Operating Systems Administration

1. File Permissions

1. ls -l: List files with details, including permissions.

2. chmod: Change file permissions (e.g., chmod 755 filename).
3. chown: Change file owner and group (e.g., chown user:group filename).
4. chgrp: Change the group ownership of a file (e.g., chgrp groupname filename).
5. umask: Set default permissions for newly created files.
6. getfacl: Get file access control lists.
7. setfacl: Set file access control lists.
8. find . -type f -perm 644: Find files with specific permissions.
9. lsattr: List file attributes on a Linux file system.
10. chattr: Change file attributes on a Linux file system.
11. stat filename: Display file or filesystem status.
12. sudo: Execute a command with superuser privileges (important for changing
permissions).
13. file filename: Determine the type of a file.
14. tar -cvf [Link] folder: Create a tar archive with permissions preserved.
15. tar -xvf [Link]: Extract a tar archive, preserving permissions.
16. rsync -avz: Synchronize files with permissions preserved.
17. cp -p: Copy files and preserve permissions.
18. mv: Move files (permissions remain intact).
19. ln -s: Create symbolic links (permissions of the original file apply).
20. du -h --max-depth=1: Display disk usage, including permissions.

2. Processes

1. ps aux: List all running processes.

2. top: Real-time view of running processes.
3. htop: Interactive process viewer (may need to install).
4. kill PID: Terminate a process by its PID.
5. pkill processname: Kill processes by name.
6. killall processname: Kill all instances of a process by name.
7. bg: Resume a paused job in the background.
8. fg: Bring a background job to the foreground.
9. jobs: List active jobs.
10. nice: Start a process with a modified scheduling priority.
11. renice: Change the priority of an existing process.
12. pstree: View processes in a tree format.
13. strace: Trace system calls and signals.
14. free -m: Display memory usage.
15. vmstat: Report virtual memory statistics.
16. lsof: List open files and the processes that opened them.
17. watch -n 1 'ps aux': Continuously monitor processes.
18. systemctl status: Check the status of a system service.
19. at: Schedule a command to run at a specific time.
20. cron: Schedule recurring tasks.
3. User Account Management

1. adduser username: Add a new user.

2. deluser username: Remove a user.
3. usermod -aG groupname username: Add a user to a group.
4. passwd username: Change a user's password.
5. chage -l username: List user password expiry information.
6. groups username: Show groups a user belongs to.
7. whoami: Display the current logged-in user.
8. id username: Show user ID and group ID.
9. userdel -r username: Remove a user and their home directory.
10. visudo: Edit the sudoers file safely.
11. useradd: Create a new user (more basic than adduser).
12. finger username: Display information about a user.
13. last: Show the last logins of users.
14. w: Show who is logged in and what they are doing.
15. su - username: Switch to another user.
16. net user username: Manage user accounts (in a networked environment).
17. getent passwd: Get user account information from the database.
18. chsh: Change a user's default shell.
19. newgrp groupname: Log in to a new group.
20. passwd -e username: Expire a user's password immediately.

4. Linux Networking

1. ifconfig: Display network interface configuration (may need to install net-tools).

2. ip a: Show network interfaces and their details.
3. ping host: Test connectivity to another host.
4. traceroute host: Trace the route packets take to a host.
5. netstat -tuln: Show listening ports and services.
6. ss -tuln: Another tool to display sockets.
7. nslookup domain: Query DNS information.
8. dig domain: DNS lookup utility.
9. route -n: Display the routing table.
10. ip route: View routing information.
11. nmap: Network exploration tool and security/port scanner.
12. iptables: Configure network packet filtering rules.
13. curl -I url: Fetch HTTP headers from a URL.
14. wget url: Download files from the web.
15. scp source destination: Securely copy files between hosts.
16. sftp user@host: Securely transfer files over SSH.
17. hostname: Show or set the system's hostname.
18. hostnamectl: Control the system hostname.
19. mtr: Network diagnostic tool combining ping and traceroute.
20. iwconfig: Configure wireless network interfaces.

5. Software Management
 1. apt update: Update the package list.
2. apt upgrade: Upgrade all installed packages.
3. apt install package: Install a new package.
4. apt remove package: Remove a package.
5. apt purge package: Remove a package and its configuration files.
6. apt search package: Search for a package in the repository.
7. apt show package: Display package information.
8. dpkg -l: List installed packages.
9. dpkg -i [Link]: Install a .deb package.
10. dpkg --remove package: Remove an installed package.
11. apt autoremove: Remove unused packages.
12. snap list: List installed snap packages.
13. snap install package: Install a snap package.
14. snap remove package: Remove a snap package.
15. flatpak install: Install a Flatpak application.
16. flatpak list: List installed Flatpak applications.
17. flatpak remove: Remove a Flatpak application.
18. apt-cache policy package: Show package version information.
19. apt-mark hold package: Prevent a package from being upgraded.
20. apt-mark unhold package: Allow a held package to be upgraded.

6. Installing and Configuring Linux Operating System

1. fdisk -l: List all disk partitions.

2. parted: Manage disk partitions interactively.
3. mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdX: Format a partition with the ext4 file system.
4. mount /dev/sdX /mnt: Mount a filesystem.
5. umount /mnt: Unmount a filesystem.
6. dpkg-reconfigure: Reconfigure installed packages.
7. update-grub: Update GRUB bootloader configuration.
8. grub-install: Install the GRUB bootloader.
9. lsblk: List block devices.
10. blkid: Display block device attributes.
11. chroot: Change the root directory for a command.
12. debootstrap: Install a Debian-based system from scratch.
13. systemctl enable service: Enable a service to start at boot.
14. systemctl disable service: Disable a service from starting at boot.
15. hostnamectl set-hostname newname: Set the system hostname.
16. timedatectl: Control the system time and date settings.
17. localectl: Configure system locale and keyboard layout.
18. networkctl: Manage network configurations.
19. journalctl: View system logs.
20. systemd-analyze: Analyze and debug system startup.

7. Configuring the Linux Operating System

1. systemctl: Manage system services.

2. service servicename start: Start a service.
 3. systemctl stop servicename: Stop a service.
4. systemctl restart servicename: Restart a service.
5. systemctl status servicename: Check the status of a service.
6. nano /etc/hosts: Edit the hosts file.
7. nano /etc/fstab: Configure filesystem mounts.
8. systemctl mask servicename: Prevent a service from being started.
9. systemctl unmask servicename: Allow a masked service to start.
10. sysctl: Configure kernel parameters at runtime.
11. update-alternatives: Manage different versions of applications.
12. timedatectl set-time: Set the system time.
13. locale-gen: Generate locale settings.
14. update-locale: Set system-wide locale settings.
15. dpkg-reconfigure locales: Reconfigure locale settings.
16. systemctl get-default: Check the default target (runlevel).
17. systemctl set-default target: Set the default target.
18. hostnamectl set-chassis: Set the chassis type for the system.
19. systemd-resolve: Resolve hostnames to IP addresses.
20. systemd-timesyncd: Manage time synchronization.

8. Administering Group Policy

1. groupadd groupname: Create a new group.

2. groupdel groupname: Delete a group.
3. usermod -aG groupname username: Add a user to a group.
4. gpasswd -a username groupname: Add a user to a group.
5. gpasswd -d username groupname: Remove a user from a group.
6. groups: Display groups a user belongs to.
7. cat /etc/group: View the group file.
8. newgrp groupname: Log in to a new group.
9. chgrp groupname filename: Change group ownership of a file.
10. find . -group groupname: Find files owned by a specific group.
11. sg groupname -c 'command': Run a command with group privileges.
12. getent group: Get group information from the databases.
13. setgid: Set the group ID on execution for files.
14. chown :groupname filename: Change group ownership of a file.
15. usermod -g newgroup username: Change the primary group of a user.
16. id -G username: List all group IDs for a user.
17. groupmod: Modify an existing group.
18. find /path -type d -exec chgrp groupname {} \;: Change group ownership
recursively.
19. lsgroup: List groups (may require additional installation).
20. groups username: List groups for a specific user.

9. Management of User Accounts

1. adduser username: Create a new user account.

2. deluser username: Delete a user account.
3. usermod -aG groupname username: Add user to a group.
4. passwd username: Change the password for a user.
 5. chage -l username: Display password expiry information.
6. who: Show who is logged in.
7. last: Display the last login sessions.
8. finger username: Show user information.
9. w: Show who is logged in and what they are doing.
10. id username: Show user and group IDs.
11. userdel -r username: Remove user and their home directory.
12. visudo: Safely edit the sudoers file.
13. newgrp groupname: Join a new group without logging out.
14. getent passwd username: Get user account information.
15. chsh: Change a user's default shell.
16. usermod -g newgroup username: Change the primary group.
17. usermod -l newusername oldusername: Rename a user.
18. passwd -e username: Expire a user's password immediately.
19. usermod -s /bin/bash username: Change a user's shell.
20. sudo -u username command: Run a command as a different user.

Linux File System Commands

1. ls: List directory contents.

2. cd: Change the current directory (e.g., cd /path/to/directory).
3. pwd: Print the current working directory.
4. mkdir directoryname: Create a new directory.
5. rmdir directoryname: Remove an empty directory.
6. rm filename: Remove a file.
7. rm -r directoryname: Recursively remove a directory and its contents.
8. cp source destination: Copy files or directories (e.g., cp [Link]
[Link]).
9. mv source destination: Move or rename files or directories.
10. touch filename: Create an empty file or update the timestamp of an existing file.
11. cat filename: Display the contents of a file.
12. more filename: View the contents of a file one screen at a time.
13. less filename: View the contents of a file with backward and forward navigation.
14. head filename: Display the first few lines of a file.
15. tail filename: Display the last few lines of a file.
16. file filename: Determine the type of a file.
17. df -h: Display disk space usage for file systems in a human-readable format.
18. du -h directoryname: Display disk usage for a directory and its contents.
19. find /path -name filename: Search for files and directories by name.
20. mount: Mount a filesystem (e.g., mount /dev/sdX /mnt).

Linux File System Commands

1. ls: List directory contents.

2. cd: Change the current directory (e.g., cd /path/to/directory).
3. pwd: Print the current working directory.
4. mkdir directoryname: Create a new directory.
5. rmdir directoryname: Remove an empty directory.
6. rm filename: Remove a file.
7. rm -r directoryname: Recursively remove a directory and its contents.
8. cp source destination: Copy files or directories (e.g., cp [Link]
[Link]).
9. mv source destination: Move or rename files or directories.
10. touch filename: Create an empty file or update the timestamp of an existing file.
11. cat filename: Display the contents of a file.
12. more filename: View the contents of a file one screen at a time.
13. less filename: View the contents of a file with backward and forward navigation.
14. head filename: Display the first few lines of a file.
15. tail filename: Display the last few lines of a file.
16. file filename: Determine the type of a file.
17. df -h: Display disk space usage for file systems in a human-readable format.
18. du -h directoryname: Display disk usage for a directory and its contents.
19. find /path -name filename: Search for files and directories by name.
20. mount: Mount a filesystem (e.g., mount /dev/sdX /mnt).