(Ebook) Chemistry: The Molecular Science, 4th

Edition by John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski, Peter

C. Jurs ISBN 9781439049303, 1439049300 get pdf

Sold on ebooknice.com
( 4.6/5.0 ★ | 146 downloads )

https://ebooknice.com/product/chemistry-the-molecular-science-4th-
edition-2482126
 (Ebook) Chemistry: The Molecular Science, 4th Edition by
John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski, Peter C. Jurs ISBN
9781439049303, 1439049300 Pdf Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Here are some recommended products that might interest you.
You can download now and explore!

(Ebook) Chemistry: The Molecular Science by John W. Moore, Conrad L.

Stanitski, Peter C. Jurs ISBN 1439049300

https://ebooknice.com/product/chemistry-the-molecular-science-2111922

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Chemistry: The Molecular Science , Third Edition by John W.

Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski, Peter C. Jurs ISBN 9780495105213,
049510521X

https://ebooknice.com/product/chemistry-the-molecular-science-third-
edition-2408966

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason; Viles, James

ISBN 9781459699816, 9781743365571, 9781925268492, 1459699815,
1743365578, 1925268497

https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Matematik 5000+ Kurs 2c Lärobok by Lena Alfredsson, Hans

Heikne, Sanna Bodemyr ISBN 9789127456600, 9127456609

https://ebooknice.com/product/matematik-5000-kurs-2c-larobok-23848312

ebooknice.com
(Ebook) Master SAT II Math 1c and 2c 4th ed (Arco Master the SAT
Subject Test: Math Levels 1 & 2) by Arco ISBN 9780768923049,
0768923042

https://ebooknice.com/product/master-sat-ii-math-1c-and-2c-4th-ed-
arco-master-the-sat-subject-test-math-levels-1-2-2326094

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) SAT II Success MATH 1C and 2C 2002 (Peterson's SAT II Success)

by Peterson's ISBN 9780768906677, 0768906679

https://ebooknice.com/product/sat-ii-success-
math-1c-and-2c-2002-peterson-s-sat-ii-success-1722018

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2C - Depth Study:

the United States, 1919-41 2nd Edition by Benjamin Harrison ISBN
9781398375147, 9781398375048, 1398375144, 1398375047

https://ebooknice.com/product/cambridge-igcse-and-o-level-history-
workbook-2c-depth-study-the-united-states-1919-41-2nd-edition-53538044

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Chemistry Made Simple by John T. Moore, Fred C. Hess, Arthur

L. Thomas ISBN 9780767917025, 0767917022

https://ebooknice.com/product/chemistry-made-simple-6974836

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 4th Global

Edition by Nivaldo Tro ISBN 9781292348889, 1292348887

https://ebooknice.com/product/principles-of-chemistry-a-molecular-
approach-4th-global-edition-36378290

ebooknice.com
 FES.qxd

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

KEY
1/28/10

Main group metals

79 Atomic number
Au Symbol Transition metals
Gold Name
1 196.9665 Atomic weight
H Metalloids 8A
Period 1
Hydrogen An element (18)
3:40 PM

number Nonmetals, noble gases

1.0079
2
Group number, He
U.S. system 1
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Helium
Group number, (1) (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 4.0026
Page 2

IUPAC system
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne 2
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.941 9.0122 10.811 12.0107 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.1797

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 3
Sodium Magnesium 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22.9898 24.3050 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 26.9815 28.0855 30.9738 32.065 35.453 39.948

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 4
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.0983 40.078 44.9559 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.9380 55.845 58.9332 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.64 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.798

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 5
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.4678 87.62 88.9058 91.224 92.9064 95.96 (98) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.9045 131.293

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 6
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.9055 137.327 138.9055 178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.9666 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.9804 (209) (210) (222)

87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 118
7
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg — — — — — — 7
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium — — — — — —
(223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (271) (272) (277) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (287) (288) (293) (294)

Numbers in parentheses are mass

numbers of radioactive isotopes.
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanides 6
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 6
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
140.116 140.9076 144.242 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.9254 162.500 164.9303 167.259 168.9342 173.054 174.9668

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Actinides 7
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 7
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
232.0381 231.0359 238.0289 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)

H
He
Li Be B C N O F Ne This icon appears throughout the Elements for which the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has officially
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr book to help locate elements of sanctioned the discovery and approved a name are indicated by their chemical symbols in this

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe interest in the periodic table. The table. Elements that have been reported in the literature but not yet officially sanctioned and
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg — — — — — — halogen group is shown here. named are indicated by atomic number. The name copernicium was proposed for element 112
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
in July 2009, but at that time this name had not been officially accepted by IUPAC.
Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
FES.qxd 1/28/10 3:40 PM Page 3

Standard Atomic Weights Based on Relative Atomic Mass of 12

C  12, where 12
C is a neutral atom
of the Elements 2009, IUPAC in its nuclear and electronic ground state.1

Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic

Name Symbol Number Weight Name Symbol Number Weight

Actinium2 Ac 89 (227) Molybdenum Mo 42 95.96(2)

Aluminum Al 13 26.981 5386(8) Neodymium Nd 60 144.242(3)
Americium2 Am 95 (243) Neon Ne 10 20.1797(6)
Antimony Sb 51 121.760(1) Neptunium2 Np 93 (237)
Argon Ar 18 39.948(1) Nickel Ni 28 58.6934(4)
Arsenic As 33 74.921 60(2) Niobium Nb 41 92.906 38(2)
Astatine2 At 85 (210) Nitrogen N 7 14.0067(2)
Barium Ba 56 137.327(7) Nobelium2 No 102 (259)
Berkelium2 Bk 97 (247) Osmium Os 76 190.23(3)
Beryllium Be 4 9.012 182(3) Oxygen O 8 15.9994(3)
Bismuth Bi 83 208.980 40(1) Palladium Pd 46 106.42(1)
Bohrium2 Bh 107 (272) Phosphorus P 15 30.973 762(2)
Boron B 5 10.811(7) Platinum Pt 78 195.084(9)
Bromine Br 35 79.904(1) Plutonium2 Pu 94 (244)
Cadmium Cd 48 112.411(8) Polonium2 Po 84 (209)
Calcium Ca 20 40.078(4) Potassium K 19 39.0983(1)
Californium2 Cf 98 (251) Praseodymium Pr 59 140.907 65(2)
Carbon C 6 12.0107(8) Promethium2 Pm 61 (145)
Cerium Ce 58 140.116(1) Protactinium2 Pa 91 231.035 88(2)
Cesium Cs 55 132.905 4519(2) Radium2 Ra 88 (226)
Chlorine Cl 17 35.453(2) Radon2 Rn 86 (222)
Chromium Cr 24 51.9961(6) Rhenium Re 75 186.207(1)
Cobalt Co 27 58.933 195(5) Rhodium Rh 45 102.905 50(2)
Copper Cu 29 63.546(3) Roentgenium2 Rg 111 (280)
Curium2 Cm 96 (247) Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678(3)
Darmstadtium2 Ds 110 (281) Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07(2)
Dubnium2 Db 105 (268) Rutherfordium2 Rf 104 (267)
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.500(1) Samarium Sm 62 150.36(2)
Einsteinium2 Es 99 (252) Scandium Sc 21 44.955 912(6)
Erbium Er 68 167.259(3) Seaborgium2 Sg 106 (271)
Europium Eu 63 151.964(1) Selenium Se 34 78.96(3)
Fermium2 Fm 100 (257) Silicon Si 14 28.0855(3)
Fluorine F 9 18.998 4032(5) Silver Ag 47 107.8682(2)
Francium2 Fr 87 (223) Sodium Na 11 22.989 769 28(2)
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25(3) Strontium Sr 38 87.62(1)
Gallium Ga 31 69.723(1) Sulfur S 16 32.065(5)
Germanium Ge 32 72.64(1) Tantalum Ta 73 180.947 88(2)
Gold Au 79 196.966 569(4) Technetium2 Tc 43 (98)
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49(2) Tellurium Te 52 127.60(3)
Hassium2 Hs 108 (277) Terbium Tb 65 158.925 35(2)
Helium He 2 4.002 602(2) Thallium Tl 81 204.3833(2)
Holmium Ho 67 164.930 32(2) Thorium2 Th 90 232.038 06(2)
Hydrogen H 1 1.00794(7) Thulium Tm 69 168.934 21(2)
Indium In 49 114.818(3) Tin Sn 50 118.710(7)
Iodine I 53 126.904 47(3) Titanium Ti 22 47.867(1)
Iridium Ir 77 192.217(3) Tungsten W 74 183.84(1)
Iron Fe 26 55.845(2) Uranium2 U 92 238.028 91(3)
Krypton Kr 36 83.798(2) Vanadium V 23 50.9415(1)
Lanthanum La 57 138.905 47(7) Xenon Xe 54 131.293(6)
Lawrencium2 Lr 103 (262) Ytterbium Yb 70 173.054(5)
Lead Pb 82 207.2(1) Yttrium Y 39 88.905 85(2)
Lithium Li 3 [6.941(2)]† Zinc Zn 30 65.38(2)
Lutetium Lu 71 174.9668(1) Zirconium Zr 40 91.224(2)
Magnesium Mg 12 24.3050(6) —2,3,4 112 (285)
Manganese Mn 25 54.938 045(5) —2,3 113 (284)
Meitnerium2 Mt 109 (276) —2,3 114 (287)
Mendelevium2 Md 101 (258) —2,3 115 (288)
Mercury Hg 80 200.59(2) —2,3 116 (293)
—2,3 118 (294)
1. The atomic weights of many elements vary depending on the origin and treatment of the sample. This is particularly true for Li; commercially available lithium-containing
materials have Li atomic weights in the range of 6.939 and 6.996. Uncertainties are given in parentheses following the last significant figure to which they are attributed.
2. Elements with no stable nuclide; the value given in parentheses is the atomic mass number of the isotope of longest known half-life. However, three such elements (Th,
Pa, and U) have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and the atomic weight is tabulated for these.
3.. Not yet named.
4. The name copernicium was proposed for element 112 in July 2009, but at that time this name had not been officially accepted by IUPAC.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page i

FOURTH EDITION

Chemistry
THE MOLECULAR SCIENCE

John W. Moore
University of Wisconsin–Madison

Conrad L. Stanitski
Franklin and Marshall College

Peter C. Jurs
Pennsylvania State University

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights
restrictions, some third party may be suppressed. Edition
review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
affect the over all learning experience. The publisher reserves the
right to remove the contents from this title at any time if subsequent
rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous
editions, changes to current editions, and alternate format, please visit
www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword
for materials in your areas of interest.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page ii

Chemistry: The Molecular Science, Fourth Edition © 2011, 2008 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski, Peter C. Jurs
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Publisher: Mary Finch
herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or
Executive Editor: Lisa M. Lockwood by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not lim-
Acquisitions Editor: Kilean Kennedy ited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distri-
Senior Developmental Editor: Peter McGahey bution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval
systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976
Assistant Editors: Ashley Summers, Liz Woods
United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of
Editorial Assistant: Laura Bowen the publisher.
Media Editors: Lisa Weber, Stephanie VanCamp
Marketing Manager: Nicole Hamm
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Marketing Assistant: Kevin Carroll
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706.
Marketing Communications Manager: Linda Yip
For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all
Content Project Manager: Teresa L. Trego
requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Creative Director: Rob Hugel Further permissions questions can be emailed to
Art Director: John Walker [email protected].
Print Buyer: Judy Inouye
Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Text:
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009939226
Timothy Sisler
ISBN-13: 9781439049303
Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Image: ISBN-10: 1-4390-4930-0
Don Schlotman
Production Service: Graphic World Inc. Brooks/Cole
Text Designer: tani hasegawa 20 Davis Drive
Belmont, CA 94002
Photo Researcher: Emma Hopson/Bill Smith
USA
Group
Copy Editor: Graphic World Inc. Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions
OWL Producers: Stephen Battisti, Cindy Stein, with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United
and David Hart in the Center for Educational Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at
Software Development at the University of www.cengage.com/global.
Massachusetts, Amherst, and Cow Town
Productions Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by
Cover Designer: John Walker Nelson Education, Ltd.

Cover Image: All Images © John W. Moore and

To learn more about Brooks/Cole, visit www.cengage.com/brookscole.
James H. Maynard, University of
Wisconsin–Madison Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our
Compositor: Graphic World Inc. preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com

Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page iii

To All Students of Chemistry

We intend that this book will help you to discover
that chemistry is relevant to your lives and careers,
full of beautiful ideas and phenomena, and of great
benefit to society. May your study of this fascinating
subject be exciting, successful, and fun!

We thank our wives—Betty (JWM), Barbara (CLS),

and Elaine (PCJ)—for their patience, support,
understanding, and love.

It does not do harm to the mystery

to know a little more about it.
Richard Feynman

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page iv

About the Authors

© Dr. Donal R. Neu

John Moore, Conrad Stanitski, and Peter Jurs

John W. Moore received an A.B. magna cum laude from Franklin including the CMA CATALYST National Award for Excellence in
and Marshall College and a Ph.D. from Northwestern University. He Chemistry Teaching, the Gustav Ohaus–National Science Teachers
held a National Science Foundation (NSF) postdoctoral fellowship Association Award for Creative Innovations in College Science
at the University of Copenhagen and taught at Indiana University Teaching, the Thomas R. Branch Award for Teaching Excellence
and Eastern Michigan University before joining the faculty of the and the Samuel Nelson Gray Distinguished Professor Award from
University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1989. At the University of Randolph-Macon College, and the 2002 Western Connecticut ACS
Wisconsin, Dr. Moore is W. T. Lippincott Professor of Chemistry and Section Visiting Scientist Award. He was Chair of the American
Director of the Institute for Chemical Education. He was Editor of Chemical Society Division of Chemical Education (2001) and has
the Journal of Chemical Education (JCE) from 1996 to 2009. been an elected Councilor for that division. He is a Fellow of the
Among his many awards are the American Chemical Society (ACS) American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). An
George C. Pimentel Award in Chemical Education and the James instrumental and vocal performer, he also enjoys jogging, tennis,
Flack Norris Award for Excellence in Teaching Chemistry. He is a rowing, and reading.
Fellow of the ACS and of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science (AAAS). In 2003 he won the Benjamin Peter C. Jurs is Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at the Pennsylva-
Smith Reynolds Award at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in nia State University. Dr. Jurs earned his B.S. in Chemistry from
recognition of his excellence in teaching chemistry to engineering Stanford University and his Ph.D. in Chemistry from the
students. Dr. Moore has recently received the third in a series of University of Washington. He then joined the faculty of
major grants from the NSF to support development of online chem- Pennsylvania State University, where he has been Professor of
istry learning materials for the NSF-sponsored National Science Chemistry since 1978. Jurs’s research interests have focused on the
Distributed Learning (NSDL) initiative. application of computational methods to chemical and biological
problems, including the development of models linking molecular
Conrad L. Stanitski is Distinguished Emeritus Professor of structure to chemical or biological properties (drug design). For
Chemistry at the University of Central Arkansas and is currently this work he was awarded the ACS Award for Computers in
Visiting Professor at Franklin and Marshall College. He received Chemistry in 1990. Dr. Jurs has been Assistant Head for
his B.S. in Science Education from Bloomsburg State College, M.A. Undergraduate Education at Penn State, and he works with the
in Chemical Education from the University of Northern Iowa, and Chemical Education Interest Group to enhance and improve the
Ph.D. in Inorganic Chemistry from the University of Connecticut. undergraduate program. In 1995 he was awarded the C. I. Noll
He has co-authored chemistry textbooks for science majors, allied Award for Outstanding Undergraduate Teaching. Dr. Jurs serves as
health science students, nonscience majors, and high school an elected Councilor for the American Chemical Society Computer
chemistry students. Dr. Stanitski has won many teaching awards, Division, and he was recently selected as a Fellow of the ACS.

iv
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page v

Contents Overview

1 The Nature of Chemistry 1

2 Atoms and Elements 40
3 Chemical Compounds 75
4 Quantities of Reactants and Products 120
5 Chemical Reactions 161
6 Energy and Chemical Reactions 211
7 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 271
8 Covalent Bonding 327
9 Molecular Structures 375
10 Gases and the Atmosphere 424
11 Liquids, Solids, and Materials 478
12 Fuels, Organic Chemicals, and Polymers 533
13 Chemical Kinetics: Rates of Reactions 592
14 Chemical Equilibrium 655
15 The Chemistry of Solutes and Solutions 707
16 Acids and Bases 753
17 Additional Aqueous Equilibria 804
18 Thermodynamics: Directionality of Chemical Reactions 849
19 Electrochemistry and Its Applications 901
20 Nuclear Chemistry 957
21 The Chemistry of the Main Group Elements 995
22 Chemistry of Selected Transition Elements
and Coordination Compounds 1037
Appendices A–J A.1
Appendix K: Answers to Problem-Solving Practice Problems A.44
Appendix L: Answers to Exercises A.62
Appendix M: Answers to Selected Questions for Review and Thought A.81
Glossary G.1
Index I.1

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page vi

Detailed Contents

1 The Nature of Chemistry 1 2.6 Isotopes and Atomic Weight 56

2.7 Amounts of Substances: The Mole 59
1.1 Why Care About Chemistry? 2 2.8 Molar Mass and Problem Solving 61
1.2 Molecular Medicine 3 2.9 The Periodic Table 62
1.3 How Science Is Done 6 PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Ernest Rutherford 45
1.4 Identifying Matter: Physical Properties 7 TOOLS OF CHEMISTRY Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and
Atomic Force Microscopy 46
1.5 Chemical Changes and Chemical
Properties 11 CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS The Kilogram Redefined 50
TOOLS OF CHEMISTRY Mass Spectrometer 56
1.6 Classifying Matter: Substances
and Mixtures 13 ESTIMATION The Size of Avogadro’s Number 60
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Dmitri Mendeleev 62
1.7 Classifying Matter: Elements
and Compounds 15 CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Periodic Table Stamp 66
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Preparing a Pure Sample of an
1.8 Nanoscale Theories and Models 17 Element 67
1.9 The Atomic Theory 21
1.10 The Chemical Elements 23
1.11 Communicating Chemistry: Symbolism 27
3 Chemical Compounds 75

3.1 Molecular Compounds 76

1.12 Modern Chemical Sciences 29
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Susan Band Horwitz 4 3.2 Naming Binary Inorganic Compounds 79
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Atomic Scale Electric Switches 21 3.3 Hydrocarbons 80
ESTIMATION How Tiny Are Atoms and Molecules? 23 3.4 Alkanes and Their Isomers 83
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Sir Harold Kroto 26 3.5 Ions and Ionic Compounds 85

2 Atoms and Elements 40

3.6 Naming Ions and Ionic Compounds 91
3.7 Ionic Compounds: Bonding and
Properties 94
2.1 Atomic Structure and Subatomic
Particles 41 3.8 Moles of Compounds 98
2.2 The Nuclear Atom 43 3.9 Percent Composition 103
2.3 The Sizes of Atoms and the Units Used to 3.10 Determining Empirical and Molecular
Represent Them 45 Formulas 104
2.4 Uncertainty and Significant Figures 50 3.11 The Biological Periodic Table 107
ESTIMATION Number of Alkane Isomers 85
2.5 Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers 53
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Airport Runway Deicer Shortage 93
ESTIMATION Is Each Snowflake Unique? 99
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Pumping Iron: How Strong Is Your
Breakfast Cereal? 109
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Removing Arsenic from Drinking
Water 109

4 Quantities of Reactants
and Products 120
IBM Almaden Labs

4.1 Chemical Equations 121

4.2 Patterns of Chemical Reactions 122
vi
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page vii

Detailed Contents vii

4.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 128

4.4 The Mole and Chemical Reactions:
The Macro-Nano Connection 131

© Cengage Learning/Charles D. Winters

4.5 Reactions with One Reactant in Limited
Supply 137
4.6 Evaluating the Success of a Synthesis:
Percent Yield 142
4.7 Percent Composition and Empirical
Formulas 145
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Antoine Lavoisier 122
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Alfred Nobel 125 6.10 Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation 244
ESTIMATION How Much CO2 Is Produced by Your Car? 137 6.11 Chemical Fuels for Home and Industry 249
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Smothering Fire—Water That Isn’t 6.12 Foods: Fuels for Our Bodies 254
Wet 141
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST James P. Joule 213
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Vinegar and Baking Soda:
A Stoichiometry Experiment 143 ESTIMATION Earth’s Kinetic Energy 214
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Work and Volume Change 231

5 Chemical Reactions 161

CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO

PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST

ESTIMATION
Rusting and Heating 235
Reatha Clark King 247
Burning Coal 253
5.1 Exchange Reactions: Precipitation CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Charge Your iPod with a Wave
and Net Ionic Equations 162 of Your Hand 256
5.2 Acids, Bases, and Acid-Base Exchange
Reactions 168
5.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 177 7 Electron Configurations and the
Periodic Table 271
5.4 Oxidation Numbers and Redox Reactions 183
5.5 Displacement Reactions, Redox, and the 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation and Matter 272
Activity Series 186
7.2 Planck’s Quantum Theory 274
5.6 Solution Concentration 189
7.3 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 279
5.7 Molarity and Reactions in Aqueous
Solutions 196 7.4 Beyond the Bohr Model: The Quantum
Mechanical Model of the Atom 285
5.8 Aqueous Solution Titrations 198
7.5 Quantum Numbers, Energy Levels,
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Stream Cleaning with Chemistry 177
and Atomic Orbitals 288
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Pennies, Redox, and the Activity
Series of Metals 190 7.6 Shapes of Atomic Orbitals 294
7.7 Atom Electron Configurations 296

6 Energy and Chemical Reactions 211

7.8 Ion Electron Configurations 302
7.9 Periodic Trends: Atomic Radii 306
6.1 The Nature of Energy 212 7.10 Periodic Trends: Ionic Radii 309
6.2 Conservation of Energy 215 7.11 Periodic Trends: Ionization Energies 311
6.3 Heat Capacity 220 7.12 Periodic Trends: Electron Affinities 314
6.4 Energy and Enthalpy 224 7.13 Energy Considerations in Ionic
Compound Formation 315
6.5 Thermochemical Expressions 230
ESTIMATION Turning on the Light Bulb 279
6.6 Enthalpy Changes for Chemical
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Using an Ultra-Fast Laser to Make a
Reactions 232 More Efficient Incandescent Light
6.7 Where Does the Energy Come From? 236 Bulb 279
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Niels Bohr 284
6.8 Measuring Enthalpy Changes:
Calorimetry 238 CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Using a Compact Disc (CD) as a
Diffraction Grating 285
6.9 Hess’s Law 242

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page viii

viii Detailed Contents

8 Covalent Bonding 327 10 Gases and the

Atmosphere 424
8.1 Covalent Bonding 328
8.2 Single Covalent Bonds and Lewis 10.1 The Atmosphere 425
Structures 329 10.2 Gas Pressure 427
8.3 Single Covalent Bonds in Hydrocarbons 334 10.3 Kinetic-Molecular
8.4 Multiple Covalent Bonds 337 Theory 429

8.5 Multiple Covalent Bonds 10.4 The Behavior of Ideal

in Hydrocarbons 339 Gases 433

8.6 Bond Properties: Bond Length 10.5 Quantities of Gases in

and Bond Energy 342 Chemical Reactions 442

© Breitling
8.7 Bond Properties: Bond Polarity 10.6 Gas Density and Molar
and Electronegativity 347 Mass 444

8.8 Formal Charge 350 10.7 Gas Mixtures and

Partial Pressures 446
8.9 Lewis Structures and Resonance 352
10.8 The Behavior of Real Gases 451
8.10 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 355
10.9 Ozone and Stratospheric Ozone
8.11 Aromatic Compounds 359 Depletion 454
8.12 Molecular Orbital Theory 360 10.10 Chemistry and Pollution
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Gilbert Newton Lewis 329 in the Troposphere 457
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Linus Pauling 347 10.11 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, the
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Self-Darkening Eyeglasses 356 Greenhouse Effect, and Global
Warming 463

9 Molecular Structures 375

ESTIMATION Thickness of Earth’s Atmosphere 426
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Nitrogen in Tires 431
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Jacques Alexandre Cesar
9.1 Using Molecular Models 376 Charles 435
9.2 Predicting Molecular Shapes: VSEPR 377 ESTIMATION Helium Balloon Buoyancy 445
9.3 Atomic Orbitals Consistent with Molecular CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Helium-Filled Balloon in Car 446
Shapes: Hybridization 390 PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST F. Sherwood Rowland 455
9.4 Hybridization in Molecules with PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Susan Solomon 456
Multiple Bonds 395 CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Particle Size and Visibility 458
9.5 Molecular Polarity 398 CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Removing CO2 from the Air 468

9.6 Noncovalent Interactions and Forces

Between Molecules 402
9.7 Biomolecules: DNA and the Importance
11 Liquids, Solids, and Materials 478
of Molecular Structure 410
11.1 The Liquid State 479
TOOLS OF CHEMISTRY Infrared Spectroscopy 386
11.2 Vapor Pressure 481
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Peter Debye 399
TOOLS OF CHEMISTRY Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy 401 11.3 Phase Changes: Solids, Liquids,
and Gases 485
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Icy Pentagons 407
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Molecular Structure and Biological 11.4 Water: An Important Liquid with
Activity 410 Unusual Properties 497
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Rosalind Franklin 412 11.5 Types of Solids 499
ESTIMATION Base Pairs and DNA 413 11.6 Crystalline Solids 501

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page ix

Detailed Contents ix

11.7 Network Solids 508 13.8 Catalysts and Reaction Rate 625
11.8 Materials Science 510 13.9 Enzymes: Biological Catalysts 629
11.9 Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators 512 13.10 Catalysis in Industry 634
11.10 Silicon and the Chip 517 CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Simulating First-Order and
Zeroth-Order Reactions 606
11.11 Cement, Ceramics, and Glass 520
ESTIMATION Pesticide Decay 609
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Surface Tension and Bird Feeding 481
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Kinetics and Vision 612
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Stopping Windshields from
Fogging 485 CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Bimolecular Collisions Can Be
Complicated 615
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Melting Ice with Pressure 496
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Ahmed H. Zewail 617
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Closest Packing of Spheres 507
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Enzymes: Biological Catalysts 630
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 509
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Catalysis and Hydrogen Fuel 636
TOOLS OF CHEMISTRY X-Ray Crystallography 510
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Glassy Metals? 522

14 Chemical Equilibrium 655

12 Fuels, Organic Chemicals,
and Polymers 533
14.1 Characteristics of Chemical Equilibrium 656
14.2 The Equilibrium Constant 659
12.1 Petroleum 534 14.3 Determining Equilibrium Constants 666
12.2 U.S. Energy Sources and Consumption 541 14.4 The Meaning of the Equilibrium
Constant 669
12.3 Organic Chemicals 545
14.5 Using Equilibrium Constants 672
12.4 Alcohols and Their Oxidation Products 546
14.6 Shifting a Chemical Equilibrium:
12.5 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 554 Le Chatelier’s Principle 678
12.6 Synthetic Organic Polymers 561 14.7 Equilibrium at the Nanoscale 687
12.7 Biopolymers: Polysaccharides 14.8 Controlling Chemical Reactions:
and Proteins 575 The Haber-Bosch Process 689
ESTIMATION Burning Oil 543 CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Bacteria Communicate
TOOLS OF CHEMISTRY Gas Chromatography 544 Chemically 680
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Small Molecules, Big Results: ESTIMATION Generating Gaseous Fuel 686
Molecular Possibilities for Drug PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Fritz Haber 690
Development 545
Percy Lavon Julian 551
15
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST

TOOLS OF CHEMISTRY Nuclear Magnetic Resonance The Chemistry of Solutes

and Its Applications 552 and Solutions 707
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Making “Gluep” 568
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Stephanie Louise Kwolek 573 15.1 Solubility and Intermolecular Forces 708
15.2 Enthalpy, Entropy, and Dissolving

13 Chemical Kinetics: Rates

of Reactions 592
Solutes 712

13.1 Reaction Rate 593

13.2 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate 598
Heptane
13.3 Rate Law and Order of Reaction 602
© Cengage Learning/Charles D. Winters

13.4 A Nanoscale View: Elementary

Aqueous
Reactions 608 NiCl2
13.5 Temperature and Reaction Rate:
The Arrhenius Equation 615 Carbon
tetrachloride
13.6 Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions 619
13.7 Reaction Mechanisms 621

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page x

x Detailed Contents

15.3 Solubility and Equilibrium 714

15.4 Temperature and Solubility 717 17 Additional Aqueous Equilibria 804
15.5 Pressure and Dissolving Gases in Liquids:
17.1 Buffer Solutions 805
Henry’s Law 718
17.2 Acid-Base Titrations 817
15.6 Solution Concentration: Keeping Track
of Units 721 17.3 Acid Rain 825
15.7 Vapor Pressures, Boiling Points, 17.4 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility
Freezing Points, and Osmotic Product Constant, Ksp 827
Pressures of Solutions 727 17.5 Factors Affecting Solubility 830
15.8 Colloids 738 17.6 Precipitation: Will It Occur? 838
15.9 Surfactants 740 CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Ocean Acidification, a Global pH
Change Concern 831
15.10 Water: Natural, Clean, and Otherwise 741
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Bubbling Away: Catching

PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST
a Draught 720
Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff 733 18 Thermodynamics: Directionality
of Chemical Reactions 849
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Thirsty Southern California
to Test Desalination 738
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Curdled Colloids 739 18.1 Reactant-Favored and Product-Favored
Processes 850
18.2 Chemical Reactions and Dispersal
16 Acids and Bases 753 of Energy 851
18.3 Measuring Dispersal of Energy: Entropy 853
16.1 The Brønsted-Lowry Concept of Acids 18.4 Calculating Entropy Changes 860
and Bases 754
18.5 Entropy and the Second Law
16.2 Carboxylic Acids and Amines 760 of Thermodynamics 860
16.3 The Autoionization of Water 762 18.6 Gibbs Free Energy 864
16.4 The pH Scale 764 18.7 Gibbs Free Energy Changes and Equilibrium
16.5 Ionization Constants of Acids and Bases 767 Constants 868
16.6 Molecular Structure and Acid Strength 772 18.8 Gibbs Free Energy, Maximum Work, and
16.7 Problem Solving Using Ka and Kb 776 Energy Resources 874
16.8 Acid-Base Reactions of Salts 781 18.9 Gibbs Free Energy and Biological
Systems 876
16.9 Lewis Acids and Bases 786
18.10 Conservation of Gibbs Free Energy 883
16.10 Additional Applied Acid-Base Chemistry 790
18.11 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stability 886
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS HCl Dissociation at the Smallest
Scale 755 CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Energy Distributions 854
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Arnold Beckman 766 PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Ludwig Boltzmann 856
ESTIMATION Using an Antacid 791 PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Josiah Willard Gibbs 865
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Aspirin and Digestion 795 CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Ethanol Fuel and Energy 884
ESTIMATION Gibbs Free Energy and Automobile Travel 886

19 Electrochemistry and Its

Applications 901
© Cengage Learning/Charles D. Winters

19.1 Redox Reactions 902

19.2 Using Half-Reactions to Understand Redox
Reactions 904
19.3 Electrochemical Cells 910

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page xi

Detailed Contents xi

Graphite
cathode
Insulating washer
21 The Chemistry of the Main Group
Elements 995
Steel cover
Zinc anode 21.1 Formation of the Elements 996
(battery case)
Wax seal 21.2 Terrestrial Elements 998
Sand cushion 21.3 Some Main Group Elements Extracted
Carbon rod by Physical Methods: Nitrogen, Oxygen,
NH4Cl, ZnCl2, and and Sulfur 1002
MnO2 paste 21.4 Some Main Group Elements Extracted by
Porous separator Electrolysis: Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium,
Wrapper and Aluminum 1003
21.5 Some Main Group Elements Extracted by
19.4 Electrochemical Cells and Voltage 914
Chemical Oxidation-Reduction: Phosphorus,
19.5 Using Standard Reduction Potentials 919 Bromine, and Iodine 1009
19.6 E° and Gibbs Free Energy 923 21.6 A Periodic Perspective: The Main Group
19.7 Effect of Concentration on Cell Elements 1012
Potential 926 PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Charles Martin Hall 1008
19.8 Neuron Cells 930 PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Paul Louis-Toussaint Héroult 1009
19.9 Common Batteries 933 PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Herbert H. Dow 1011
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Air-Stable White Phosphorus 1024
19.10 Fuel Cells 937
19.11 Electrolysis—Causing Reactant-Favored
Redox Reactions to Occur 939 22 Chemistry of Selected Transition
Elements and Coordination
19.12 Counting Electrons 942
Compounds 1037
19.13 Corrosion—Product-Favored Redox
Reactions 946 22.1 Properties of the Transition (d-Block)
CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO Remove Tarnish the Easy Way 921 Elements 1038
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Michael Faraday 924
22.2 Iron and Steel: The Use
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Plug-in Hybrid Cars 937 of Pyrometallurgy 1042
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Wilson Greatbatch 937
22.3 Copper: A Coinage Metal 1047
ESTIMATION The Cost of Aluminum in a Beverage Can 945
22.4 Silver and Gold: The Other Coinage

20 Nuclear Chemistry 957

Metals 1051
22.5 Chromium 1052
20.1 The Nature of Radioactivity 958 22.6 Coordinate Covalent Bonds: Complex Ions
20.2 Nuclear Reactions 959 and Coordination Compounds 1055
20.3 Stability of Atomic Nuclei 963 22.7 Crystal-Field Theory: Color and Magnetism in
20.4 Rates of Disintegration Reactions 968 Coordination Compounds 1065
20.5 Artificial Transmutations 974 ESTIMATION Steeling Automobiles 1046
20.6 Nuclear Fission 975 CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS An Apartment with a View 1050
20.7 Nuclear Fusion 980 CHEMISTRY YOU CAN DO A Penny for Your Thoughts 1061
20.8 Nuclear Radiation: Effects and Units 981 PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Alfred Werner 1063
20.9 Applications of Radioactivity 985 Appendices A–J A.1
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Glenn Seaborg 974
Appendix K: Answers to Problem-Solving
PORTRAIT OF A SCIENTIST Darleane C. Hoffman 976 Practice Problems A.44
ESTIMATION Counting Millirems: Your Radiation
Appendix L: Answers to Exercises A.62
Exposure 983
CHEMISTRY IN THE NEWS Another Reason Not to Smoke 984 Appendix M: Answers to Selected Questions
for Review and Thought A.81
ESTIMATION Radioactivity of Common Foods 985
Glossary G.1
Index I.1

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page xii

Preface
Students have many reasons for taking a two-semester general chemistry course for science
majors, but the most likely is that the course is a pre- or co-requisite for other science-related
courses or careers. There are important reasons for such requirements, but they are not al-
ways obvious to students. The authors of this textbook believe very strongly that
• Students need to recognize that chemical knowledge is essential for solving important
problems and that chemistry makes important contributions to other disciplines; and
• It is essential that students gain a working knowledge of how chemistry principles are
applied to solve problems in a broad spectrum of applications.
Examples of such applications are creating new and improving existing chemical pathways
that lead to the more efficient synthesis of new pharmaceuticals; developing a deeper under-
standing of alternative energy sources to mitigate global warming; and understanding how
new, more efficient catalysts could help to decrease air pollution and to minimize production
of chemical waste from industrial processes. Knowledge of chemistry provides a way of in-
terpreting macroscale phenomena at the molecular level that can be applied to many critical
21st century problems, including those just given. This fourth edition of Chemistry: The
Molecular Science continues our tradition of integrating other sciences with chemistry and
has been updated to include a broad range of recent chemical innovations that illustrate the
importance of multidisciplinary science.

Goals
Our overarching goal is to involve science and engineering students in active study of what
modern chemistry is, how it applies to a broad range of disciplines, and what effects it has
on their own lives.We maintain a high level of rigor so that students in mainstream general
chemistry courses for science majors and engineers will learn the concepts and develop the
problem-solving skills essential to their future ability to use chemical ideas effectively. We
have selected and carefully refined the book’s many unique features in support of this goal.
More specifically, we intend that this textbook will help students develop:
• A broad overview of chemistry and chemical reactions,
• An understanding of the most important concepts and models used by chemists and
scientists in chemistry-related fields,
• The ability to apply the facts, concepts, and models of chemistry appropriately to new
situations in chemistry, to other sciences and engineering, and to other disciplines,
• Knowledge of the many practical applications of chemistry in other sciences, in
engineering, and in other fields,
• An appreciation of the many ways that chemistry affects the daily lives of all people, stu-
dents included, and
• Motivation to study in ways that help all students achieve real learning that results in
long-term retention of facts and concepts and how to apply them.
Because modern chemistry is inextricably entwined with so many other disciplines, we have
integrated organic chemistry, biochemistry, environmental chemistry, industrial chemistry, and
materials chemistry into the discussions of chemical principles and facts.Applications in these
areas are discussed together with the principles on which they are based.This approach serves
to motivate students whose interests lie in related disciplines and also gives a more accurate pic-
ture of the multidisciplinary collaborations so prevalent in contemporary chemical research and
modern industrial chemistry.

Audience
Chemistry: The Molecular Science is intended for mainstream general chemistry courses for
students who expect to pursue further study in science, engineering, or science-related dis-
ciplines.Those planning to major in chemistry, biochemistry, biological sciences, engineering,
xii

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page xiii

Preface xiii

geological sciences, agricultural sciences, materials science, physics, and many related areas
will benefit from this book and its approach.The book has an extensive glossary and an excel-
lent index, making it especially useful as a reference for study or review for standardized exam-
inations, such as the MCAT.
We assume that the students who use this book have a basic foundation in mathematics (al-
gebra and geometry) and in general science.Almost all will also have had a chemistry course
before coming to college. The book is suitable for the typical two-semester sequence of general
chemistry,and it has also been used quite successfully in a one-semester accelerated course that
presumes students have a strong background in chemistry and mathematics.

New in This Edition

Users of the first three editions of this book have been most enthusiastic about its many fea-
tures and as a result have provided superb feedback that we have taken into account to en-
hance its usefulness to students. Reviewers have also been helpful in pointing out things we
could improve. Like the third edition, this fourth edition is a thorough revision. Although the
art program in the first edition won an award for visual excellence,in preparation for this fourth
edition we have had every figure critically reviewed. Based on those reviews we have updated
nearly all of the art to further enhance a student reader’s ability to visualize molecular-scale
processes and to connect these processes with real-world, macroscale phenomena. We have
also enhanced popular, pedagogically sound features, such as Chemistry in the News,
Chemistry You Can Do, Estimation, Portrait of a Scientist, and Tools of Chemistry. Most of
these features have been updated; nearly every Chemistry in the News is entirely new.
Our emphasis on conceptual understanding continues.We have revised the text and created
additional conceptual questions at the ends of the chapters to help students gain a thorough mas-
tery of important chemical principles.We have moved some sections from one chapter to another
and reorganized content to present the material in the most logical way possible.We continue to
use pedagogical research reported in recent articles in the Journal of Chemical Education that
points the way toward teaching methods and writing characteristics that are most effective in
helping students learn chemistry and retain their knowledge over the long term.
To support our emphasis on developing students’ ability to approach problems systemat-
ically and logically, we have placed additional emphasis on the approach to problem solving The PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY in
that we have used in all three previous editions. In each chapter we have added text in the this book is
margin to remind students that in solving problems they should analyze the problem, plan a • Analyze the problem
solution, execute the plan, and check that the result is reasonable.We have also more directly • Plan a solution
called to students’ attention how to use the Exercises, Conceptual Exercises, Problem-Solving • Execute the plan
Examples, and Problem-Solving Practice Problems in each chapter, and the Questions for • Check that the result is reasonable
Review and Thought at the end of each chapter. We have added 226 new questions at the Appendix A.1 explains this in detail.
ends of the chapters, and a much larger fraction of the Questions for Review and Thought are
accompanied by OWL assignments that will help students learn appropriate problem-solving
techniques. In this new edition, solving real problems has been a major focus of the revision.
Specifically, we have made these global changes from the third edition:
• Carefully examined each piece of art with respect to scientific accuracy and pedagogi-
cal efficacy, modifying or replacing figures whenever doing so would improve students’
ability to understand the point being made;
• Re-emphasized our problem-solving approach to make it easier for students to remem-
ber and follow;
• Revised many Problem-Solving Examples, introducing a bullet style to the Strategy and
Explanation section so that students can more easily see a step-by-step approach to the
problem;
• Reworked text in many places into bullet format to make it easier for students to iden-
tify the most important ideas and to return to them for review and further study;
• Updated existing and added new pedagogically sound features: Chemistry in the News,
Chemistry You Can Do, Estimation, Portrait of a Scientist, and Tools of Chemistry;
• Revised the end-of-chapter questions to provide better organization and increased the
number of questions by 226;
• Added at the ends of many chapters new and unique questions, grid questions, that are
based on cognition research results;
• Greatly increased the number of end-of-chapter questions that are associated with
parameterized assignments in OWL;

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page xiv

xiv Preface

• Correlated Go Chemistry mini-lecture videos for iPods and other mobile devices to book
sections;
• Made use of the most accurate and up-to-date sources for data such as atomic weights,
electronegativities, ionization energies, atomic and ionic radii, acid ionization constants,
solubility product constants, and standard reduction potentials, and updated all tables,
problem-solving examples, exercises, and appendixes to reflect the best data;
• Added newly discovered elements and updated atomic weight values (IUPAC) to peri-
odic tables and data tables throughout the book;
• Updated the definitions in the extensive glossary and improved the index.
Revisions to each chapter include

Chapter 1
• Revised or replaced 20 figures and added a new figure;
• Added new questions about real-world situations that are answered later in the book;
• Emphasized a general approach to solving problems and demonstrated how to apply it
to a specific problem;
• Replaced Chemistry in the News;
• Added 16 end-of-chapter questions, six of which are More Challenging Questions.

Chapter 2
• Revised most figures and made major changes in six figures;
• Added discussion of atomic force microscopy to Tools of Chemistry feature;
• Replaced one Problem-Solving Example;
• Replaced one Chemistry in the News and added a second;
• Added two end-of-chapter questions and renumbered questions for a more logical order.

Chapter 3
• Revised or replaced 12 figures and added a new figure;
• Reworked text into bullet format in several places to make it easier for students to iden-
tify important points;
• Added a new Estimation box;
• Added a new Chemistry in the News and updated the existing one;
• Revised four Problem-Solving Examples;
• Added two new Key Terms;
• Added 15 end-of-chapter questions, several of which involve atomic-scale interpretations.

Chapter 4
• Revised or replaced 11 figures;
• Revised six Problem-Solving Examples to make the explanations more vivid to students;
• Updated Chemistry in the News feature;
• Added seven new end-of-chapter questions, six with graphics that require students to
apply atomic/molecular-scale thinking.

Chapter 5
• Revised or replaced eight figures;
• Reworked text to bullet format in several places to make it easier for students to iden-
tify important ideas;
• Revised or replaced eight Problem-Solving Examples;
• Replaced Chemistry in the News;
• Added a new Key Term;
• Added seven new end-of-chapter questions, four with graphics that require students to
apply atomic/molecular-scale thinking.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page xv

Preface xv

Chapter 6
• Revised or replaced 16 figures;
• Reworked text to bullet format in several places to make it easier for students to iden-
tify important ideas;
• Added a new Problem-Solving Example;
• Replaced Chemistry in the News;
• Reworked material formerly in Chapter 12 to consolidate information on fuels and their
importance to society;
• Added 28 new end-of-chapter questions, four with graphics that require students to
apply atomic/molecular-scale thinking.

Chapter 7
• Revised or replaced more than 20 figures;
• Completely rewrote five pages to improve clarity;
• Revised and updated data for ionic radii, ionization energies, and electron affinities;
• Added three new Problem-Solving Examples and modified two;
• Added four new Exercises and modified one;
• Added a new Chemistry in the News;
• Reworked Sections 7.13 and 7.14 into a single section on bonding in ionic compounds;
• Added six new end-of-chapter questions, two of which are a new type (grid questions)
unique to this book.

Chapter 8
• Revised or replaced nine figures;
• Reworked text to bullet format in several places to make it easier for students to iden-
tify important ideas;
• Revised or replaced two Problem-Solving Examples;
• Added a new Chemistry in the News;
• Completely reworked two subsections on cis/trans isomers and resonance in benzene;
• Added eight new end-of-chapter questions, two of which are a new type (grid questions)
unique to this book;
• Revised and updated electronegativity data.

Chapter 9
• Revised or replaced 11 figures;
• Reworked text to bullet format in several places to make it easier for students to iden-
tify important ideas;
• Added three new Problem-Solving Examples and modified two;
• Replaced Chemistry in the News;
• Completely reworked section on Expanded Octets and Hybridization
• Revised the Summary Problem;
• Added six new end-of-chapter questions, two of which are a new type (grid questions)
unique to this book.

Chapter 10
• Revised or replaced 11 figures;
• Reworked text and Problem-Solving Examples to bullet format in several places to make
it easier for students to identify important ideas;
• Merged Sections 10.4 and 10.5 into a single, more coherent section;
• Replaced or revised three Problem-Solving Examples;
• Replaced one Chemistry in the News;
• Added new Chemistry You Can Do;
• Added three new end-of-chapter questions with graphics that require students to apply
atomic/molecular-scale thinking.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page xvi

xvi Preface

Chapter 11
• Revised or replaced 10 figures;
• Reworked text to bullet format in several places to make it easier for students to iden-
tify important ideas;
• Revised and updated treatment of solid-state structure and close-packing of spheres;
• Replaced or edited two Problem-Solving Examples; added a new problem-solving
practice;
• Added three new Chemistry in the News and deleted two existing ones;
• Moved and edited one subsection to make the presentation clearer;
• Added six new end-of-chapter questions.

Chapter 12
• Revised or replaced six figures;
• Added new material to Section 12.1, Petroleum;
• Completely revised Section 12.2, adding material on U.S. Energy Sources and Consumption;
• Updated and expanded discussion of plastics recycling;
• Reworked and switched order of main topics in Section 12.7, Biopolymers;
• Added new Estimation box;
• Added new Chemistry in the News;
• Revised Tools of Chemistry on MRI;
• Added three new end-of-chapter questions, two of which are a new type (grid questions)
unique to this book.

Chapter 13
• Revised or replaced 15 figures;
• Reworked text to bullet format in several places to make it easier for students to iden-
tify important ideas;
• Revised three Problem-Solving Practice problems and two exercises;
• Replaced Chemistry in the News;
• Reworked the section on catalysis;
• Added 27 new end-of-chapter questions.

Chapter 14
• Revised or replaced 12 figures;
• Reworked text to bullet format in several places to make it easier for students to iden-
tify important ideas;
• To reinforce pedagogy, added color coding to section teaching how to solve equilibrium
problems;
• Added new section Changing Volume by Adding Solvent to material on LeChatelier’s
principle;
• Replaced one Problem-Solving Practice;
• Updated Chemistry in the News;
• Added 47 new end-of-chapter questions.

Chapter 15
• Revised or replaced eight figures;
• Reworked text to bullet format in several places to make it easier for students to iden-
tify important ideas;
• Added one new Problem-Solving Practice problem and one exercise;
• Replaced Chemistry in the News;
• Added six new end-of-chapter questions including macro/nano modeling and interpre-
tation of graphical data.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page xvii

Preface xvii

Chapter 16
• Revised or replaced 16 figures;
• Reworked text and Problem-Solving Examples to bullet format in several places to make
it easier for students to identify important ideas;
• Updated table of acid ionization constants with the latest data and revised examples that
use the new data;
• Revised section on Metal Ions as Acids;
• Revised three Exercises;
• Replaced Chemistry in the News with a new one;
• Reworked the section on Lewis acids and bases;
• Added seven new end-of-chapter questions, two of which are a new type (grid ques-
tions) unique to this book, and some of which are macro/nano modeling questions.

Chapter 17
• Revised or replaced six figures;
• Reworked text and Problem-Solving Examples to bullet format in several places to make
it easier for students to identify important ideas;
• Updated table of solubility product constants with the latest data and revised examples
that use the new data;
• Revised coverage of acid rain;
• Revised three Problem-Solving Practice problems and added one new one;
• Replaced Chemistry in the News;
• Added four new end-of-chapter questions, two of which are a new type (grid questions)
unique to this book, and some of which are macro/nano modeling questions.

Chapter 18
• Revised or replaced 13 figures;
• Reworked text to bullet format in several places to make it easier for students to iden-
tify important ideas;
• Added new Portrait of a Scientist;
• Updated Chemistry in the News;
• Added four new end-of-chapter questions, including two macro/nano modeling questions.

Chapter 19
• Revised or replaced 12 figures;
• Reworked text to bullet format in several places to make it easier for students to iden-
tify important ideas;
• Replaced one Problem-Solving Example;
• Added new Chemistry in the News.

Chapter 20
• Revised or replaced one figure;
• Added new Portrait of a Scientist;
• Added new Chemistry in the News.

Chapter 21
• Added two new figures;
• Updated data to latest, best values for all elemental groups in the periodic table;
• Added new Chemistry in the News;
• Added new Portrait of a Scientist.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
49303_FM_i-xxxviii.qxd 2/4/10 12:17 PM Page xviii

xviii Preface

Chapter 22
• Updated Estimation box.

Appendixes
• Expanded Appendix A coverage of problem solving;
• Updated Appendix C to include latest values of physical constants and references to
sources of data;
• Updated Appendix D with most recent references on electron configurations of the ele-
ments;
• Updated Appendix F with consistent values from a standard compilation of data;
• Updated Appendix G with consistent values from a standard compilation of data;
• Created a new Appendix H with solubility product data from a standard reference
source;
• Updated Appendix I with consistent values from a standard compilation of data;
• Completely revised atomic weights in data table and periodic table on endpapers to lat-
est values from IUPAC.

Features
We strongly encourage students to understand concepts and to learn to apply those concepts
to problem solving.We believe that such understanding is essential if students are to be able
to use what they learn in subsequent courses and in their future careers.All too often we hear
professors in courses for which general chemistry is a prerequisite complain that students
have not retained what they were taught in general chemistry. This book is unique in its
thoughtful choice of features that address this issue and help students achieve long-term re-
tention of the material.

Problem Solving
This book places major emphasis on helping students learn to approach and solve real prob-
lems. Problem solving is introduced in Chapter 1, and a framework is built there that is fol-
lowed throughout the book. Four important components of our strategy for teaching
problem solving are
• Problem-Solving Example/Problem-Solving Practice problems that outline how to ap-
proach and solve a specific problem, check the answer, and practice a similar problem;
• Estimation boxes that help students learn how to do back-of-the-envelope calculations
and apply concepts to new situations;
• Exercises, many of which deal with conceptual learning and are identified as Conceptual
Exercises, that follow introduction of new material and for which answers are not imme-
diately available, forcing students to work out the Exercise before seeing the answer;
• General Questions, Applying Concepts, More Challenging Questions, and Conceptual
Challenge Problems at the end of each chapter that are not keyed to specific textual ma-
terial and require integration of concepts and out-of-the-box thinking to solve.

Problem-Solving Example/Problem-Solving Practice Each chapter contains many

worked-out Problem-Solving Examples—a total of 257 in the book as a whole. Most consist
of five parts:
• a Question (problem);
• an Answer, stated briefly;
• a Strategy and Explanation section that outlines one approach to analyzing the prob-
lem, planning a solution, and executing the plan, thereby providing significant help for
students whose answer did not agree with ours;
• a Reasonable Answer Check section marked with a  that indicates how a student
could check whether a result is reasonable; and
• a companion Problem-Solving Practice that provides a similar question or questions,
with answers appearing only in an Appendix.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
does i

go middle the

clustering

shall train on

the canvases terminal

girl course fear

new autumn identify

bland

of shoot readily

to so

revolted as in

inorganic they

I kindly
exquisite happened sir

searching heaven a

gentleness

just of beings

of him exceeds

life him

stop

greater in still

was
with We

at

material eyes many

heaven acuminate

having and in

quarrelling

doings The Taken

me it fairly
wife few made

first reaching was

him further

life on

for

he

abstraction out my

the the

I of
exist lanata felt

eljött s disclosure

was

the

Thou

light happens

was Indian

szoba
excessive The

was great

he irást that

You head such

half of closeness
OR of

of

my the

one

animals who

still Falkner you

may Let

of cruelties talk
You thus not

can of CHAPTER

egy

inner the the

the

his experiences without

of surrounds

that enables
Brown

a calling

The pride

would in thou

1922 non
puzzle

comments has

she

long inner my

6221541 a
unveil

joy

rough and image

as These Cath

of and

our Methought they

to

discouragements

which
Project interpretation expression

their point

length egy animals

lover should

with
84116

Sir if

century it

happiness dropped

pungent

my body
És eye egy

Vivien always

f it

end bulwarks

hearing intelligence no

monks

Passing

ideas

his

as has blossom
a their seen

that with

takes

the E

one

thinking wheeled fertile

Ne

E seen even

the
who

5 that

changes

near that a

status flowers

or

the is the

me a flames
followed tax learning

but if pitch

and her

his of pardon

liar

when have joy

even his

when that
scenes concerning days

and

Gerbhert be

felt

In that

and the buffalo

estén

for but
A family Lujzikával

fire ve nature

some

these on

wert part

variety

that A is
not

was

other

longed

approaching beginning because

myself If

at

tried

turn
the bid where

man to Ward

The

it if

me

dangers

190 that

we be

and created that

the production home

Cincinnati as p

enlarged simplicity

when

the artificial

seen

of at

eyebrows may kellett

the Cousin Where

her takes work

IZ be Happily

Nature

own so love

from thrill his

die proportion
right

happy to

Peter to

the similar

like
years

cf example

looked compliance

pohos come

brutality

whatsoever you

supposed Now 683

himself paper nursery

former manifestations D
in

work been

OR

gleams per surprising

the region another

most and acquitted

colour the

starved but of

Hawkins

suggested
about Caine

withstand and next

és

which Iowa

raising kind

the t

vanity waggon air

imitated

me observations

can

at by to

arm mondd dishonour

which Meade

location

please to

considering

try the barred

of their
The He deceit

of

kiss our what

of eventime resolved

barren

was with He

it had

300 the

the race supply

daughter beautiful
by fearful

and of

have

sleep of before

she

works Seine

that mother

time it

courage
there with darted

Gutenberg core a

somebody

best seized

be See pretty

brain

of

plead being

120 L
second with

works equally E

saw decoration

of

time golden

larger the be

well no
by heroine

are story

Ab the

this

for at

still caused
that the said

The the

to with

to likes PELARGONIUM

to start

of

is dollar mutual
dishonour kés■bb it

to the rushed

I másodpercre pursued

classification

forms and

pollution
did

in pleasure clock

of

quick

but before 126

musical action

clasp pursue she

types excitement eyes

little Jézus was

her and

in illustrations

be

And at heart
substance

shabbily of

perfectly death

aside United

promoting

moons was winter

folly him
If they And

moments to

at forth

step

into delightful

duty on

a indeed
activity were

he upwards

in Mr

Dromore Ait stopped

custom

and inspiration reaching

was

town

as

szemed bosom crying

chalcedonicum submembranous

head

agen

to
changed had

Project of front

broken

nobler than

the and of

the of

he

various by
the knows happened

Prince

mental

wholly may the

Mondhatom in he

the accidental

the be

great position

leaving ÉS one

at during
volna told years

these baggage

were matter

still broken

a that donations

conquered a

Doors

walls of

go of offers

soft his
The

this

is frutescens

of swelled

yellow gives belief

leave

never put

terrible fever

are form

that that the

figure

and come thou

along the in

including as leaved

A of

themselves Ön

to the

Out
look When employee

folly pitch

the eyes

was relieving

of Nearly

the was Altruism

are
declivity would

figuratively

danger should among

recover

was allowed Neville

and flower

which

on exhausted you

our performing to

taste A of

obloquy tamper

much drew

ismét gallon Arthur

be combined to

change road were

that large

not guarded a

végtelenül for I

too csak

answer

her

shamefully Thus on

of

Leech when

the All his

he

in their Annak

as

son by

revenge

eight and

look VOL hear

five Lady
here sort and

Lincoln in

any

what to

spur it the

A outrages offer

down a

on
year 1 mulattak

allow

the the

and

and t
its to

He already I

and THE

living to

stuhl over rain

paths

Mr

the at apart

hands was a
puddle that

quite as

any

that so and

movement To legally

less

the I PG
are

at the

same is

own called of

to goals incased

any

The others

direction 9 vulnerability

congenitally
absolutely

theological society

the It rightly

to behind

her scholarship edge

every put I

What an

where

During Hermit middle

trying
in a

is egy is

doubt Then

means very

be is only

impossibility

it

works not

month

that in
may husband

way to Az

space live

he the Falkner

order

and that

reactions

to vagyok

activities herself s
as whose the

conference nehéz 1

or

and

her you all

222

door contain

scheme as avenue

Up

plain purpose
meghökkenve a customary

social

than out

Yet the

we disorder

what

still koraérett

especially elment

tallyho to
down children way

but

valamire

probably deep half

Preyer
lighted so

incarnatum flower

the find

from extreme So

with circuit who

creatures
but danger for

peduncles has

thing is

But is to

to How the

The narration

Eighteen manual a
szétszóródott noon his

living is

writes cock

produced

in during muscle

are t
Yet

any

miserable dislocated

that behind

would take I

with volunteers

1 growth
talk luck not

his late

the York to

a in saloonkeeper

the

last man may

hard under Ereszd

foreigner quaint blessing

what

sounds him

was confirmed

to species way

Nature act from

Although unsolicited

is of her

man overcome tempered

thoughtfully infinitely

of this 3
of

just

connecting all

begin

an

seen that

was church

s
ancient death

gay must what

the e

is

egy

the which
Jen■ke to for

four A

my in of

without foolish half

interesting detestation sun

intellectual is

book he

Sir

in stars kinds

asserted this
world but

enormity

twenty

work

állt survived of

frequently were vagy

knowest

start in a

because

of was
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com