Module 1

Question 1

(a) List and explain the Java buzzwords. Java's success is due to its design philosophy,
which is represented by the following buzzwords:

1. Simple: Java's syntax is clean and easy to understand, especially for programmers
familiar with C++ or C.
2. Object-Oriented: Everything in Java revolves around objects and classes,
promoting reusability and modular design.
3. Platform-Independent: Java programs are compiled into bytecode, which runs on
the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying platform.
4. Secure: Java has built-in security features, such as bytecode verification and a
security manager to restrict unauthorized actions.
5. Robust: Java includes features like garbage collection, exception handling, and type
checking to create reliable applications.
6. Multithreaded: Java supports multithreading for concurrent execution of tasks,
improving performance in applications.
7. Architectural-Neutral: Bytecode ensures the program's behavior is consistent across
all systems.
8. Dynamic: Java can dynamically load classes and supports runtime linking.
9. High Performance: Just-In-Time (JIT) compilers improve execution speed.
10. Distributed: Java simplifies the development of distributed systems using APIs like
RMI (Remote Method Invocation).

(b) List the various operators supported by Java. Illustrate the working of >> and <<
operators with an example.

Java supports the following categories of operators:

1. Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
2. Relational Operators: >, <, >=, <=, ==, !=
3. Logical Operators: &&, ||, !
4. Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, >>, <<, >>>
5. Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
6. Unary Operators: +, -, ++, --
7. Ternary Operator: ? :
8. Shift Operators: >>, <<, >>>

Working of >> and << Operators:

 >> (Signed right shift): Shifts bits to the right, filling the leftmost bits with the sign
bit (0 for positive, 1 for negative).
  << (Left shift): Shifts bits to the left, filling the rightmost bits with 0.

Example:

public class ShiftOperators {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int num = 8; // Binary: 1000
[Link]("Left Shift (<<): " + (num << 2)); // 32 (Binary: 100000)
[Link]("Right Shift (>>): " + (num >> 2)); // 2 (Binary: 10)
}
}

(c) Explain Conditional Operator. Develop a Java program to find the smallest of 2
numbers using the conditional operator.

 The conditional operator (? :) evaluates a Boolean expression and returns one of two
values based on the condition.
 Syntax: condition ? value_if_true : value_if_false

Example Program:

public class SmallestNumber {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int num1 = 10, num2 = 20;
int smallest = (num1 < num2) ? num1 : num2;
[Link]("Smallest Number: " + smallest);
}
}

Question 2

(a) Discuss the different data types supported by Java along with default values and
literals.

Java has two categories of data types:

1. Primitive Data Types:

o byte (1 byte, default: 0)
o short (2 bytes, default: 0)
o int (4 bytes, default: 0)
o long (8 bytes, default: 0L)
o float (4 bytes, default: 0.0f)
o double (8 bytes, default: 0.0d)
o char (2 bytes, default: '\u0000')
o boolean (1 bit, default: false)
2. Reference Data Types: Objects and arrays, default value is null.
Literals:

 Numeric: 123, 1.23

 Character: 'A'
 Boolean: true, false
 String: "Hello"
 Special: null

(b) Explain different lexical issues in Java.

Lexical issues include:

1. Whitespace: Spaces, tabs, and newlines are ignored except when used to separate
identifiers.
2. Comments:
o Single-line: // comment
o Multi-line: /* comment */
3. Identifiers: Names for variables, methods, etc., must begin with a letter or _ and
cannot use keywords.
4. Keywords: Reserved words like class, void, if, else.
5. Literals: Represent constant values in the program.

(c) Define Array. Develop a Java program to implement the addition of two matrices.

An array is a collection of elements of the same type stored in contiguous memory

locations.

Example Program:

public class MatrixAddition {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] matrix1 = { {1, 2}, {3, 4} };
int[][] matrix2 = { {5, 6}, {7, 8} };
int[][] result = new int[2][2];

for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
result[i][j] = matrix1[i][j] + matrix2[i][j];
}
}

[Link]("Resultant Matrix:");
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
[Link](result[i][j] + " ");
 }
[Link]();
}
}
}

Module 2

Question 3

(a) Explain different types of if statements in JAVA.

Java provides the following types of if statements:

 Simple if Statement: Executes a block of code if the condition is true.

if (condition) {
// Code to execute if condition is true
}

 if-else Statement: Executes one block of code if the condition is true; otherwise, it
executes another block.

if (condition) {
// Code to execute if condition is true
} else {
// Code to execute if condition is false
}

 Nested if Statement: An if statement inside another if statement.

if (condition1) {
if (condition2) {
// Code to execute if both conditions are true
}
}

 if-else-if Ladder: Evaluates multiple conditions sequentially.

if (condition1) {
// Code to execute if condition1 is true
} else if (condition2) {
// Code to execute if condition2 is true
} else {
// Code to execute if none of the conditions are true
}
(b) Implement a Java program to find the largest of 3 numbers using a nested if-else
statement.

Example Program:

public class LargestNumber {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int num1 = 10, num2 = 20, num3 = 15;

if (num1 >= num2) {

if (num1 >= num3) {
[Link]("Largest Number: " + num1);
} else {
[Link]("Largest Number: " + num3);
}
} else {
if (num2 >= num3) {
[Link]("Largest Number: " + num2);
} else {
[Link]("Largest Number: " + num3);
}
}
}
}

(c) Explain the use of this in JAVA with an example.

The this keyword in Java refers to the current object and is used for:

1. Referring to instance variables when they are shadowed by local variables.

2. Calling another constructor in the same class (constructor chaining).
3. Passing the current object as an argument.

Example:

class Example {
int num;

Example(int num) {
[Link] = num; // Refers to the instance variable
}

void display() {
[Link]("Value of num: " + [Link]);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Example obj = new Example(10);
[Link]();
}
}
Question 4

(a) What are constructors? Explain two types of constructors with an example program.

A constructor is a special method used to initialize objects. It has the same name as the
class and does not have a return type.

Types of Constructors:

1. Default Constructor: A constructor with no parameters. It initializes objects with

default values.
2. Parameterized Constructor: A constructor that accepts arguments to initialize
objects with specific values.

Example Program:

class Student {
String name;
int age;

// Default Constructor
Student() {
name = "Unknown";
age = 0;
}

// Parameterized Constructor
Student(String name, int age) {
[Link] = name;
[Link] = age;
}

void display() {
[Link]("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Student s1 = new Student();
Student s2 = new Student("Alice", 22);

[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

(b) Implement a Java program to demonstrate the Stack operation.

Example Program:
import [Link];

public class StackDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();

// Push elements onto the stack

[Link](10);
[Link](20);
[Link](30);

[Link]("Stack: " + stack);

// Pop an element
int popped = [Link]();
[Link]("Popped Element: " + popped);
[Link]("Stack after pop: " + stack);

// Peek at the top element

int top = [Link]();
[Link]("Top Element: " + top);
}
}

(c) Discuss the class definition and object declaration with an example program.

In Java, a class is a blueprint for objects. It defines properties (fields) and behaviors
(methods). An object is an instance of a class.

Example Program:

class Car {
String brand;
int speed;

void displayDetails() {
[Link]("Brand: " + brand + ", Speed: " + speed);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Object Declaration and Initialization
Car car1 = new Car();
[Link] = "Toyota";
[Link] = 120;

[Link]();
}
}

Module 3
Question 5

(a) Discuss the super keyword in inheritance and its importance. Illustrate with a suitable
example.

The super keyword in Java is used to refer to the immediate parent class of the current
object. It has three main uses:

1. Access Parent Class Variables: If a child class overrides a parent class variable,
super can be used to access the parent’s version.
2. Call Parent Class Methods: It allows calling a parent class’s method if it is
overridden in the child class.
3. Invoke Parent Class Constructor: It is used to call the parent class constructor from
the child class constructor.

Example:

class Parent {
String name = "Parent";

void display() {
[Link]("This is the parent class.");
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

String name = "Child";

void display() {
[Link]("This is the child class.");
}

void show() {
[Link]("Name: " + [Link]); // Access parent class variable
[Link](); // Call parent class method
}
}

public class SuperKeywordDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Child c = new Child();
[Link]();
}
}

Output:

Name: Parent
This is the parent class.
(b) Develop a Java Program to demonstrate Method Overloading.

Method Overloading occurs when two or more methods in the same class share the same
name but have different parameter lists.

Example Program:

class OverloadingExample {

void display(int num) {

[Link]("Number: " + num);
}

void display(String str) {

[Link]("String: " + str);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

OverloadingExample obj = new OverloadingExample();
[Link](10);
[Link]("Hello");
}
}

Output:

Number: 10
String: Hello

(c) Explain the method overriding with a suitable example.

Method Overriding allows a child class to provide its specific implementation of a method
that is already defined in its parent class.

Example:

class Animal {
void sound() {
[Link]("Animals make sounds");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override
void sound() {
[Link]("Dog barks");
}
}

public class OverridingExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
 Animal a = new Dog();
[Link]();
}
}

Output:

Dog barks

Question 6

(a) Discuss call by value and call by reference with an example program.

In Java, call by value means passing a copy of the value to the method. Any changes made
to the parameter inside the method do not affect the original value. Call by reference is
simulated in Java using objects, where changes made to the object inside the method affect
the original object.

Example Program:

class CallByValueReference {

void modifyValue(int x) {
x = 50; // Changes local to the method
}

void modifyObject(Test obj) {

[Link] = 50; // Changes the object, affecting the original reference
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

CallByValueReference example = new CallByValueReference();

// Call by Value
int a = 10;
[Link](a);
[Link]("Value after call by value: " + a);

// Call by Reference
Test obj = new Test();
[Link] = 10;
[Link](obj);
[Link]("Value after call by reference: " + [Link]);
}
}

class Test {
int value;
}

Output:
Value after call by value: 10
Value after call by reference: 50

(b) Develop a program to perform Stack operations using proper class and Methods.

Example Program:

class Stack {
private int arr[];
private int top;
private int capacity;

Stack(int size) {
arr = new int[size];
capacity = size;
top = -1;
}

public void push(int x) {

if (isFull()) {
[Link]("Stack Overflow");
return;
}
arr[++top] = x;
[Link]("Pushed: " + x);
}

public boolean isFull() {

return top == capacity - 1;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Stack stack = new Stack(3);

[Link](10); // Push 10
[Link](20); // Push 20
[Link](30); // Push 30
[Link](40); // Stack Overflow
}
}

Output:
makefile
CopyEdit
Pushed: 10
Pushed: 20
Pushed: 30
Stack Overflow

Module 4: Packages and Exception Handling

7a) Define package and steps to create a user-defined package with an example

 Definition: A package in Java is a namespace that organizes classes and interfaces.

It is used to avoid name conflicts, maintain code structure, and provide controlled
access.
 Steps:
1. Create the Package: Define the package at the beginning of the Java file
using the package keyword.
2. Compile the Package: Use javac -d to compile and place the .class file in the
desired directory.
3. Use the Package: Import the package in another class using the import
keyword or access the classes using fully qualified names.

Example:

java
CopyEdit
// Step 1: Create the package
package myPackage;

public class MyClass {

public void displayMessage() {
[Link]("Hello from MyClass in myPackage!");
}
}

// Step 2: Use the package

import [Link];

public class TestPackage {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyClass obj = new MyClass();
[Link]();
}
}

7b) Java program to throw and handle IllegalAccessException

java
CopyEdit
public class IllegalAccessDemo {
public void method() throws IllegalAccessException {
throw new IllegalAccessException("Illegal Access Exception Occurred");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

 IllegalAccessDemo demo = new IllegalAccessDemo();
try {
[Link]();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
[Link]("Caught Exception: " + [Link]());
}
}}

7c) Interface for multiple inheritance

 Explanation: Java allows multiple inheritance using interfaces since a class can
implement multiple interfaces.

Example:

java
CopyEdit
interface A {
void methodA();
}

interface B {
void methodB();
}

class C implements A, B {
public void methodA() {
[Link]("MethodA from Interface A");
}
public void methodB() {
[Link]("MethodB from Interface B");
}
}

public class MultipleInheritance {

public static void main(String[] args) {
C obj = new C();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

8a) Define exception and discuss key terms used in exception handling

 Definition: An exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of a program. It is

an object that represents an error or unexpected behavior during program
execution.
 Key Terms:
1. Try Block: The block of code where exceptions are anticipated and handled.
2. Catch Block: Used to handle exceptions thrown in the try block.
 3. Finally Block: Executes whether an exception occurs or not. Commonly used
for cleanup.
4. Throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception.
5. Throws: Declares exceptions that a method can throw.
6. Checked Exception: Exceptions that are checked at compile time (e.g.,
IOException).
7. Unchecked Exception: Exceptions that occur at runtime (e.g.,
ArithmeticException).

Short Code Example:

java
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public class ExceptionExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int result = 10 / 0; // ArithmeticException
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
[Link]("Error: " + [Link]());
} finally {
[Link]("Execution completed.");
}
}
}

8c) Create a custom exception class and explain with an example

 Steps:
1. Create a class that extends Exception or RuntimeException.
2. Define a constructor to pass a custom error message.
3. Use throw to generate the exception.

Short Code Example:

java
CopyEdit
class MyException extends Exception {
public MyException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}

public class CustomExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
validate(15);
} catch (MyException e) {
[Link]("Caught Exception: " + [Link]());
}
}
 static void validate(int age) throws MyException {
if (age < 18) {
throw new MyException("Age must be 18 or above.");
}
[Link]("Valid age.");
}
}

Module 5: Multithreading

9a) Discuss how inter-thread communication can be achieved in multithreading using the
producer-consumer problem

Explanation:
Inter-thread communication in Java enables threads to communicate and share data
effectively. It is commonly achieved using wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods, which
belong to the Object class. These methods allow threads to pause execution and notify others
when conditions change.

Producer-Consumer Problem:

 Producer: Produces data (e.g., adds to a shared resource like a queue).

 Consumer: Consumes data (e.g., removes from the queue).
Synchronization ensures that only one thread accesses the resource at a time.

Short Code Example:

java
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class Queue {
int value;
boolean available = false;

synchronized void produce(int value) {

while (available) {
try {
wait(); // Wait until the consumer consumes
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
[Link]([Link]());
}
}
[Link] = value;
available = true;
[Link]("Produced: " + value);
notify(); // Notify the consumer
}

synchronized int consume() {

 while (!available) {
try {
wait(); // Wait until the producer produces
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
[Link]([Link]());
}
}
available = false;
[Link]("Consumed: " + value);
notify(); // Notify the producer
return value;
}
}

class Producer extends Thread {

Queue queue;

Producer(Queue queue) {
[Link] = queue;
}

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
[Link](i);
}
}
}

class Consumer extends Thread {

Queue queue;

Consumer(Queue queue) {
[Link] = queue;
}

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
[Link]();
}
}
}

public class ProducerConsumerDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Queue queue = new Queue();
new Producer(queue).start();
new Consumer(queue).start();
}
}

9b) Implement a Java program to create multiple threads by implementing the Runnable
interface
Explanation:
The Runnable interface is a functional interface in Java. It defines a single method, run(),
which contains the code to be executed by a thread. Threads are created by passing a
Runnable object to the Thread constructor.

Short Code Example:

java
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class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
private String threadName;

MyRunnable(String threadName) {
[Link] = threadName;
}

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
[Link](threadName + ": " + i);
try {
[Link](500);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
[Link]([Link]());
}
}
}}
public class MultiThreadDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread t1 = new Thread(new MyRunnable("Thread-1"));
Thread t2 = new Thread(new MyRunnable("Thread-2"));

[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

9c) With a block diagram, explain the states of a thread

Explanation of Thread States:

A thread can be in one of the following states during its lifecycle:

1. New: Thread is created but not started yet.

2. Runnable: Thread is ready to run but waiting for CPU time.
3. Running: Thread is currently executing.
4. Waiting/Blocked: Thread is waiting indefinitely or for a specific condition to be met.
5. Timed Waiting: Thread waits for a specified amount of time.
6. Terminated: Thread completes execution or is stopped.
Block Diagram:

rust
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New --> Runnable --> Running --> Terminated
| ^
v |
Waiting <--> Timed Waiting

10a) Explain suspending, resuming, and stopping threads with examples

 Suspend: Temporarily pauses a thread.

 Resume: Restarts a suspended thread.
 Stop: Terminates a thread's execution. (Deprecated in modern Java; safer
alternatives are used.)

Short Code Example:

java
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class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
[Link]([Link]().getName() + ": " + i);
try {
[Link](500);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
[Link]([Link]());
}
}
}
}

public class ThreadControlExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
[Link]();

try {
[Link](1000);
[Link](); // Suspends the thread (Deprecated)
[Link]("Thread suspended");

[Link](1000);
[Link](); // Resumes the thread (Deprecated)
[Link]("Thread resumed");

[Link](1000);
[Link](); // Stops the thread (Deprecated)
[Link]("Thread stopped");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
[Link]([Link]());
}
 }
}

Note: suspend(), resume(), and stop() are deprecated. Use flags or interrupts to control thread
behavior safely.

10c) Explain isAlive() and join() with examples

 isAlive(): Checks if a thread is still running.

 join(): Forces the main thread to wait for a thread to finish execution.

Short Code Example:

java
CopyEdit
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
[Link]([Link]().getName() + ": " + i);
try {
[Link](500);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
[Link]([Link]());
}
}
}
}

public class ThreadStateExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
[Link]();

// Check if thread is alive

if ([Link]()) {
[Link]("Thread is running.");
}

try {
[Link](); // Main thread waits for t1 to complete
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
[Link]([Link]());
}

[Link]("Thread completed. Main thread resumes.");

}
}