tags can also have attributes, which are
extra bits of information.
An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is
placed inside the element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two
parts − a name and a value
● The name is the property you want to set. For example, the
paragraph <p> element in the example carries an attribute
whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the
alignment of paragraph on the page.
● The value is what you want the value of the property to be set
and always put within quotations. The below example shows
three possible values of align attribute: left, center and right.
Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase
attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Align Attribute Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p align = "left">This is left aligned</p>
<p align = "center">This is center aligned</p>
<p align = "right">This is right aligned</p>
</body>

</html>

Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements
(although not all) are −
● Id
● Title
● Class
● Style

The Id Attribute
The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element
within an HTML page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to
use an id attribute on an element −
● If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is
possible to identify just that element and its content.
● If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page
(or style sheet), you can use the id attribute to distinguish
between elements that have the same name.
We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id
attribute to distinguish between two paragraph elements as shown below.
Example
<p id = "html">This para explains what is HTML</p>
<p id = "css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>

The title Attribute

The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for
the title attribute is similar as explained for id attribute −
The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it,
although it is often displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the
element or while the element is loading.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>The title Attribute Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h3 title = "Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3>
</body>

</html>
The class Attribute
The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and
specifies the class of element. You will learn more about the use of the class
attribute when you will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you
can avoid it.
The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names.
For example −
class = "className1 className2 className3"

The style Attribute

The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules
within the element.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>The style Attribute</title>
</head>

</html>

Internationalization Attributes
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most
(although not all) XHTML elements.
● dir
● lang
● xml:lang
The dir Attribute
The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser about the direction in
which the text should flow. The dir attribute can take one of two values, as
you can see in the table that follows −

Value Meaning
ltr Left to right (the default value)

rtl Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir = "rtl">

<head>
<title>Display Directions</title>
</head>

<body>
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
</body>

</html>

When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be
presented within the entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the
text's direction for just the content of that tag.

The lang Attribute

The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a
document, but this attribute was kept in HTML only for backwards
compatibility with earlier versions of HTML. This attribute has been replaced
by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.
The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character
language codes. Check HTML Language Codes: ISO 639 for a complete
list of language codes.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang = "en">

<head>
<title>English Language Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This page is using English Language
</body>

</html>

The xml:lang Attribute

The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The
value of the xml:lang attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as
mentioned in previous section.

Generic Attributes
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of
the HTML tags.

Attribute Options Function

align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags

valign top, middle, bottom Vertically aligns tags within an HTML

element.

bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, Places a background color behind an

RGB values element

backgrou URL Places a background image behind an

nd element

id User Defined Names an element for use with

Cascading Style Sheets.

class User Defined Classifies an element for use with

Cascading Style Sheets.

width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or

table cells.

height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images,

or table cells.

title User Defined "Pop-up" title of the elements.

Formatting
If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make
text bold, italicized, or underlined; these are just three of the ten options
available to indicate how text can appear in HTML and XHTML.

Bold Text
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as
shown below −

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Italic Text
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as
shown below −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
Underlined Text
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with
underline as shown below −

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Strike Text
Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed
with strikethrough, which is a thin line through the text as shown below −

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Strike Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike>
typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
Monospaced Font
The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most
of the fonts are known as variable-width fonts because different letters are of
different widths (for example, the letter 'm' is wider than the letter 'i'). In a
monospaced font, however, each letter has the same width.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Superscript Text
The content of a <sup>...</sup> element is written in superscript; the font
size used is the same size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed
half a character's height above the other characters.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Superscript Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
Subscript Text
The content of a <sub>...</sub> element is written in subscript; the font
size used is the same as the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a
character's height beneath the other characters.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Inserted Text
Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as
inserted text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Inserted Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>

</html>
Deleted Text
Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as
deleted text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Deleted Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

Larger Text
The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger
than the rest of the text surrounding it as shown below −

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Larger Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>
Smaller Text
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size
smaller than the rest of the text surrounding it as shown below −

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Grouping Content
The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several
elements to create sections or subsections of a page.
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a
<div> element to indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element
relate to the footnotes. You might then attach a style to this <div> element
so that they appear using a special set of style rules.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Div Tag Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<div id = "menu" align = "middle" >
<a href = "/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a href = "/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href = "/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>

<div id = "content" align = "left" >

<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>

</html>

The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline
elements only. So, if you have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you
want to group together, you could use the <span> element as follows.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style = "color:green">span tag</span>
and the <span style = "color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>
</body>

</html>
These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a
section of a page.
Phrase Tags
The phrase tags have been desicolgned for specific purposes, though they
are displayed in a similar way as other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>,
and <tt>, you have seen in previous chapter. This chapter will take you
through all the important phrase tags, so let's start seeing them one by one.

Emphasized Text
Anything that appears within <em>...</em> element is displayed as
emphasized text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Emphasized Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Marked Text
Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark> element, is displayed as
marked with yellow ink.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Marked Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with yellow</p>
</body>
</html>

Strong Text
Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong> element is displayed
as important text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Strong Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Text Abbreviation
You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing
</abbr> tags. If present, the title attribute must contain this full description
and nothing else.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Text Abbreviation</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>My best friend's name is <abbr title = "Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>
</body>

</html>
Acronym Element
The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between
<acronym> and </acronym> tags is an acronym.
At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content
of the <acronym> element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Acronym Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This chapter covers marking up text in
<acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p>
</body>

</html>

Text Direction
The <bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is
used to override the current text direction.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Text Direction Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This text will go left to right.</p>
<p><bdo dir = "rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p>
</body>

</html>
Special Terms
The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to
specify that you are introducing a special term. It's usage is similar to italic
words in the midst of a paragraph.
Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a
key term. Most recent browsers render the content of a <dfn> element in an
italic font.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Special Terms Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p>
</body>

</html>

Quoting Text
When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in
between <blockquote>...</blockquote> tags.
Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and
right edges of the surrounding text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Blockquote Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web
site:</p>

<blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for

XHTML,following on
from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML
2.0.</blockquote>
</body>

</html>

Short Quotations
The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote
within a sentence.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Double Quote Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
</body>

</html>

Text Citations
If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an
opening <cite> tag and closing </cite> tag
As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element
is rendered in italicized text by default.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Citations Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for
HTML</cite>.</p>
</body>

</html>

Computer Code
Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed
inside <code>...</code> tags. Usually the content of the <code> element
is presented in a monospaced font, just like the code in most programming
books.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Computer Code Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p>
</body>

</html>

Keyboard Text
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter
some text, you can use the <kbd>...</kbd> element to indicate what
should be typed in, as in this example.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Keyboard Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular
text.</p>
</body>

</html>

Programming Variables
This element is usually used in conjunction with
the <pre> and <code> elements to indicate that the content of that
element is a variable.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Variable Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>
</body>

</html>

Program Output
The <samp>...</samp> element indicates sample output from a program,
and script etc. Again, it is mainly used when documenting programming or
coding concepts.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Program Output Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World!</samp></p>
</body>

</html>

Address Text
The <address>...</address> element is used to contain any address.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Address Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<address>388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad</address>
</body>

</html>
Meta Tags
HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a
document in a variety of ways. The META elements can be used to include
name/value pairs describing properties of the HTML document, such as
author, expiry date, a list of keywords, document author etc.
The <meta> tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is
an empty element and so does not have a closing tag but it carries
information within its attributes.
You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what
information you want to keep in your document but in general, meta tags do
not impact physical appearance of the document so from appearance point
of view, it does not matter if you include them or not.

Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents

You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags inside the
header of the document which is represented
by <head> and </head> tags. A meta tag can have following attributes in
addition to core attributes −

Sr.N Attribute & Description

1
Name
Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include,
keywords, description, author, revised, generator etc.

2
content
Specifies the property's value.

3
scheme
Specifies a scheme to interpret the property's value (as declared in
the content attribute).

4
http-equiv
Used for http response message headers. For example, http-equiv
can be used to refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include
content-type, expires, refresh and set-cookie.

Specifying Keywords
You can use <meta> tag to specify important keywords related to the
document and later these keywords are used by the search engines while
indexing your webpage for searching purpose.

Example
Following is an example, where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as
important keywords about the document.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Document Description
You can use <meta> tag to give a short description about the document.
This again can be used by various search engines while indexing your
webpage for searching purpose.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Document Revision Date

You can use <meta> tag to give information about when last time the
document was updated. This information can be used by various web
browsers while refreshing your webpage.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Document Refreshing
A <meta> tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page
will keep refreshing automatically.

Example
If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the
following syntax.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "revised" content = "Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv = "refresh" content = "5" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Page Redirection
You can use <meta> tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You
can also specify a duration if you want to redirect the page after a certain
number of seconds.

Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5
seconds. If you want to redirect page immediately then do not
specify content attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "revised" content = "Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv = "refresh" content = "5; url =
http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

Setting Cookies
Cookies are data, stored in small text files on your computer and it is
exchanged between web browser and web server to keep track of various
information based on your web application need.
You can use <meta> tag to store cookies on client side and later this
information can be used by the Web Server to track a site visitor.

Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5
seconds. If you want to redirect page immediately then do not
specify content attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta http-equiv = "cookie" content = "userid = xyz; expires =
Wednesday, 08-Aug-15 23:59:59 GMT;" />

</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a
session cookie and will be deleted when the user exits the browser.

Setting Author Name

You can set an author name in a web page using meta tag. See an example
below −

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Specify Character Set

You can use <meta> tag to specify character set used within the webpage.

Example
By default, Web servers and Web browsers use ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) encoding
to process Web pages. Following is an example to set UTF-8 encoding −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>
To serve the static page with traditional Chinese characters, the webpage
must contain a <meta> tag to set Big5 encoding −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name = "author" content = "Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset = Big5"
/>
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>
Comments
Comment is a piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is a
good practice to add comments into your HTML code, especially in complex
documents, to indicate sections of a document, and any other notes to
anyone looking at the code. Comments help you and others understand your
code and increases code readability.
HTML comments are placed in between  tags. So, any content
placed with-in  tags will be treated as comment and will be
completely ignored by the browser.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>

<title>This is document title</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

Valid vs Invalid Comments

Comments do not nest which means a comment cannot be put inside
another comment. Second the double-dash sequence "--" may not appear
inside a comment except as part of the closing --> tag. You must also make
sure that there are no spaces in the start-of comment string.

Example
Here, the given comment is a valid comment and will be wiped off by the
browser.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Valid Comment Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>
But, following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the
browser. This is because there is a space between the left angle bracket and
the exclamation mark.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Invalid Comment Example</title>
</head>

<body>
< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

Multiline Comments
So far we have seen single line comments, but HTML supports multi-line
comments as well.
You can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag  placed before the first line and end of the last line as shown in the
given example below.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Multiline Comments</title>
</head>

<p>Document content goes here.....</p>

</body>

</html>

Conditional Comments
Conditional comments only work in Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows but
they are ignored by other browsers. They are supported from Explorer 5
onwards, and you can use them to give conditional instructions to different
versions of IE.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Conditional Comments</title>

</head>

<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>
You will come across a situation where you will need to apply a different
style sheet based on different versions of Internet Explorer, in such situation
conditional comments will be helpful.
Using Comment Tag
There are few browsers that support <comment> tag to comment a part of
HTML code.
Note − The <comment> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Using Comment Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is <comment>not</comment> Internet Explorer.</p>
</body>

</html>

Commenting Script Code

Though you will learn JavaScript with HTML, in a separate tutorial, but here
you must make a note that if you are using Java Script or VB Script in your
HTML code then it is recommended to put that script code inside proper
HTML comments so that old browsers can work properly.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Commenting Script Code</title>

</html>

Commenting Style Sheets

Though you will learn using style sheets with HTML in a separate tutorial, but
here you must make a note that if you are using Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
in your HTML code then it is recommended to put that style sheet code
inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers can work properly.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Commenting Style Sheets</title>

<body>
<div class = "example">Hello , World!</div>
</body>

</html>
Images
Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex
concepts in simple way on your web page. This tutorial will take you through
simple steps to use images in your web pages.

Insert Image
You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is
the simple syntax to use this tag.
<img src = "Image URL" ... attributes-list/>
The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that, it can contain only list of
attributes and it has no closing tag.
Example
To try following example, let's keep our HTML file test.htm and image file
test.png in the same directory −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>

</html>
You can use PNG, JPEG or GIF image file based on your comfort but make
sure you specify correct image file name in src attribute. Image name is
always case sensitive.
The alt attribute is a mandatory attribute which specifies an alternate text
for an image, if the image cannot be displayed.

Set Image Location

Usually we keep all the images in a separate directory. So let's keep HTML
file test.htm in our home directory and create a subdirectory images inside
the home directory where we will keep our image test.png.
Example
Assuming our image location is "image/test.png", try the following example
−
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>

</html>

Set Image Width/Height

You can set image width and height based on your requirement
using width and height attributes. You can specify width and height of the
image in terms of either pixels or percentage of its actual size.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Set Image Width and Height</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Setting image width and height</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" width = "150" height
= "100"/>
</body>

</html>
Set Image Border
By default, image will have a border around it, you can specify border
thickness in terms of pixels using border attribute. A thickness of 0 means,
no border around the picture.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Set Image Border</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Setting image Border</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" border = "3"/>
</body>

</html>

Set Image Alignment

By default, image will align at the left side of the page, but you can
use align attribute to set it in the center or right.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Set Image Alignment</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Setting image Alignment</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" border = "3" align =
"right"/>
</body>
</html>
Tables
The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links,
other tables, etc. into rows and columns of cells.
The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is
used to create table rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells. The
elements under <td> are regular and left aligned by default

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>
Here, the border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border
across all the cells. If you do not need a border, then you can use border =
"0".

Table Heading
Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace
<td> tag, which is used to represent actual data cell. Normally you will put
your top row as table heading as shown below, otherwise you can use <th>
element in any row. Headings, which are defined in <th> tag are centered
and bold by default.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Header</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes

There are two attributes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will
use to adjust the white space in your table cells. The cellspacing attribute
defines space between table cells, while cellpadding represents the distance
between cell borders and the content within a cell.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" cellpadding = "5" cellspacing = "5">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Colspan and Rowspan Attributes

You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns
into a single column. Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge
two or more rows.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Colspan/Rowspan</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using one of the following two ways −
● bgcolor attribute − You can set background color for whole table
or just for one cell.
● background attribute − You can set background image for
whole table or just for one cell.
You can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute.
Note − The bgcolor, background, and bordercolor attributes deprecated in
HTML5. Do not use these attributes.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" bgcolor = "yellow">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
Here is an example of using background attribute. Here we will use an
image available in /images directory.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" background =
"/images/test.png">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Table Height and Width

You can set a table width and height using width and height attributes. You
can specify table width or height in terms of pixels or in terms of percentage
of available screen area.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Width/Height</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "400" height = "150">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Table Caption
The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows
up at the top of the table. This tag is deprecated in newer version of
HTML/XHTML.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Caption</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>

<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Table Header, Body, and Footer

Tables can be divided into three portions − a header, a body, and a foot. The
head and foot are rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed
document that remain the same for every page, while the body is the main
content holder of the table.
The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are −
● <thead> − to create a separate table header.
● <tbody> − to indicate the main body of the table.
● <tfoot> − to create a separate table footer.
A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or
groups of data. But it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should
appear before <tbody>

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>

<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>

</table>
</body>

</html>
Nested Tables
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use
almost all the tags inside table data tag <td>.

Example
Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table
cell.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>

<tr>
<td>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>

</table>
</body>
</html>
Lists
HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All
lists must contain one or more list elements. Lists may contain −
● <ul> − An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
● <ol> − An ordered list. This will use different schemes of
numbers to list your items.
● <dl> − A definition list. This arranges your items in the same
way as they are arranged in a dictionary.
HTML Unordered Lists
An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or
sequence. This list is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is
marked with a bullet.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like.
By default, it is a disc. Following are the possible options −
<ul type = "square">
<ul type = "disc">
<ul type = "circle">
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "square">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "disc"> −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "circle"> −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

HTML Ordered Lists

If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted,
then HTML ordered list will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag.
The numbering starts at one and is incremented by one for each successive
ordered list element tagged with <li>.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering
you like. By default, it is a number. Following are the possible options −
<ol type = "1"> - Default-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "A"> - Upper-Case Letters.
<ol type = "a"> - Lower-Case Letters.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "1">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "I">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "A" >
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "a">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
The start Attribute
You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of
numbering you need. Following are the possible options −
<ol type = "1" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with 4.
<ol type = "I" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type = "i" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type = "a" start = "4"> - Letters starts with d.
<ol type = "A" start = "4"> - Letters starts with D.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i" start = "4" >
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "i" start = "4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

HTML Definition Lists

HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where
entries are listed like in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the
ideal way to present a glossary, list of terms, or other name/value list.
Definition List makes use of following three tags.
● <dl> − Defines the start of the list
● <dt> − A term
● <dd> − Term definition
● </dl> − Defines the end of the list
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>

<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>

</html>
Text Links
A webpage can contain various links that take you directly to other pages
and even specific parts of a given page. These links are known as hyperlinks.
Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words,
phrases, and images. Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images
available on a webpage.

Linking Documents
A link is specified using HTML tag <a>. This tag is called anchor tag and
anything between the opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes
part of the link and a user can click that part to reach to the linked
document. Following is the simple syntax to use <a> tag.
<a href = "Document URL" ... attributes-list>Link Text</a>
Example
Let's try following example which links http://www.tutorialspoint.com at your
page −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com" target = "_self">Tutorials
Point</a>
</body>

</html>

The target Attribute

We have used target attribute in our previous example. This attribute is
used to specify the location where linked document is opened. Following are
the possible options −

Sr.No Option & Description

1
_blank
Opens the linked document in a new window or tab.

2
_self
Opens the linked document in the same frame.

3
_parent
Opens the linked document in the parent frame.

4
_top
Opens the linked document in the full body of the window.

5
targetframe
Opens the linked document in a named targetframe.

Example
Try following example to understand basic difference in few options given for
target attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>

<body>
<p>Click any of the following links</p>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank">Opens in New</a> |
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_self">Opens in Self</a> |
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_parent">Opens in Parent</a> |
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_top">Opens in Body</a>
</body>
</html>

Use of Base Path

When you link HTML documents related to the same website, it is not
required to give a complete URL for every link. You can get rid of it if you
use <base> tag in your HTML document header. This tag is used to give a
base path for all the links. So your browser will concatenate given relative
path to this base path and will make a complete URL.

Example
Following example makes use of <base> tag to specify base URL and later
we can use relative path to all the links instead of giving complete URL for
every link.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank">HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>

</html>

Linking to a Page Section

You can create a link to a particular section of a given webpage by
using name attribute. This is a two-step process.
Note − The name attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute.
Use id and title attribute instead.
First create a link to the place where you want to reach with-in a webpage
and name it using <a...> tag as follows −
<h1>HTML Text Links <a name = "top"></a></h1>
Second step is to create a hyperlink to link the document and place where
you want to reach −
<a href = "/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a>
This will produce following link, where you can click on the link generated Go
to the Top to reach to the top of the HTML Text Link tutorial.
Go to the Top

Setting Link Colors

You can set colors of your links, active links and visited links
using link, alink and vlink attributes of <body> tag.

Example
Save the following in test.htm and open it in any web browser to see
how link, alink and vlink attributes work.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>

<body alink = "#54A250" link = "#040404" vlink = "#F40633">

<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank" >HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>

</html>

Download Links
You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable.
This is very simple; you just need to give complete URL of the downloadable
file as follows −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<a href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/page.pdf">Download PDF
File</a>
</body>

</html>

File Download Dialog Box

Sometimes it is desired that you want to give an option where a user will
click a link and it will pop up a "File Download" box to the user instead of
displaying actual content. This is very easy and can be achieved using an
HTTP header in your HTTP response.
For example, if you want make a Filename file downloadable from a given
link then its syntax will be as follows.
#!/usr/bin/perl

# Additional HTTP Header

print "Content-Type:application/octet-stream; name = \"FileName\"\r\n";
print "Content-Disposition:attachment; filename = \"FileName\"\r\n\n";

# Open the target file and list down its content as follows
open( FILE, "<FileName" );

while(read(FILE, $buffer, 100)){

print("$buffer");
}
Image Links
We have seen how to create hypertext link using text and we also learnt how
to use images in our webpages. Now, we will learn how to use images to
create hyperlinks.

Example
It's simple to use an image as hyperlink. We just need to use an image inside
hyperlink at the place of text as shown below −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Image Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com" target = "_self">
<img src = "/images/logo.png" alt = "Tutorials Point" border = "0"/>
</a>
</body>

</html>

Mouse-Sensitive Images
The HTML and XHTML standards provides a feature that lets you embed
many different links inside a single image. You can create different links on
the single image based on different coordinates available on the image.
Once different links are attached to different coordinates, we can click
different parts of the image to open target documents. Such mouse-sensitive
images are known as image maps.
There are two ways to create image maps −
● Server-side image maps − This is enabled by
the ismap attribute of the <img> tag and requires access to a
server and related image-map processing applications.
● Client-side image maps − This is created with
the usemap attribute of the <img> tag, along with
corresponding <map> and <area> tags.
Server-Side Image Maps
Here you simply put your image inside a hyper link and use ismap attribute
which makes it special image and when the user clicks some place within the
image, the browser passes the coordinates of the mouse pointer along with
the URL specified in the <a> tag to the web server. The server uses the
mouse-pointer coordinates to determine which document to deliver back to
the browser.
When ismap is used, the href attribute of the containing <a> tag must
contain the URL of a server application like a cgi or PHP script etc. to process
the incoming request based on the passed coordinates.
The coordinates of the mouse position are screen pixels counted from the
upper-left corner of the image, beginning with (0,0). The coordinates,
preceded by a question mark, are added to the end of the URL.
For example, if a user clicks 20 pixels over and 30 pixels down from the
upper-left corner of the following image −
Which has been generated by the following code snippet −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>ISMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>

<a href = "/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi" target = "_self">

</html>
Then the browser sends the following search parameters to the web server
which can be processed by ismap.cgi script or map file and you can link
whatever documents you like to these coordinates −
/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi?20,30
This way you can assign different links to different coordinates of the image
and when those coordinates are clicked, you can open corresponding linked
document.

Client-Side Image Maps

Client side image maps are enabled by the usemap attribute of the <img />
tag and defined by special <map> and <area> extension tags.
The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the
<img /> tag as a normal image, except it carries an extra attribute
called usemap. The value of the usemap attribute is the value which will be
used in a <map> tag to link map and image tags. The <map> along with
<area> tags define all the image coordinates and corresponding links.
The <area> tag inside the map tag, specifies the shape and the coordinates
to define the boundaries of each clickable hotspot available on the image.
Here's an example from the image map −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>USEMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Search and click the hotspot</p>
<img src = /images/html.gif alt = "HTML Map" border = "0" usemap =
"#html"/>

<map name = "html">

<area shape = "rect" coords = "5,5,40,40" alt = "jQuery Link"

href = "/jquery/index.htm" target = "_self" />
</map>
</body>

</html>
Coordinate System
The actual value of coords is totally dependent on the shape in question.
Here is a summary, to be followed by detailed examples −
● rect = x , y , x , y
1 1 2 2

x and y1 are the coordinates of the upper left corner of the

rectangle; x and y are the coordinates of the lower right corner.

2 2

● circle = x , y , radius
c c

x and y are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and radius
c c

is the circle's radius. A circle centered at 200,50 with a radius of

25 would have the attribute coords = "200,50,25"
● poly = x , y , x , y , x , y , ... x , y
1 1 2 2 3 3 n n

The various x-y pairs define vertices (points) of the polygon, with
a "line" being drawn from one point to the next point. A diamond-
shaped polygon with its top point at 20,20 and 40 pixels across at
its widest points would have the attribute coords =
"20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40".
All coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of the image (0,0). Each
shape has a related URL. You can use any image software to know the
coordinates of different positions.
Email Links
It is not difficult to put an HTML email link on your webpage but it can cause
unnecessary spamming problem for your email account. There are people,
who can run programs to harvest these types of emails and later use them
for spamming in various ways.
You can have another option to facilitate people to send you emails. One
option could be to use HTML forms to collect user data and then use PHP or
CGI script to send an email.
A simple example, check our Contact Us Form. We take user feedback using
this form and then we are using one CGI program which is collecting this
information and sending us email to the one given email ID.

HTML Email Tag

HTML <a> tag provides you option to specify an email address to send an
email. While using <a> tag as an email tag, you will use mailto: email
address along with href attribute. Following is the syntax of
using mailto instead of using http.
<a href = "mailto: [email protected]">Send Email</a>
This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.
Send Email
Now, if a user clicks this link, it launches one Email Client (like Lotus Notes,
Outlook Express etc. ) installed on your user's computer. There is another
risk to use this option to send email because if user do not have email client
installed on their computer then it would not be possible to send email.

Default Settings
You can specify a default email subject and email body along with your email
address. Following is the example to use default subject and body.
<a href = "mailto:[email protected]?subject = Feedback&body =
Message">Send Feedback
</a>
This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.
Send Feedback
Frames
HTML frames are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections
where each section can load a separate HTML document. A collection of
frames in the browser window is known as a frameset. The window is divided
into frames in a similar way the tables are organized: into rows and columns.

Disadvantages of Frames
There are few drawbacks with using frames, so it's never recommended to
use frames in your webpages −
● Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames often because
their screen is not big enough to be divided up.
● Sometimes your page will be displayed differently on different
computers due to different screen resolution.
● The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes.
● There are still few browsers that do not support frame
technology.

Creating Frames
To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The
<frameset> tag defines, how to divide the window into frames.
The rows attribute of <frameset> tag defines horizontal frames
and cols attribute defines vertical frames. Each frame is indicated by
<frame> tag and it defines which HTML document shall open into the frame.
Note − The <frame> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element.

Example
Following is the example to create three horizontal frames −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>

<frameset rows = "10%,80%,10%">

<frame name = "top" src = "/html/top_frame.htm" />
<frame name = "main" src = "/html/main_frame.htm" />
<frame name = "bottom" src = "/html/bottom_frame.htm" />
<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
</noframes>

</frameset>

</html>

Example
Let's put the above example as follows, here we replaced rows attribute by
cols and changed their width. This will create all the three frames vertically −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>

<frameset cols = "25%,50%,25%">

<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>

</html>

The <frameset> Tag Attributes

Following are important attributes of the <frameset> tag −

Sr.N Attribute & Description

1
cols
Specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and the
size of each column. You can specify the width of each column in
one of the four ways −
Absolute values in pixels. For example, to create three vertical
frames, use cols = "100, 500, 100".
A percentage of the browser window. For example, to create three
vertical frames, use cols = "10%, 80%, 10%".
Using a wildcard symbol. For example, to create three vertical
frames, use cols = "10%, *, 10%". In this case wildcard takes
remainder of the window.
As relative widths of the browser window. For example, to create
three vertical frames, use cols = "3*, 2*, 1*". This is an alternative
to percentages. You can use relative widths of the browser window.
Here the window is divided into sixths: the first column takes up half
of the window, the second takes one third, and the third takes one
sixth.

rows
This attribute works just like the cols attribute and takes the same
2 values, but it is used to specify the rows in the frameset. For
example, to create two horizontal frames, use rows = "10%, 90%".
You can specify the height of each row in the same way as
explained above for columns.

border
3
This attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in
pixels. For example, border = "5". A value of zero means no border.

frameborder
4 This attribute specifies whether a three-dimensional border should
be displayed between frames. This attribute takes value either 1
(yes) or 0 (no). For example frameborder = "0" specifies no border.

5
framespacing
This attribute specifies the amount of space between frames in a
frameset. This can take any integer value. For example
framespacing = "10" means there should be 10 pixels spacing
between each frames.

The <frame> Tag Attributes

Following are the important attributes of <frame> tag −

Sr.N Attribute & Description

src
This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in
1
the frame. Its value can be any URL. For example, src =
"/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in html
directory.

name
This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to
2 indicate which frame a document should be loaded into. This is
especially important when you want to create links in one frame
that load pages into an another frame, in which case the second
frame needs a name to identify itself as the target of the link.

frameborder
This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are
3
shown; it overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on
the <frameset> tag if one is given, and this can take values either 1
(yes) or 0 (no).

marginwidth
4 This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between
the left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content.
The value is given in pixels. For example marginwidth = "10".

5
marginheight
This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between
the top and bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The
value is given in pixels. For example marginheight = "10".

noresize
6 By default, you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on
the borders of a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from
being able to resize the frame. For example noresize = "noresize".

scrolling
7 This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear
on the frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For
example scrolling = "no" means it should not have scroll bars.

longdesc
8 This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page
containing a long description of the contents of the frame. For
example longdesc = "framedescription.htm"

Browser Support for Frames

If a user is using any old browser or any browser, which does not support
frames then <noframes> element should be displayed to the user.
So you must place a <body> element inside the <noframes> element
because the <frameset> element is supposed to replace the <body>
element, but if a browser does not understand <frameset> element then it
should understand what is inside the <body> element which is contained in
a <noframes> element.
You can put some nice message for your user having old browsers. For
example, Sorry!! your browser does not support frames. as shown in the
above example.

Frame's name and target attributes

One of the most popular uses of frames is to place navigation bars in one
frame and then load main pages into a separate frame.
Let's see following example where a test.htm file has following code −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Target Frames</title>
</head>

<frameset cols = "200, *">

<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>

</html>
Here, we have created two columns to fill with two frames. The first frame is
200 pixels wide and will contain the navigation menu bar implemented
by menu.htm file. The second column fills in remaining space and will
contain the main part of the page and it is implemented by main.htm file.
For all the three links available in menu bar, we have mentioned target
frame as main_page, so whenever you click any of the links in menu bar,
available link will open in main page.
Following is the content of menu.htm file
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body bgcolor = "#4a7d49">

<a href = "http://www.google.com" target = "main_page">Google</a>
<br />
<br />

<a href = "http://www.microsoft.com" target = "main_page">Microsoft</a>

<a href = "http://news.bbc.co.uk" target = "main_page">BBC News</a>

</body>

</html>
Following is the content of main.htm file −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body bgcolor = "#b5dcb3">

<h3>This is main page and content from any link will be displayed
here.</h3>
<p>So now click any link and see the result.</p>
</body>

</html>
When we load test.htm file, it produces following result −
Now you can try to click links available in the left panel and see the result.
The targetattribute can also take one of the following values −

Sr.N
o
Option & Description

_self
1
Loads the page into the current frame.

_blank
2
Loads a page into a new browser window. Opening a new window.

_parent
3
Loads the page into the parent window, which in the case of a single
frameset is the main browser window.

_top
4
Loads the page into the browser window, replacing any current
frames.

targetframe
5
Loads the page into a named targetframe.
Iframes
You can define an inline frame with HTML tag <iframe>. The <iframe> tag
is not somehow related to <frameset> tag, instead, it can appear anywhere
in your document. The <iframe> tag defines a rectangular region within the
document in which the browser can display a separate document, including
scrollbars and borders. An inline frame is used to embed another document
within the current HTML document.
The src attribute is used to specify the URL of the document that occupies
the inline frame.

Example
Following is the example to show how to use the <iframe> −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Iframes</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Document content goes here...</p>

<iframe src = "/html/menu.htm" width = "555" height = "200">

Sorry your browser does not support inline frames.
</iframe>

<p>Document content also go here...</p>

</body>

</html>

The <Iframe> Tag Attributes

Most of the attributes of the <iframe> tag, including name, class,
frameborder, id, longdesc, marginheight, marginwidth, name, scrolling,
style, and title behave exactly like the corresponding attributes for the
<frame> tag.
Note −
The frameborder, marginwidth, longdesc, scrolling, marginheight attributes
deprecated in HTML5. Do not use these attributes.
Sr.N Attribute & Description
o

1
src
This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in
the frame. Its value can be any URL. For example, src =
"/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in html
directory.

2
name
This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to
indicate which frame a document should be loaded into. This is
especially important when you want to create links in one frame
that load pages into an another frame, in which case the second
frame needs a name to identify itself as the target of the link.

3
frameborder
This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are
shown; it overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on
the <frameset> tag if one is given, and this can take values either 1
(yes) or 0 (no).

4
marginwidth
This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between
the left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content.
The value is given in pixels. For example marginwidth = "10".

6
height
This attribute specifies the height of <iframe>.

7
scrolling
This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear
on the frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For
example scrolling = "no" means it should not have scroll bars.

8
longdesc
This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page
containing a long description of the contents of the frame. For
example longdesc = "framedescription.htm"

9
width
This attribute specifies the width of <iframe>.
Blocks
All the HTML elements can be categorized into two categories (a) Block Level
Elements (b)Inline Elements.

Block Elements
Block elements appear on the screen as if they have a line break before and
after them. For example, the <p>, <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>,
<ul>, <ol>, <dl>, <pre>, <hr />, <blockquote>, and <address> elements
are all block level elements. They all start on their own new line, and
anything that follows them appears on its own new line.

Inline Elements
Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within sentences and do not
have to appear on a new line of their own. The <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>,
<strong>, <sup>, <sub>, <big>, <small>, <li>, <ins>, <del>, <code>,
<cite>, <dfn>, <kbd>, and <var> elements are all inline elements.

Grouping HTML Elements

There are two important tags which we use very frequently to group various
other HTML tags (i) <div> tag and (ii) <span> tag

The <div> tag

This is the very important block level tag which plays a big role in grouping
various other HTML tags and applying CSS on group of elements. Even now
<div> tag can be used to create webpage layout where we define different
parts (Left, Right, Top etc.) of the page using <div> tag. This tag does not
provide any visual change on the block but this has more meaning when it is
used with CSS.

Example
Following is a simple example of <div> tag. We will learn Cascading Style
Sheet (CSS) in a separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of
<div> tag −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML div Tag</title>
</head>

<body>

<div style = "color:red">
<h4>This is first group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of vegetables</p>

<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div style = "color:green">
<h4>This is second group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of fruits</p>

<ul>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Mango</li>
<li>Strawberry</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>

</html>

The <span> tag

The HTML <span> is an inline element and it can be used to group inline-
elements in an HTML document. This tag also does not provide any visual
change on the block but has more meaning when it is used with CSS.
The difference between the <span> tag and the <div> tag is that the
<span> tag is used with inline elements whereas the <div> tag is used with
block-level elements.

Example
Following is a simple example of <span> tag. We will learn Cascading Style
Sheet (CSS) in a separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of
<span> tag −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p>This is <span style = "color:red">red</span> and this is
<span style = "color:green">green</span></p>
</body>

</html>
Backgrounds
By default, your webpage background is white in color. You may not like it,
but no worries. HTML provides you following two good ways to decorate your
webpage background.
● HTML Background with Colors
● HTML Background with Images

Now let's see both the approaches one by one using appropriate examples.

Html Background with Colors

The bgcolor attribute is used to control the background of an HTML element,
specifically page body and table backgrounds.
Note − The bgcolor attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute.
Following is the syntax to use bgcolor attribute with any HTML tag.
<tagname bgcolor = "color_value"...>
This color_value can be given in any of the following formats −

<table bgcolor = "lime" >

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Background Colors</title>
</head>

<body>

<table bgcolor = "yellow" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
This background is yellow
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<table bgcolor = "#6666FF" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
This background is sky blue
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<table bgcolor = "rgb(255,0,255)" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
This background is green
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Html Background with Images

The background attribute can also be used to control the background of an
HTML element, specifically page body and table backgrounds. You can
specify an image to set background of your HTML page or table.
Note − The background attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this
attribute.
Following is the syntax to use background attribute with any HTML tag.
Note − The background attribute is deprecated and it is recommended to
use Style Sheet for background setting.
<tagname background = "Image URL"...>
The most frequently used image formats are JPEG, GIF and PNG images.
Example
Here are the examples to set background images of a table.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>

<body>

<table background = "/images/html.gif" width = "100%" height = "100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with HTML image.
</td></tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds

You might have seen many pattern or transparent backgrounds on various
websites. This simply can be achieved by using patterned image or
transparent image in the background.
It is suggested that while creating patterns or transparent GIF or PNG
images, use the smallest dimensions possible even as small as 1x1 to avoid
slow loading.

Example
Here are the examples to set background pattern of a table −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>

<body>

<table background = "/images/pattern1.gif" width = "100%" height =
"100">
<tr>
<td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<table background = "/images/pattern2.gif" width = "100%" height =
"100">
<tr>
<td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
Colors
Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You
can specify colors on page level using <body> tag or you can set colors for
individual tags using bgcolor attribute.
The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different
colors −
● bgcolor − sets a color for the background of the page.
● text − sets a color for the body text.
● alink − sets a color for active links or selected links.
● link − sets a color for linked text.
● vlink − sets a color for visited links − that is, for linked text that
you have already clicked on.

HTML Color Coding Methods

There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page −
● Color names − You can specify color names directly like green,
blue or red.
● Hex codes − A six-digit code representing the amount of red,
green, and blue that makes up the color.
● Color decimal or percentage values − This value is specified
using the rgb( ) property.

HTML Colors - Color Names

You can specify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has
listed 16 basic color names that will validate with an HTML validator but
there are over 200 different color names supported by major browsers.

W3C Standard 16 Colors

Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to
use them.

Black Gray Silver White

Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia

Red Green Blue Purple

Maroon Olive Navy Teal

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color name −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Name</title>
</head>

<body text = "blue" bgcolor = "green">

<p>Use different color names for for body and table and see the
result.</p>

<table bgcolor = "black">

<tr>
<td>
<font color = "white">This text will appear white on black
background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

HTML Colors - Hex Codes

A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR)
represent a red value, the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are
the blue value(BB).
A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe
Photoshop, Paintshop Pro or MS Paint.
Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #.
Following is a list of few colors using hexadecimal notation.
Color Color HEX

#000000

#FF0000

#00FF00

#0000FF

#FFFF00

#00FFFF

#FF00FF

#C0C0C0

#FFFFFF

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code in
hexadecimal −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Hex</title>
</head>

<body text = "#0000FF" bgcolor = "#00FF00">

<p>Use different color hexa for for body and table and see the result.</p>

<table bgcolor = "#000000">

<tr>
<td>
<font color = "#FFFFFF">This text will appear white on black
background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

HTML Colors - RGB Values

This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes
three values, one each for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer
between 0 and 255 or a percentage.
Note − All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is
recommended not to use it.
Following is a list to show few colors using RGB values.

Color Color RGB

rgb(0,0,0)

rgb(255,0,0)

rgb(0,255,0)

rgb(0,0,255)

rgb(255,255,0)

rgb(0,255,255)

rgb(255,0,255)

rgb(192,192,192)

rgb(255,255,255)
Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code using
rgb() values −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Colors by RGB code</title>
</head>

<body text = "rgb(0,0,255)" bgcolor = "rgb(0,255,0)">

<p>Use different color code for for body and table and see the result.</p>

<table bgcolor = "rgb(0,0,0)">

<tr>
<td>
<font color = "rgb(255,255,255)">This text will appear white on black
background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Browser Safe Colors

Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be safest and computer
independent colors. These colors very from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF and
they will be supported by all the computers having 256 color palette.

000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF

003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF

006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF

009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF

00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF

00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF

330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF

333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF

336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF

339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF

33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF

33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF

660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF

663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF

666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF

669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF

66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF

66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF

990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF

993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF

996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF

999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF

99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF

99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF

CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF

CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF

CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF

CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF

CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF

CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF

FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF

FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF

FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF

FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF

FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF

FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF

Fonts
Fonts play a very important role in making a website more user friendly and
increasing content readability. Font face and color depends entirely on the
computer and browser that is being used to view your page but you can use
HTML <font> tag to add style, size, and color to the text on your website.
You can use a <basefont> tag to set all of your text to the same size, face,
and color.
The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to
customize your fonts. To change any of the font attributes at any time within
your webpage, simply use the <font> tag. The text that follows will remain
changed until you close with the </font> tag. You can change one or all of
the font attributes within one <font> tag.
Note −The font and basefont tags are deprecated and it is supposed to be
removed in a future version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's
suggested to use CSS styles to manipulate your fonts. But still for learning
purpose, this chapter will explain font and basefont tags in detail.

Set Font Size

You can set content font size using size attribute. The range of accepted
values is from 1(smallest) to 7(largest). The default size of a font is 3.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Setting Font Size</title>
</head>

Relative Font Size

You can specify how many sizes larger or how many sizes smaller than the
preset font size should be. You can specify it like <font size =
"+n"> or <font size = "−n">

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Relative Font Size</title>
</head>

</html>

Setting Font Face

You can set font face using face attribute but be aware that if the user
viewing the page doesn't have the font installed, they will not be able to see
it. Instead user will see the default font face applicable to the user's
computer.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Font Face</title>
</head>
<body>
<font face = "Times New Roman" size = "5">Times New Roman</font><br
/>
<font face = "Verdana" size = "5">Verdana</font><br />
<font face = "Comic sans MS" size =" 5">Comic Sans MS</font><br />
<font face = "WildWest" size = "5">WildWest</font><br />
<font face = "Bedrock" size = "5">Bedrock</font><br />
</body>

</html>

Specify alternate font faces

A visitor will only be able to see your font if they have that font installed on
their computer. So, it is possible to specify two or more font face alternatives
by listing the font face names, separated by a comma.
<font face = "arial,helvetica">
<font face = "Lucida Calligraphy,Comic Sans MS,Lucida Console">
When your page is loaded, their browser will display the first font face
available. If none of the given fonts are installed, then it will display the
default font face Times New Roman.

Setting Font Color

You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the
color that you want by either the color name or hexadecimal code for that
color.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Setting Font Color</title>
</head>

The <basefont> Element

The <basefont> element is supposed to set a default font size, color, and
typeface for any parts of the document that are not otherwise contained
within a <font> tag. You can use the <font> elements to override the
<basefont> settings.
The <basefont> tag also takes color, size and face attributes and it will
support relative font setting by giving size a value of +1 for a size larger or
−2 for two sizes smaller.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Setting Basefont Color</title>
</head>

<body>
<basefont face = "arial, verdana, sans-serif" size = "2" color = "#ff0000">
<p>This is the page's default font.</p>
<h2>Example of the <basefont> Element</h2>

<p><font size = "+2" color = "darkgray">

This is darkgray text with two sizes larger
</font>
</p>

<p><font face = "courier" size = "-1" color = "#000000">

It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color.
</font>
</p>
</body>

</html>
Forms
HTML Forms are required, when you want to collect some data from the site
visitor. For example, during user registration you would like to collect
information such as name, email address, credit card, etc.
A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end
application such as CGI, ASP Script or PHP script etc. The back-end
application will perform required processing on the passed data based on
defined business logic inside the application.
There are various form elements available like text fields, textarea fields,
drop-down menus, radio buttons, checkboxes, etc.
The HTML <form> tag is used to create an HTML form and it has following
syntax −
<form action = "Script URL" method = "GET|POST">
form elements like input, textarea etc.
</form>

Form Attributes
Apart from common attributes, following is a list of the most frequently used
form attributes −

Sr.N Attribute & Description

1
action
Backend script ready to process your passed data.

2
method
Method to be used to upload data. The most frequently used are
GET and POST methods.

3
target
Specify the target window or frame where the result of the script
will be displayed. It takes values like _blank, _self, _parent etc.

4
enctype
You can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browser
encodes the data before it sends it to the server. Possible values are
−
application/x-www-form-urlencoded − This is the standard
method most forms use in simple scenarios.
mutlipart/form-data − This is used when you want to upload
binary data in the form of files like image, word file etc.

HTML Form Controls

There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data
using HTML form −
● Text Input Controls
● Checkboxes Controls
● Radio Box Controls
● Select Box Controls
● File Select boxes
● Hidden Controls
● Clickable Buttons
● Submit and Reset Button

Text Input Controls

There are three types of text input used on forms −
● Single-line text input controls − This control is used for items
that require only one line of user input, such as search boxes or
names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.
● Password input controls − This is also a single-line text input
but it masks the character as soon as a user enters it. They are
also created using HTMl <input> tag.
● Multi-line text input controls − This is used when the user is
required to give details that may be longer than a single
sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using
HTML <textarea> tag.

Single-line text input controls

This control is used for items that require only one line of user input, such as
search boxes or names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.
Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line text input used to take first name
and last name −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Text Input Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form >
First name: <input type = "text" name = "first_name" />
<br>
Last name: <input type = "text" name = "last_name" />
</form>
</body>

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating text field.

Sr.N Attribute & Description

1
type
Indicates the type of input control and for text input control it will be
set to text.

2
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

3
value
This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.
4
size
Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of
characters.

5
maxlength
Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can
enter into the text box.

Password input controls

This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a
user enters it. They are also created using HTML <input>tag but type
attribute is set to password.

Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line password input used to take user
password −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Password Input Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form >
User ID : <input type = "text" name = "user_id" />
<br>
Password: <input type = "password" name = "password" />
</form>
</body>

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating password field.
Sr.N Attribute & Description
o

1
type
Indicates the type of input control and for password input control it
will be set to password.

2
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

3
value
This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.

4
size
Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of
characters.

5
maxlength
Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can
enter into the text box.

Multiple-Line Text Input Controls

This is used when the user is required to give details that may be longer than
a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using HTML
<textarea> tag.

Example
Here is a basic example of a multi-line text input used to take item
description −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Multiple-Line Input Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
Description : <br />
<textarea rows = "5" cols = "50" name = "description">
Enter description here...
</textarea>
</form>
</body>

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <textarea> tag.

Sr.N Attribute & Description

1
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

2
rows
Indicates the number of rows of text area box.

3
cols
Indicates the number of columns of text area box

Checkbox Control
Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected.
They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set
to checkbox..
Example
Here is an example HTML code for a form with two checkboxes −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Checkbox Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type = "checkbox" name = "maths" value = "on"> Maths
<input type = "checkbox" name = "physics" value = "on"> Physics
</form>
</body>

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <checkbox> tag.

Sr.N Attribute & Description

1
type
Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it
will be set to checkbox..

2
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

3
value
The value that will be used if the checkbox is selected.

4
checked
Set to checked if you want to select it by default.

Radio Button Control

Radio buttons are used when out of many options, just one option is required
to be selected. They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type
attribute is set to radio.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with two radio buttons −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Radio Box Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type = "radio" name = "subject" value = "maths"> Maths
<input type = "radio" name = "subject" value = "physics"> Physics
</form>
</body>

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for radio button.

Sr.N Attribute & Description

1
type
Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set to
radio.
2
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be recognized
and get the value.

3
value
The value that will be used if the radio box is selected.

4
checked
Set to checked if you want to select it by default.

Select Box Control

A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list down
various options in the form of drop down list, from where a user can select
one or more options.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one drop down box
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Select Box Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<select name = "dropdown">
<option value = "Maths" selected>Maths</option>
<option value = "Physics">Physics</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>

</html>
Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of <select> tag −

Sr.N Attribute & Description

1
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

2
size
This can be used to present a scrolling list box.

3
multiple
If set to "multiple" then allows a user to select multiple items from
the menu.

Following is the list of important attributes of <option> tag −

Sr.N Attribute & Description

1
value
The value that will be used if an option in the select box box is
selected.

2
selected
Specifies that this option should be the initially selected value when
the page loads.

3
label
An alternative way of labeling options
File Upload Box
If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site, you will need to
use a file upload box, also known as a file select box. This is also created
using the <input> element but type attribute is set to file.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one file upload box −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of file upload box −

Sr.N Attribute & Description

1
name
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

2
accept
Specifies the types of files that the server accepts.
Button Controls
There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can also
create a clickable button using <input>tag by setting its type attribute
to button. The type attribute can take the following values −

Sr.N Type & Description

1
submit
This creates a button that automatically submits a form.

2
reset
This creates a button that automatically resets form controls to their
initial values.

3
button
This creates a button that is used to trigger a client-side script when
the user clicks that button.

4
image
This creates a clickable button but we can use an image as
background of the button.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with three types of buttons −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>

</html>

Hidden Form Controls

Hidden form controls are used to hide data inside the page which later on
can be pushed to the server. This control hides inside the code and does not
appear on the actual page. For example, following hidden form is being used
to keep current page number. When a user will click next page then the
value of hidden control will be sent to the web server and there it will decide
which page will be displayed next based on the passed current page.

Example
Here is example HTML code to show the usage of hidden control −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>

</html>
Embed Multimedia
Sometimes you need to add music or video into your web page. The easiest
way to add video or sound to your web site is to include the special HTML tag
called <embed>. This tag causes the browser itself to include controls for
the multimedia automatically provided browser supports <embed> tag and
given media type.
You can also include a <noembed> tag for the browsers which don't
recognize the <embed> tag. You could, for example, use <embed> to
display a movie of your choice, and <noembed> to display a single JPG
image if browser does not support <embed> tag.

Example
Here is a simple example to play an embedded midi file −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>

</html>

The <embed> Tag Attributes

Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <embed>
tag.
Note −The align and autostart attributes deprecated in HTML5. Do not use
these attributes.

Sr.N Attribute & Description

o
1
align
Determines how to align the object. It can be set to either
center, left or right.

2
autostart
This boolean attribute indicates if the media should start
automatically. You can set it either true or false.

3
loop
Specifies if the sound should be played continuously (set loop to
true), a certain number of times (a positive value) or not at all
(false)

4
playcount
Specifies the number of times to play the sound. This is alternate
option for loop if you are usiong IE.

5
hidden
Specifies if the multimedia object should be shown on the page. A
false value means no and true values means yes.

6
width
Width of the object in pixels

7
height
Height of the object in pixels

8
name
A name used to reference the object.

9
src
URL of the object to be embedded.
10
volume
Controls volume of the sound. Can be from 0 (off) to 100 (full
volume).

Supported Video Types

You can use various media types like Flash movies (.swf), AVI's (.avi), and
MOV's (.mov) file types inside embed tag.
● .swf files − are the file types created by Macromedia's Flash
program.
● .wmv files − are Microsoft's Window's Media Video file types.
● .mov files − are Apple's Quick Time Movie format.
● .mpeg files − are movie files created by the Moving Pictures
Expert Group.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>

</html>

Background Audio
You can use HTML <bgsound> tag to play a soundtrack in the background
of your webpage. This tag is supported by Internet Explorer only and most of
the other browsers ignore this tag. It downloads and plays an audio file when
the host document is first downloaded by the user and displayed. The
background sound file also will replay whenever the user refreshes the
browser.
Note − The bgsound tag is deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a
future version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to
use HTML5 tag audio for adding sound. But still for learning purpose, this
chapter will explain bgsound tag in detail.
This tag is having only two attributes loop and src. Both these attributes
have same meaning as explained above.
Here is a simple example to play a small midi file −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>

</html>
This will produce the blank screen. This tag does not display any component
and remains hidden.
Internet Explorer can also handle only three different sound format files −
wav, the native format for PCs; au, the native format for most Unix
workstations; and MIDI, a universal music-encoding scheme.

HTML Object tag

HTML 4 introduces the <object> element, which offers an all-purpose
solution to generic object inclusion. The <object> element allows HTML
authors to specify everything required by an object for its presentation by a
user agent.
Here are a few examples −

Example - 1
You can embed an HTML document in an HTML document itself as follows −
<object data = "data/test.htm" type = "text/html" width = "300" height =
"200">
alt : <a href = "data/test.htm">test.htm</a>
</object>
Here alt attribute will come into picture if browser does not
support object tag.

Example - 2
You can embed a PDF document in an HTML document as follows −
<object data = "data/test.pdf" type = "application/pdf" width = "300" height =
"200">
alt : <a href = "data/test.pdf">test.htm</a>
</object>
Example - 3
You can specify some parameters related to the document with
the <param> tag. Here is an example to embed a wav file −
<object data = "data/test.wav" type = "audio/x-wav" width = "200" height =
"20">
<param name = "src" value = "data/test.wav">
<param name = "autoplay" value = "false">
<param name = "autoStart" value = "0">
alt : <a href = "data/test.wav">test.wav</a>
</object>
Example - 4
You can add a flash document as follows −
<object classid = "clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" id =
"penguin"
codebase = "someplace/swflash.cab" width = "200" height = "300">

<param name = "movie" value = "flash/penguin.swf" />

<param name = "quality" value = "high" />
<img src = "penguin.jpg" width = "200" height = "300" alt = "Penguin" />
</object>
Example - 5
You can add a java applet into HTML document as follows −
<object classid = "clsid:8ad9c840-044e-11d1-b3e9-00805f499d93"
width = "200" height = "200">
<param name = "code" value = "applet.class">
</object>
The classid attribute identifies which version of Java Plug-in to use. You can
use the optional codebase attribute to specify if and how to download the
JRE.
Marquees
An HTML marquee is a scrolling piece of text displayed either horizontally
across or vertically down your webpage depending on the settings. This is
created by using HTML <marquees> tag.
Note − The <marquee> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element,
instead you can use JavaScript and CSS to create such effects.

Syntax
A simple syntax to use HTML <marquee> tag is as follows −
<marquee attribute_name = "attribute_value"....more attributes>
One or more lines or text message or image
</marquee>

The <marquee> Tag Attributes

Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with
<marquee> tag.

Sr.N Attribute & Description

1
width
This specifies the width of the marquee. This can be a value like 10
or 20% etc.

2
height
This specifies the height of the marquee. This can be a value like 10
or 20% etc.

3
direction
This specifies the direction in which marquee should scroll. This can
be a value like up, down, left or right.

4
behavior
This specifies the type of scrolling of the marquee. This can have a
value like scroll, slide and alternate.

5
scrolldelay
This specifies how long to delay between each jump. This will have a
value like 10 etc.

6
scrollamount
This specifies the speed of marquee text. This can have a value like
10 etc.

7
loop
This specifies how many times to loop. The default value is INFINITE,
which means that the marquee loops endlessly.

8
bgcolor
This specifies background color in terms of color name or color hex
value.

9
hspace
This specifies horizontal space around the marquee. This can be a
value like 10 or 20% etc.

10
vspace
This specifies vertical space around the marquee. This can be a
value like 10 or 20% etc.

Below are few examples to demonstrate the usage of marquee tag.

Examples - 1

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<marquee>This is basic example of marquee</marquee>
</body>

</html>

Examples - 2
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<marquee width = "50%">This example will take only 50%
width</marquee>
</body>

</html>

Examples - 3
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<marquee direction = "right">This text will scroll from left to
right</marquee>
</body>

</html>
Examples - 4
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<marquee direction = "up">This text will scroll from bottom to
up</marquee>
</body>

</html>
Header
We have learnt that a typical HTML document will have following structure −
Document declaration tag
<html>

<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related tags
</body>

</html>
This chapter will give a little more detail about header part which is
represented by HTML <head> tag. The <head> tag is a container of various
important tags like <title>, <meta>, <link>, <base>, <style>, <script>,
and <noscript> tags.

The HTML <title> Tag

The HTML <title> tag is used for specifying the title of the HTML document.
Following is an example to give a title to an HTML document −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Title Tag Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>
The HTML <meta> Tag
The HTML <meta> tag is used to provide metadata about the HTML
document which includes information about page expiry, page author, list of
keywords, page description etc.
Following are few of the important usages of <meta> tag inside an HTML
document −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Meta Tag Example</title>

<meta name = "robots" content = "noindex, nofollow">

</head>

<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

The HTML <base> Tag

The HTML <base> tag is used for specifying the base URL for all relative
URLs in a page, which means all the other URLs will be concatenated into
base URL while locating for the given item.
For example, all the given pages and images will be searched after prefixing
the given URLs with base URL http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ directory −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Base Tag Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
</head>

<body>
<img src = "/images/logo.png" alt = "Logo Image"/>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" title = "HTML Tutorial"/>HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>

</html>

But if you change base URL to something else, for example, if base URL is
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home then image and other given links will
become like http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home/images/logo.png and
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/index.htm

The HTML <link> Tag

The HTML <link> tag is used to specify relationships between the current
document and external resource. Following is an example to link an external
style sheet file available in css sub-directory within web root −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML link Tag Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href = "/css/style.css">
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

The HTML <style> Tag

The HTML <style> tag is used to specify style sheet for the current HTML
document. Following is an example to define few style sheet rules inside
<style> tag −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML style Tag Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />

<style type = "text/css">

.myclass {
background-color: #aaa;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class = "myclass">Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>
The HTML <script> Tag
The HTML <script> tag is used to include either external script file or to
define internal script for the HTML document. Following is an example where
we are using JavaScript to define a simple JavaScript function −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML script Tag Example</title>
<base href = "http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />

<script type = "text/JavaScript">

function Hello() {
alert("Hello, World");
}
</script>
</head>

</html>
Style Sheet
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) describe how documents are presented on
screens, in print, or perhaps how they are pronounced. W3C has actively
promoted the use of style sheets on the Web since the consortium was
founded in 1994.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) provide easy and effective alternatives to
specify various attributes for the HTML tags. Using CSS, you can specify a
number of style properties for a given HTML element. Each property has a
name and a value, separated by a colon (:). Each property declaration is
separated by a semi-colon (;).

Example
First let's consider an example of HTML document which makes use of
<font> tag and associated attributes to specify text color and font size −
Note − The font tag deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future
version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use
CSS styles to manipulate your fonts. But still for learning purpose, this
chapter will work with an example using the font tag.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p><font color = "green" size = "5">Hello, World!</font></p>
</body>

</html>
We can re-write above example with the help of Style Sheet as follows −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style = "color:green; font-size:24px;" >Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

You can use CSS in three ways in your HTML document −

● External Style Sheet − Define style sheet rules in a
separate .css file and then include that file in your HTML
document using HTML <link> tag.
● Internal Style Sheet − Define style sheet rules in header
section of the HTML document using <style> tag.
● Inline Style Sheet − Define style sheet rules directly along-with
the HTML elements using style attribute.
Let's see all the three cases one by one with the help of suitable examples.

External Style Sheet

If you need to use your style sheet to various pages, then its always
recommended to define a common style sheet in a separate file. A cascading
style sheet file will have extension as .css and it will be included in HTML
files using <link> tag.

Example
Consider we define a style sheet file style.css which has following rules −
.red {
color: red;
}
.thick {
font-size:20px;
}
.green {
color:green;
}
Here we defined three CSS rules which will be applicable to three different
classes defined for the HTML tags. I suggest you should not bother about
how these rules are being defined because you will learn them while
studying CSS. Now let's make use of the above external CSS file in our
following HTML document –
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML External CSS</title>
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href = "/html/style.css">
</head>

<body>
<p class = "red">This is red</p>
<p class = "thick">This is thick</p>
<p class = "green">This is green</p>
<p class = "thick green">This is thick and green</p>
</body>

</html>

Internal Style Sheet

If you want to apply Style Sheet rules to a single document only, then you
can include those rules in header section of the HTML document using
<style> tag.
Rules defined in internal style sheet overrides the rules defined in an
external CSS file.

Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet
rules in the same HTML document using <style> tag −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Internal CSS</title>

<style type = "text/css">

.red {
color: red;
}
.thick{
font-size:20px;
}
.green {
color:green;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class = "red">This is red</p>
<p class = "thick">This is thick</p>
<p class = "green">This is green</p>
<p class = "thick green">This is thick and green</p>
</body>

</html>

Inline Style Sheet

You can apply style sheet rules directly to any HTML element
using style attribute of the relevant tag. This should be done only when you
are interested to make a particular change in any HTML element only.
Rules defined inline with the element overrides the rules defined in an
external CSS file as well as the rules defined in <style> element.

Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet
rules along with the HTML elements using style attribute of those elements.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Inline CSS</title>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "color:red;">This is red</p>
<p style = "font-size:20px;">This is thick</p>
<p style = "color:green;">This is green</p>
<p style = "color:green;font-size:20px;">This is thick and green</p>
</body>

</html>
JavaScript
A script is a small piece of program that can add interactivity to your
website. For example, a script could generate a pop-up alert box message, or
provide a dropdown menu. This script could be written using JavaScript or
VBScript.
You can write various small functions, called event handlers using any of the
scripting language and then you can trigger those functions using HTML
attributes.
Now-a-days, only JavaScript and associated frameworks are being used by
most of the web developers, VBScript is not even supported by various major
browsers.
You can keep JavaScript code in a separate file and then include it wherever
it's needed, or you can define functionality inside HTML document itself. Let's
see both the cases one by one with suitable examples.

External JavaScript
If you are going to define a functionality which will be used in various HTML
documents then it's better to keep that functionality in a separate JavaScript
file and then include that file in your HTML documents. A JavaScript file will
have extension as .js and it will be included in HTML files using <script> tag.

Example
Consider we define a small function using JavaScript in script.js which has
following code −
function Hello() {
alert("Hello, World");
}
Now let's make use of the above external JavaScript file in our following
HTML document −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Javascript External Script</title>
<script src = "/html/script.js" type = "text/javascript"/></script>
</head>

</html>

Internal Script
You can write your script code directly into your HTML document. Usually we
keep script code in header of the document using <script> tag, otherwise
there is no restriction and you can put your source code anywhere in the
document but inside <script> tag.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>JavaScript Internal Script</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />

<script type = "text/JavaScript">

function Hello() {
alert("Hello, World");
}
</script>
</head>

</html>

Event Handlers
Event handlers are nothing but simply defined functions which can be called
against any mouse or keyboard event. You can define your business logic
inside your event handler which can vary from a single to 1000s of line code.
Following example explains how to write an event handler. Let's write one
simple function EventHandler() in the header of the document. We will call
this function when any user brings mouse over a paragraph.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Event Handlers Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />

<script type = "text/JavaScript">

function EventHandler() {
alert("I'm event handler!!");
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<p onmouseover = "EventHandler();">Bring your mouse here to see an
alert</p>
</body>

</html>

Hide Scripts from Older Browsers

Although most (if not all) browsers these days support JavaScript, but still
some older browsers don't. If a browser doesn't support JavaScript, instead of
running your script, it would display the code to the user. To prevent this,
you can simply place HTML comments around the script as shown below.
JavaScript Example:
<script type = "text/JavaScript">

</script>

VBScript Example:
<script type = "text/vbscript">

</script>

The <noscript> Element

You can also provide alternative info to the users whose browsers don't
support scripts and for those users who have disabled script option their
browsers. You can do this using the <noscript> tag.
JavaScript Example:
<script type = "text/JavaScript">

</script>

<noscript>Your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>

VBScript Example:
<script type = "text/vbscript">

</script>

<noscript>Your browser does not support VBScript!</noscript>

Default Scripting Language

There may be a situation when you will include multiple script files and
ultimately using multiple <script> tags. You can specify a default scripting
language for all your script tags. This saves you from specifying the
language every time you use a script tag within the page. Below is the
example −
<meta http-equiv = "Content-Script-Type" content = "text/JavaScript" />
Note that you can still override the default by specifying a language within
the script tag.
Layouts
A webpage layout is very important to give better look to your website. It
takes considerable time to design a website's layout with great look and feel.
Now-a-days, all modern websites are using CSS and JavaScript based
framework to come up with responsive and dynamic websites but you can
create a good layout using simple HTML tables or division tags in
combination with other formatting tags. This chapter will give you few
examples on how to create a simple but working layout for your webpage
using pure HTML and its attributes.

HTML Layout - Using Tables

The simplest and most popular way of creating layouts is using HTML
<table> tag. These tables are arranged in columns and rows, so you can
utilize these rows and columns in whatever way you like.

Example
For example, the following HTML layout example is achieved using a table
with 3 rows and 2 columns but the header and footer column spans both
columns using the colspan attribute −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Layout using Tables</title>
</head>

<tr>
<td colspan = "2" bgcolor = "#b5dcb3">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign = "top">
<td bgcolor = "#aaa" width = "50">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>

<td bgcolor = "#eee" width = "100" height = "200">

</table>
</body>

</html>

Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables

You can design your webpage to put your web content in multiple pages. You
can keep your content in middle column and you can use left column to use
menu and right column can be used to put advertisement or some other
stuff. This layout will be very similar to what we have at our website
tutorialspoint.com.

Example
Here is an example to create three column layout −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Three Column HTML Layout</title>
</head>

<tr valign = "top">

<td bgcolor = "#b5dcb3" height = "200" width = "60%">

Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>

<td bgcolor = "#aaa" width = "20%">

<b>Right Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
</tr>

</html>

HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN

The <div> element is a block level element used for grouping HTML
elements. While the <div> tag is a block-level element, the HTML <span>
element is used for grouping elements at an inline level.
Although we can achieve pretty nice layouts with HTML tables, but tables
weren't really designed as a layout tool. Tables are more suited to presenting
tabular data.
Note − This example makes use of Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), so before
understanding this example you need to have a better understanding on how
CSS works.

Example
Here we will try to achieve same result using <div> tag along with CSS,
whatever you have achieved using <table> tag in previous example.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layouts using DIV, SPAN</title>
</head>

<div style = "background-color:#b5dcb3; width:100%">

<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</div>

<div style = "background-color:#aaa; height:200px; width:100px;

float:left;">
<div><b>Main Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>

<div style = "background-color:#eee; height:200px; width:350px;

float:left;" >
<p>Technical and Managerial Tutorials</p>
</div>

<div style = "background-color:#aaa; height:200px; width:100px;

float:right;">
<div><b>Right Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>

<div style = "background-color:#b5dcb3; clear:both">

</div>
</body>
</html>

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