1

+2 CHEMISTRY

PRACTICAL PROCEDURE

K.A. NIHUMATHULLA
[Link]., [Link]., [Link]., [Link] (Spl Edu)

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VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

Short procedure:
[Link] Contents Titration – I Titration – II
1. Burette Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate
solution solution (KMnO4) solution (KMnO4)
2. Pipette 20 ml of Standard 20 ml of unknown Ferrous
solution solution of Ferrous Sulphate
Ammonium Sulphate
3. Acid to be 20 ml of 2N H2SO4 20 ml of 2N H2SO4
added
4. Temperature Lab temperature Lab temperature
5. Indicator Self-indicator (KMnO4) Self-indicator (KMnO4)
6. End point Appearance of permanent Appearance of permanent
pale pink colour pale pink colour
7. Equivalent weight of FeSO4 = 278

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1. Estimation of Ferrous Sulphate (Fe2+)

Aim:
To estimate the amount of ferrous sulphate dissolved in 750 ml of the given
unknown solution volumetrically. For this you are given with a standard solution
of ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) of normality 0.1102 N and potassium
permanganate solution as link solution.

Principle:

During these titrations, Fe2+ ions (from ferrous salts) are oxidised to Fe3+ ions
and MnO4– ion (from KMnO4) is reduced to Mn2+ ion.

Oxidation: 5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e−

Reduction: MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e− → Mn2+ + 4H2O

Pink colourless

Overall reaction: 5Fe2+ + MnO4– + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

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Titration – I: Standardization of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO 4)

FAS Vs KMnO4 Indicator: Self indicator (KMnO4)
[Link] Volume of Burette readings Volume of Concordant
Standard FAS Initial Final (ml) KMnO4 (ml) value
(ml) (ml) (ml)
1 20 0 20.9 20.9
2 20 0 20.8 20.8 20.8
3 20 0 20.8 20.8

Calculation:
Volume of Standard FAS solution V1 = 20 ml
Normality of Standard FAS solution N1 = 0.1102N
Volume of KMnO4 solution V2 = 20.8 ml
Normality of KMnO4 solution N2 =
According to Volumetric Analysis
V1 x N1 = V2 x N2
V1 xN1
N2 = V2

N2 = 20 x 0.1102
20.8

N2 = 0.1060 N

Normality of KMnO4 N2 = 0.1060 N

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Procedure:
Titration – I : Standardization of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
Standard FAS Vs Link KMnO4

Burette is washed with water, rinsed with KMnO4 solution and filled with
same KMnO4 solution up to the zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of standard FAS
solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed conical flask. To this FAS
solution, approximately 20ml of 2N sulphuric acid is added. This mixture is
titrated against KMnO4 link solution from the burette. KMnO4 is added drop wise
till the appearance of permanent pale pink colour. Burette reading is noted, and
the same procedure is repeated to get concordant values.

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Titration – II: Estimation of Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4)

KMnO4 Vs Unknown FeSO4 Indicator: Self indicator (KMnO4)
[Link] Volume of Burette readings Volume of Concordant
Unknown Initial Final (ml) KMnO4 (ml) value
FeSO4 (ml) (ml) (ml)
1 20 0 19.5 19.5
2 20 0 19.4 19.4 19.4
3 20 0 19.4 19.4

Calculation:

Volume of KMnO4 solution V3 = 19.4 ml

Normality of KMnO4 solution N3 = 0.1060 N

Volume of Unknown FeSO4 solution V4 = 20 ml

Normality of Unknown FeSO4 solution N4 =

According to Volumetric Analysis V3 x N3 = V4 x N4

V3 xN 3
N4 =
V4

N4 = 19.4 x 0.1060
20

N4 = 0.1028 N

Normality of Unknown FeSO4 solution N4 = 0.1028 N

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Titration – II: Estimation of Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4)

KMnO4 Vs Unknown FeSO4

Burette is washed with water, rinsed with KMnO4 solution and filled with
same KMnO4 solution up to the zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of unknown FeSO4
solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed conical flask. To this FeSO 4
solution approximately 20ml of 2N sulphuric acid is added. This mixture is
titrated against KMnO4 Link solution from the burette. KMnO4 is added drop
wise till the appearance of permanent pale pink colour. Burette reading is noted
and the same procedure is repeated to get concordant values.

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Weight calculation:

The amount of FeSO4 dissolved in 750 ml of the given solution

= Normality x Equivalent weight x 750

1000

= 0.1028 x 278 x 750

1000

= 21.4338 g

The amount of FeSO4 dissolved in 750 ml of the given solution = = 21.4338 g

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Result:
(i) Normality of KMnO4 = 0.1060 N
(ii) Normality of Unknown FeSO4 solution = 0.1028 N
(iii) The amount of FeSO4 dissolved in 750 ml of the given solution = 21.4338g

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Short procedure:
[Link] Contents Titration – I Titration – II
1. Burette Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate
solution Link solution (KMnO4) Link solution (KMnO4)
2. Pipette 20 ml of Standard 20 ml of unknown Ferrous
solution solution of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate
Sulphate
3. Acid to be 20 ml of 2N H2SO4 20 ml of 2N H2SO4
added
4. Temperature Lab temperature Lab temperature
5. Indicator Self indicator (KMnO4) Self indicator (KMnO4)
6. End point Appearance of permanent Appearance of permanent
pale pink colour pale pink colour
7. Equivalent weight of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate = 392

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2. Estimation of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (FAS)

Aim:

To estimate the amount of ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) dissolved in

1500 ml of the given unknown solution volumetrically. For this you are given
with a standard solution of ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) of normality 0.1024 N and
potassium permanganate solution as link solution.

Principle:

During these titrations, Fe2+ ions (from ferrous salts) are oxidised to Fe3+ ions
and MnO4– ion (from KMnO4) is reduced to Mn2+ ion.

Oxidation: 5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e−

Reduction: MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e− → Mn2+ + 4H2O

Pink colourless

Overall reaction: 5Fe2+ + MnO4– + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

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Titration – I: Standardization of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO 4)

Standard FeSO4 Vs KMnO4 Indicator: Self indicator (KMnO4)
[Link] Volume of Burette readings Volume of Concordant
Standard Initial Final (ml) KMnO4 (ml) value
FeSO4 (ml) (ml) (ml)
1 20 0 20.5 20.5
2 20 0 20.4 20.4 20.4
3 20 0 20.4 20.4
Calculation:
Volume of Standard FeSO4 solution V1 = 20 ml
Normality of Standard FeSO4 solution N1 = 0.1024 N
Volume of KMnO4 solution V2 = 20.4 ml
Normality of KMnO4 solution N2 =
According to Volumetric Analysis
V1 x N1 = V2 x N2
V1 xN1
N2 = V2

N2 = 20 x 0.1024
20.4
N2 = 0.1004 N
Normality of KMnO4 N2 = 0.1004 N

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Procedure:

Titration – I: Standardization of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO 4)

Standard FeSO4 Vs KMnO4

Burette is washed with water, rinsed with KMnO4 solution and filled with
same KMnO4 solution up to the zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of standard FeSO4
solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed conical flask. To this FeSO4
solution, approximately 20ml of 2N sulphuric acid is added. This mixture is
titrated against KMnO4 link solution from the burette. KMnO4 is added drop wise
till the appearance of permanent pale pink colour. Burette reading are noted, the
same procedure is repeated to get concordant values.

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Titration – II: Estimation of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (FAS)

KMnO4 Vs Unknown FAS Indicator: Self indicator (KMnO4)
[Link] Volume of Burette readings Volume of Concordant
Unknown Initial Final (ml) KMnO4 (ml) value
FAS (ml) (ml) (ml)
1 20 0 19.7 19.7

2 20 0 19.6 19.6 19.6

3 20 0 19.6 19.6

Calculation:
Volume of KMnO4 solution V3 = 19.6 ml
Normality of KMnO4 solution N3 = 0.1004 N
Volume of Unknown FAS solution V4 = 20 ml
Normality of Unknown FAS solution N4 =
According to Volumetric Analysis
V3 x N3 = V4 x N4
V xN
N4 = 3 3
V4

N4 = 19.6 x 0.1004
20
N4 = 0.0984 N
Normality of Unknown FAS solution N4 = 0.0984 N

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Titration – II : Estimation of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (FAS)

KMnO4 Vs Unknown FAS

Burette is washed with water, rinsed with KMnO4 solution and filled with
same KMnO4 solution up to the zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of unknown FAS
solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed conical flask. To this FAS solution
approximately 20ml of 2N sulphuric acid is added. This mixture is titrated
against KMnO4 link solution from the burette. KMnO4 is added drop wise till the
appearance of permanent pale pink colour. Burette reading is noted and the same
procedure is repeated to get concordant values.

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Weight calculation:
The amount of FAS dissolved in 1500 ml of the given solution

= Normality x Equivalent weight x 1500

1000

= 0.0984 x 392 x 1500

1000
= 57.8592 g

The amount of FAS dissolved in 1500 ml of the given solution = 57.8592 g

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Result:
Normality of KMnO4 = 0.1004 N
Normality of Unknown FAS solution = 0.0984 N
The amount of FAS dissolved in 1500 ml of the given solution = 57.8592 g

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Short procedure:

[Link] Contents Titration – I Titration – II

1. Burette Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate
solution link solution (KMnO4) link solution (KMnO4)
2. Pipette 20 ml of Standard 20 ml of unknown Oxalic
solution solution of Ferrous acid
Ammonium Sulphate
3. Acid to be 20 ml of 2N H2SO4 20 ml of 2N H2SO4
added
4. Temperature Lab temperature 60 – 70°C
5. Indicator Self indicator (KMnO4) Self indicator (KMnO4)
6. End point Appearance of permanent Appearance of permanent
pale pink colour pale pink colour
7. Equivalent weight of oxalic acid = 63

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3. Estimation of oxalic acid

Aim:
To estimate the amount of oxalic acid dissolved in 500 ml of the given
solution volumetrically. For this you are given with a standard solution of ferrous
ammonium sulphate (FAS) of normality 0.1 N and potassium permanganate
solution as link solution.

Principle:

During these titrations, oxalic acid is oxidized to CO2 and MnO4− ions (from
KMnO4) is reduced to Mn2+ ion.

Oxidation : 5(COO)22– → 10CO2 + 10e−

Reduction : 2MnO4– + 16H+ + 10e− → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

Pink colourless
Overall reaction :

2MnO4– + 16H+ + 5(COO)22– → 10CO2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

Since one mole oxalic acid releases 2 moles of electrons, the equivalent

weight of oxalic acid 106 = 63 (oxalic acid is dihydrated)

2

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Titration – I: Standardization of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO 4)

Standard FAS Vs KMnO4 (link) Indicator: Self indicator (KMnO4)
[Link] Volume of Burette readings Volume of Concordant
Standard FAS Initial Final (ml) link KMnO4 value
(ml) (ml) (ml) (ml)
1 20 0 20.8 20.8

2 20 0 20.7 20.7 20.7

3 20 0 20.7 20.7

Calculation:

Volume of Standard FAS solution V1 = 20 ml

Normality of Standard FAS solution N1 = 0.1N

Volume of link KMnO4 solution V2 = 20.7 ml

Normality of link KMnO4 solution N2 =

According to Volumetric Analysis V 1 x N1 = V 2 x N2

V1xN1
N2 =
V2

N2 = 20 x 0.1
20.7

N2 = 0.0966 N

Normality of link KMnO4 N2 = 0.0966 N

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Procedure:

Titration – I: Standardization of link Potassium Permanganate (KMnO 4)

Standard FAS Vs link KMnO4

Burette is washed with water, rinsed with KMnO4 solution and filled with
same KMnO4 solution up to the zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of standard FAS
solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed conical flask. To this FAS
solution, approximately 20ml of 2N sulphuric acid is added. This mixture is
titrated against KMnO4 link solution from the burette. KMnO4 is added drop wise
till the appearance of permanent pale pink colour. Burette reading is noted and
the same procedure is repeated to get concordant values.

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Titration – II: Estimation of Oxalic acid (COOH) 2

Link KMnO4 Vs Unknown (COOH)2 Indicator : Self indicator (KMnO4)
[Link] Volume of Burette readings Volume of Concordant
Unknown Initial Final (ml) KMnO4 (ml) value
(COOH)2 (ml) (ml) (ml)
1 20 0 19.9 19.9

2 20 0 19.8 19.8 19.8

3 20 0 19.8 19.8

Calculation:

Volume of link KMnO4 solution V3 = 19.8 ml

Normality of link KMnO4 solution N3 = 0.0966 N
Volume of Unknown oxalic acid solution V4 = 20 ml
Normality of Unknown oxalic acid solution N4 =
According to Volumetric Analysis
V3 x N3 = V4 x N4
V xN
N4 = 3 3
V
4

N4 = 19.8 x 0.0966
20
N4 = 0.0956 N
Normality of Unknown oxalic acid solution N4 = 0.0956 N

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Titration – II: Estimation of Oxalic acid (COOH) 2

Link KMnO4 Vs Unknown (COOH)2

Burette is washed with water, rinsed with KMnO4 solution and filled with
same KMnO4 solution up to the zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of unknown oxalic acid
solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed conical flask. To this oxalic acid
solution approximately 20ml of 2N sulphuric acid is added. This mixture is
heated to 60 – 70°C using Bunsen burner and that hot solution is titrated against
KMnO4 link solution from the burette. KMnO4 is added drop wise till the
appearance of permanent pale pink colour. Burette reading are noted, the same
procedure is repeated to get concordant values.

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Weight calculation:
The amount of oxalic acid dissolved in 500 ml of the given solution

= Normality x Equivalent weight x 500

1000

= 0.0956 x 63 x 500
1000
= 3.0114 g

The amount of oxalic acid dissolved in 500 ml of the given solution = 3.0114 g

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Result:
Normality of link KMnO4 = 0.0966 N
Normality of Unknown oxalic acid solution = 0.0956 N
The amount of oxalic acid dissolved in 500 ml of the given solution
= 3.0114 g

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Short procedure:

[Link] Contents Titration – I Titration – II

1. Burette Hydrochloric acid link Hydrochloric acid link
solution solution (HCl) solution (HCl)
2. Pipette 20 ml of Standard 20 ml of unknown sodium
solution solution of sodium hydroxide solution
carbonate (Na2CO3) (NaOH)
3. Temperature Lab temperature Lab temperature
4. Indicator Methyl orange Phenolphthalein
6. End point Colour change from straw Disappearance of pink
yellow to pale pink colour
7. Equivalent weight of sodium hydroxide = 40

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4. Estimation of sodium hydroxide

Aim:

To estimate the amount of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 250 ml of the

given unknown solution volumetrically. For this you are given with a standard
solution of sodium carbonate solution of normality 0.0948 N and hydrochloric
acid solution as link solution.

Principle:

Neutralization of Sodium carbonate by HCl is given below. To indicate the

end point, methyl orange is used as an indicator.

Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Neutralization of Sodium hydroxide by HCl is given below. To indicate the

end point, phenolphthalein is used as an indicator.

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

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Titration – I: Standardization of link Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Standard Na2CO3 Vs HCl Indicator: Methyl Orange
[Link] Volume of Burette readings Volume of Concordant
Standard Initial Final (ml) link HCl (ml) value
Na2CO3 (ml) (ml) (ml)
1 20 0 20.3 20.3

2 20 0 20.2 20.2 20.2

3 20 0 20.2 20.2

Calculation:
Volume of Standard Na2CO3 solution V1 = 20 ml
Normality of Standard Na2CO3 solution N1 = 0.0948N
Volume of link HCl solution V2 = 20.2 ml
Normality of link HCl solution N2 =
According to Volumetric Analysis
V1 x N1 = V2 x N2
V xN
N2 = 1 1
V
2

N2 = 20 x 0.0948
20.2
N2 = 0.0939 N
Normality of link HCl N2 = 0.0939 N

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Procedure:

Titration – I: Standardization of link Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Standard Na2CO3 Vs link HCl

Burette is washed with water, rinsed with HCl solution and filled with same
HCl solution up to the zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of standard Na2CO3 solution is
pipetted out into the clean, washed conical flask. To This solution 2 to 3 drops of
methyl orange indicator is added and titrated against HCl link solution from the
burette. HCl is added drop wise till the colour change from straw yellow to pale
pink.

Burette reading is noted and the same procedure is repeated to get

concordant values.

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Titration – II: Estimation of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Link HCl Vs Unknown NaOH Indicator: Phenolphthalein
[Link] Volume of Burette readings Volume of Concordant
Unknown Initial Final (ml) link HCl (ml) value
NaOH (ml) (ml) (ml)
1 20 0 20.9 20.9

2 20 0 20.8 20.8 20.8

3 20 0 20.8 20.8

Calculation:

Volume of link HCl solution V3 = 20.8 ml

Normality of link HCl solution N3 = 0.0939 N
Volume of Unknown sodium hydroxide solution V4 = 20 ml
Normality of Unknown sodium hydroxide solution N4 =
According to Volumetric Analysis
V3 x N3 = V4 x N4
V xN
N4 = 3 3
V
4

N4 = 20.8 x 0.0939
20
N4 = 0.0977 N
Normality of Unknown sodium hydroxide solution N4 = 0.0977 N

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Titration – II : Estimation of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Link HCl Vs Unknown NaOH

Burette is washed with water, rinsed with HCl solution and filled with same
HCl solution up to the zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of unknown NaOH solution is
pipetted out into the clean, washed conical flask. To This solution 2 to 3 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator is added and titrated against HCl link solution from the
burette. HCl is added drop wise till the pink colour disappears completely.

Burette reading is noted and the same procedure is repeated to get

concordant values.

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Weight calculation:

The amount of NaOH dissolved in 250 ml of the given solution

= Normality x Equivalent weight x 250

1000

= 0.0977 x 40 x 250
1000

= 0.9770 g

The amount of NaOH dissolved in 250 ml of the given solution = 0.9770 g

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Result:
Normality of link hydrochloric acid = 0.0939 N
Normality of Unknown sodium hydroxide solution = 0.0977 N
The amount of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 250 ml of the given solution
= 0.9770 g

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Short procedure:

[Link] Contents Titration – I Titration – II

1. Burette Standard solution of Unknown Oxalic acid
solution Hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution
2. Pipette 20 ml solution of link 20 ml solution of link
solution sodium hydroxide sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
(NaOH)
3. Temperature Lab temperature Lab temperature
4. Indicator Phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein
6. End point Disappearance of pink Disappearance of pink
colour colour
7. Equivalent weight of Oxalic acid = 63

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5. Estimation of oxalic acid

Aim:

To estimate the amount of oxalic acid dissolved in 1250 ml of the given

unknown solution volumetrically. For this you are given with a standard solution
of HCl solution of normality 0.1010 N and sodium hydroxide solution as link
solution.

Principle:

Neutralization of Sodium hydroxide by HCl is given below. To indicate the

end point, phenolphthalein is used as an indicator.

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Neutralization of Sodium hydroxide by oxalic acid is given below. To

indicate the end point, phenolphthalein is used as an indicator.
2NaOH + (COOH)2 → (COONa)2 + 2H2O
Oxalic acid sodium oxalate

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Titration – I: Standardization of Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Standard HCl Vs NaOH (link) Indicator: Phenolphthalein
[Link] Volume of Burette readings Volume of Concordant
link NaOH Initial Final (ml) Standard HCl value
(ml) (ml) (ml) (ml)
1 20 0 20.6 20.6

2 20 0 20.5 20.5 20.5

3 20 0 20.5 20.5

Calculation:
Volume of Standard HCl solution V1 = 20.5 ml
Normality of Standard HCl solution N1 = 0.1010N
Volume of link NaOH solution V2 = 20 ml
Normality of link NaOH solution N2 =
According to Volumetric Analysis
V1 x N1 = V2 x N2
V xN
N2 = 1 1
V
2

N2 = 20.5 x 0.1010
20
N2 = 0.1035 N
Normality of link NaOH solution N2 = 0.1035 N

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Procedure:

Titration – I: Standardization of Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Standard HCl Vs NaOH (link)
Burette is washed with water, rinsed with HCl solution and filled with same
HCl solution up to the zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of NaOH is pipetted out into the
clean, washed conical flask. To This solution 2 to 3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator is added and titrated against HCl solution from the burette. HCl is
added drop wise till the pink colour disappears completely.
Burette reading is noted and the same procedure is repeated to get
concordant values.

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Titration – II: Estimation of Oxalic acid (COOH) 2

NaOH (link) Vs Unknown (COOH)2 Indicator : Phenolphthalein
[Link] Volume of Burette readings Volume of Concordant
link NaOH Initial Final Unknown value
(ml) (ml) (ml) (COOH)2 (ml)
(ml)
1 20 0 19.9 19.9

2 20 0 19.8 19.8 19.8

3 20 0 19.8 19.8

Calculation:
Volume of link NaOH solution V3 = 20 ml
Normality of link NaOH solution N3 = 0.1035 N
Volume of Unknown (COOH)2 solution V4 = 19.8 ml
Normality of Unknown (COOH)2 solution N4 =
According to Volumetric Analysis V 3 x N3 = V 4 x N4
V xN
N4 = 3 3
V
4

N4 = 20 x 0.1035
19.8
N4 = 0.1045 N
Normality of Unknown oxalic acid solution N4 = 0.1045 N

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Titration – II : Estimation of Oxalic acid (COOH)2

NaOH (link) Vs Unknown (COOH)2

Burette is washed with water, rinsed with oxalic acid solution and filled
with same oxalic acid solution up to the zero mark. Exactly 20 ml of NaOH
solution is pipetted out into the clean, washed conical flask. To This solution 2 to
3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator is added and titrated against oxalic acid
solution from the burette. Oxalic acid is added drop wise till the pink colour
disappears completely.

Burette reading is noted and the same procedure is repeated to get

concordant values.

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Weight calculation:

The amount of oxalic acid dissolved in 1250 ml of the given solution

= Normality x Equivalent weight x 1250

1000

= 0.1045 x 63 x 1250
1000

= 8.2294 g

The amount of oxalic acid dissolved in 1250 ml of the given solution = 8.2294 g

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Result:
Normality of link sodium hydroxide = 0.1035 N
Normality of Unknown oxalic acid solution = 0. 1045 N
The amount of oxalic acid dissolved in 1250 ml of the given solution
= 8.2294 g

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 42

ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

1. BENZALDEHYDE

I – PRELIMINARY TESTS
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic Bitter almond odour May be benzaldehyde.
compound.

2. Test with litmus paper:

Touch the moist litmus paper No colour change Absence of carboxylic acid,
with the organic compound. phenol and amine.
3. Action with sodium
bicarbonate: No Brisk Absence of carboxylic acid.
Take 2 ml of saturated sodium bi effervescence
carbonate solution. Add small
quantity of the organic
compound in to it.
4. Action with Borsch’s reagent:
Take a small amount of an Yellow precipitate Presence of aldehyde or
organic compound in a test tube. is obtained ketone.
Add 3 ml of Borsch’s reagent, 1
ml of [Link] to it, then warm
the mixture gently and cool it.
5. Charring test:
Take a small amount of the No charring with Absence of carbohydrate.
organic compound in a dry test the smell of burnt
tube. Add 2 ml Conc. H2SO4 to it sugar.
and heat the mixture.
II – TEST FOR ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC NATURE
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
6. Ignition test:
Take a small amount of the Burns with sooty Presence of an aromatic
organic compound in a nickel flame compound.
spatula and burn it in Bunsen
flame.
III – TESTS FOR UNSATURATION
7. Test with Bromine water:
Take small amount of the No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
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organic compound in a test tube, takes place

add 2 ml of distilled water to
dissolve it. To this add few drops
of bromine water and shake it.
8. Test with KMnO4 solution:
Take small amount of the No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
organic compound in a test tube, takes place
add 2ml of distilled water to
dissolve it. To this add few drops
of very dilute alkaline KMnO4
solution and shake it.
IV – TEST FOR SELECTED ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
9. Test of aldehydes:
Tollen’s reagent test:
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s reagent in Shining silver Presence of aldehyde is
a clean dry test tube. Add a small mirror is formed confirmed.
amount of the organic compound
in to it. Heat the mixture on a
water bath for 5 minutes.

Fehling’s test:
Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s Red precipitate is
solution A and Fehling’s formed Presence of aldehyde is
solution B in a test tube. Add a confirmed.
small amount of the organic
compound in to it and heat the
mixture on a water bath for 5
minutes.
10. Test for ketones: No Red colouration Absence of a ketone.
Legal’s test: is seen
A small amount of the organic
compound is taken in a test tube.
1 ml of sodium nitro prusside
solution is added. Then sodium
hydroxide solution is added
dropwise.

nihumathulla.k.a
 44

Result:
The given organic compound is
(i) Aromatic

(ii) Saturated and contains

(iii) Aldehyde functional group.

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ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

2. CINNAMALDEHYDE
I – PRELIMINARY TESTS
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic No characteristic Absence of amine,
compound. odour benzaldehyde, phenol and
ester.
2. Test with litmus paper:
Touch the moist litmus paper No colour change Absence of carboxylic acid,
with the organic compound. phenol and amine.
3. Action with sodium
bicarbonate: No Brisk Absence of carboxylic acid.
Take 2 ml of saturated sodium bi effervescence
carbonate solution. Add small
quantity of the organic
compound in to it.
4. Action with Borsch’s reagent:
Take a small amount of an Yellow precipitate Presence of aldehyde or
organic compound in a test tube. is obtained ketone.
Add 3 ml of Borsch’s reagent, 1
ml of [Link] to it, then warm
the mixture gently and cool it.
5. Charring test:
Take a small amount of the No charring with Absence of carbohydrate.
organic compound in a dry test the smell of burnt
tube. Add 2 ml Conc. H2SO4 to it sugar.
and heat the mixture.
II – TEST FOR ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC NATURE
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
6. Ignition test:
Take a small amount of the Burns with sooty Presence of an aromatic
organic compound in a nickel flame compound.
spatula and burn it in Bunsen
flame.
III – TESTS FOR UNSATURATION
7. Test with Bromine water:
Take small amount of the Bromine water is The substance is unsaturated.
organic compound in a test tube, decolourised
add 2 ml of distilled water to
nihumathulla.k.a
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dissolve it. To this add few drops

of bromine water and shake it.
8. Test with KMnO4 solution:
Take small amount of the KMnO4 Solution is The substance is unsaturated.
organic compound in a test tube, decolourised
add 2ml of distilled water to
dissolve it. To this add few drops
of very dilute alkaline KMnO4
solution and shake it.
IV – TEST FOR SELECTED ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
9. Test of aldehydes:
Tollen’s reagent test:
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s reagent in Shining silver Presence of aldehyde is
a clean dry test tube. Add a small mirror is formed confirmed.
amount of the organic compound
in to it. Heat the mixture on a
water bath for 5 minutes.

Fehling’s test:
Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s Red precipitate is
solution A and Fehling’s formed Presence of aldehyde is
solution B in a test tube. Add a confirmed.
small amount of the organic
compound in to it and heat the
mixture on a water bath for 5
minutes.
10. Test for ketones:
Legal’s test:
A small amount of the organic No Red colouration Absence of a ketone.
compound is taken in a test tube. is seen
1 ml of sodium nitro prusside
solution is added. Then sodium
hydroxide solution is added
dropwise.
Result:
The given organic compound is
(i) Aromatic
(ii) Unsaturated and contains
(iii) Aldehyde functional group.

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ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

3. ACETOPHENONE
I – PRELIMINARY TESTS
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic No characteristic Absence of amine,
compound. odour benzaldehyde, phenol and
ester.
2. Test with litmus paper:
Touch the moist litmus paper with No colour change Absence of carboxylic acid,
the organic compound. phenol and amine.
3. Action with sodium bicarbonate:
Take 2 ml of saturated sodium bi No Brisk Absence of carboxylic acid.
carbonate solution. Add small effervescence
quantity of the organic compound
in to it.
4. Action with Borsch’s reagent:
Take a small amount of an organic orange precipitate Presence of aldehyde or
compound in a test tube. Add 3 ml ketone.
of Borsch’s reagent, 1 ml of
[Link] to it, then warm the
mixture gently and cool it.
5. Charring test:
Take a small amount of the organic No charring with Absence of carbohydrate.
compound in a dry test tube. Add 2 the smell of burnt
ml Conc. H2SO4 to it and heat the sugar.
mixture.
II – TEST FOR ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC NATURE
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
6. Ignition test:
Take a small amount of the organic Burns with sooty Presence of an aromatic
compound in a nickel spatula and flame compound.
burn it in Bunsen flame.

III – TESTS FOR UNSATURATION

7. Test with Bromine water:
Take small amount of the organic No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
compound in a test tube, add 2 ml takes place
of distilled water to dissolve it. To
this add few drops of bromine
nihumathulla.k.a
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water and shake it.

8. Test with KMnO4 solution:
Take small amount of the organic No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
compound in a test tube, add 2ml takes place
of distilled water to dissolve it. To
this add few drops of very dilute
alkaline KMnO4 solution and
shake it.
IV – TEST FOR SELECTED ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
9. Test of aldehydes:
Tollen’s reagent test:
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a No Shining silver Absence of aldehyde.
clean dry test tube. Add a small mirror is formed
amount of the organic compound
in to it. Heat the mixture on a
water bath for 5 minutes.

Fehling’s test:
Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s No Red precipitate Absence of aldehyde.
solution A and Fehling’s solution is formed
B in a test tube. Add a small
amount of the organic compound
in to it and heat the mixture on a
water bath for 5 minutes.
10. Test for ketones: A Red colouration Presence of a ketone.
Legal’s test: is seen
A small amount of the organic
compound is taken in a test tube. 1
ml of sodium nitro prusside
solution is added. Then sodium
hydroxide solution is added
dropwise.

Result:
The given organic compound is
(i) Aromatic
(ii) saturated and contains
(iii) Ketone functional group.

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 49

ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

4. BENZOPHENONE
I – PRELIMINARY TESTS
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic No characteristic Absence of amine,
compound. odour benzaldehyde, phenol and
ester.
2. Test with litmus paper:
Touch the moist litmus paper No colour change Absence of carboxylic acid,
with the organic compound. phenol and amine.
3. Action with sodium
bicarbonate: No Brisk Absence of carboxylic acid.
Take 2 ml of saturated sodium bi effervescence
carbonate solution. Add small
quantity of the organic
compound in to it.
4. Action with Borsch’s reagent:
Take a small amount of an orange precipitate Presence of aldehyde or
organic compound in a test tube. ketone.
Add 3 ml of Borsch’s reagent, 1
ml of [Link] to it, then warm
the mixture gently and cool it.
5. Charring test:
Take a small amount of the No charring with Absence of carbohydrate.
organic compound in a dry test the smell of burnt
tube. Add 2 ml Conc. H2SO4 to it sugar.
and heat the mixture.
II – TEST FOR ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC NATURE
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
6. Ignition test:
Take a small amount of the Burns with sooty Presence of an aromatic
organic compound in a nickel flame compound.
spatula and burn it in Bunsen
flame.
III – TESTS FOR UNSATURATION
7. Test with Bromine water:
Take small amount of the No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
organic compound in a test tube, takes place
add 2 ml of distilled water to
nihumathulla.k.a
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dissolve it. To this add few drops

of bromine water and shake it.
8. Test with KMnO4 solution:
Take small amount of the No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
organic compound in a test tube, takes place
add 2ml of distilled water to
dissolve it. To this add few drops
of very dilute alkaline KMnO4
solution and shake it.
IV – TEST FOR SELECTED ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
9. Test of aldehydes:
Tollen’s reagent test:
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s reagent in No Shining silver Absence of aldehyde.
a clean dry test tube. Add a small mirror is formed
amount of the organic compound
in to it. Heat the mixture on a
water bath for 5 minutes.

Fehling’s test:
Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s No Red precipitate Absence of aldehyde.
solution A and Fehling’s is formed
solution B in a test tube. Add a
small amount of the organic
compound in to it and heat the
mixture on a water bath for 5
minutes.
10. Test for ketones: A Red colouration Presence of a ketone.
Legal’s test: is seen
A small amount of the organic
compound is taken in a test tube.
1 ml of sodium nitro prusside
solution is added. Then sodium
hydroxide solution is added
dropwise.
Result:
The given organic compound is
(i) Aromatic
(ii) saturated and contains
(iii) Ketone functional group.

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ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

5. BENZOIC ACID
I – PRELIMINARY TESTS
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic No characteristic Absence of amine,
compound. odour benzaldehyde, phenol and
ester.
2. Test with litmus paper:
Touch the moist litmus paper Blue litmus turns May be a carboxylic
with the organic compound. red acid/Phenol.

3. Action with sodium

bicarbonate: Brisk effervescence Presence of carboxylic acid.
Take 2 ml of saturated sodium bi
carbonate solution. Add small .
quantity of the organic
compound in to it.
4. Action with Borsch’s reagent:
Take a small amount of an No precipitate Absence of aldehyde or
organic compound in a test tube. ketone.
Add 3 ml of Borsch’s reagent, 1
ml of [Link] to it, then warm
the mixture gently and cool it.
5. Charring test:
Take a small amount of the No charring with Absence of carbohydrate.
organic compound in a dry test the smell of burnt
tube. Add 2 ml Conc. H2SO4 to it sugar.
and heat the mixture.
II – TEST FOR ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC NATURE
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
6. Ignition test:
Take a small amount of the Burns with sooty Presence of an aromatic
organic compound in a nickel flame compound.
spatula and burn it in Bunsen .
flame.
III – TESTS FOR UNSATURATION
7. Test with Bromine water:
Take small amount of the No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
nihumathulla.k.a
 52

organic compound in a test tube, takes place

add 2 ml of distilled water to
dissolve it. To this add few drops
of bromine water and shake it.
8. Test with KMnO4 solution:
Take small amount of the No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
organic compound in a test tube, takes place
add 2ml of distilled water to
dissolve it. To this add few drops
of very dilute alkaline KMnO4
solution and shake it.
IV – TEST FOR SELECTED ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
9. Test for carboxylic acid:
Esterification reaction:
Take a small amount of the A pleasant fruity Presence of carboxylic acid.
organic compound in a clean dry odour is noted
test tube. Add 1 ml of ethyl
alcohol and few drops of Conc.
H2SO4 to it. Heat the mixture
strongly for about 5 minutes.
Pour the mixture into a beaker
containing dilute sodium
carbonate solution and note the
smell.

Result:
The given organic compound is
(i) Aromatic

(ii) saturated and contains

(iii) Carboxylic acid functional group.

nihumathulla.k.a
 53

ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

6. CINNAMIC ACID
I – PRELIMINARY TESTS
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic No characteristic Absence of amine,
compound. odour benzaldehyde, phenol and
ester.
2. Test with litmus paper:
Touch the moist litmus paper Blue litmus turns May be a carboxylic
with the organic compound. red acid/phenol.

3. Action with sodium

bicarbonate: Brisk effervescence Presence of carboxylic acid.
Take 2 ml of saturated sodium bi
carbonate solution. Add small
quantity of the organic
compound in to it.
4. Action with Borsch’s reagent:
Take a small amount of an No precipitate Absence of aldehyde or
organic compound in a test tube. ketone.
Add 3 ml of Borsch’s reagent, 1
ml of [Link] to it, then warm
the mixture gently and cool it.
5. Charring test:
Take a small amount of the No charring with Absence of carbohydrate.
organic compound in a dry test the smell of burnt
tube. Add 2 ml Conc. H2SO4 to it sugar.
and heat the mixture.
II – TEST FOR ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC NATURE
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
6. Ignition test:
Take a small amount of the Burns with sooty Presence of an aromatic
organic compound in a nickel flame compound.
spatula and burn it in Bunsen
flame.
III – TESTS FOR UNSATURATION
7. Test with Bromine water:
Take small amount of the Bromine water is The substance is unsaturated.
nihumathulla.k.a
 54

organic compound in a test tube, decolourised

add 2 ml of distilled water to
dissolve it. To this add few drops
of bromine water and shake it.
8. Test with KMnO4 solution:
Take small amount of the KMnO4 Solution is The substance is unsaturated.
organic compound in a test tube, decolourised
add 2ml of distilled water to
dissolve it. To this add few drops
of very dilute alkaline KMnO4
solution and shake it.
IV – TEST FOR SELECTED ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
9. Test for carboxylic acid:
Esterification reaction:
Take a small amount of the A pleasant fruity Presence of carboxylic acid.
organic compound in a clean dry odour is noted
test tube. Add 1 ml of ethyl
alcohol and few drops of Conc.
H2SO4 to it. Heat the mixture
strongly for about 5 minutes.
Pour the mixture into a beaker
containing dilute sodium
carbonate solution and note the
smell.

Result:
The given organic compound is
(i) Aromatic

(ii) Unsaturated and contains

(iii) Carboxylic acid functional group.

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 55

ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

7. UREA
I – PRELIMINARY TESTS
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic No characteristic Absence of amine,
compound. odour benzaldehyde, phenol and
ester.
2. Test with litmus paper:
Touch the moist litmus paper No colour change Absence of carboxylic acid,
with the organic compound. phenol and amine.
3. Action with sodium
bicarbonate: No Brisk Absence of carboxylic acid.
Take 2 ml of saturated sodium bi effervescence
carbonate solution. Add small
quantity of the organic
compound in to it.
4. Action with Borsch’s reagent:
Take a small amount of an No precipitate Absence of aldehyde and
organic compound in a test tube. ketone.
Add 3 ml of Borsch’s reagent, 1
ml of [Link] to it, then warm
the mixture gently and cool it.
5. Charring test:
Take a small amount of the No charring with Absence of carbohydrate.
organic compound in a dry test the smell of burnt
tube. Add 2 ml Conc. H2SO4 to it sugar.
and heat the mixture.
II – TEST FOR ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC NATURE
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
6. Ignition test:
Take a small amount of the Burns with non – Presence of an aliphatic
organic compound in a nickel sooty flame compound.
spatula and burn it in Bunsen
flame.
III – TESTS FOR UNSATURATION
7. Test with Bromine water:
Take small amount of the No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
organic compound in a test tube, takes place
add 2 ml of distilled water to
nihumathulla.k.a
 56

dissolve it. To this add few drops

of bromine water and shake it.
8. Test with KMnO4 solution:
Take small amount of the No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
organic compound in a test tube, takes place
add 2ml of distilled water to
dissolve it. To this add few drops
of very dilute alkaline KMnO4
solution and shake it.
IV – TEST FOR SELECTED ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
9. Test for diamide:
Biuret test:
Take a small amount of the Violet colour is Presence of diamide.
organic compound in a test tube. appeared
Heat strongly and allow to cool.
Dissolve the residue with 2 ml of
water. To this solution add 1 ml
of dil. CuSO4 solution and few
drops of 10% NaOH drop by
drop.

Result:
The given organic compound is
(i) Aliphatic

(ii) Saturated and contains

(iii) Diamide functional group.

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ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

8. GLUCOSE
I – PRELIMINARY TESTS
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic No characteristic Absence of amine,
compound. odour benzaldehyde, phenol and
ester.
2. Test with litmus paper:
Touch the moist litmus paper No colour change Absence of carboxylic acid,
with the organic compound. phenol and amine.
3. Action with sodium
bicarbonate: No Brisk Absence of carboxylic acid.
Take 2 ml of saturated sodium bi effervescence
carbonate solution. Add small
quantity of the organic
compound in to it.
4. Action with Borsch’s reagent:
Take a small amount of an No precipitate Absence of aldehyde and
organic compound in a test tube. ketone.
Add 3 ml of Borsch’s reagent, 1
ml of [Link] to it, then warm
the mixture gently and cool it.
5. Charring test:
Take a small amount of the charring with the Presence of carbohydrate.
organic compound in a dry test smell of burnt
tube. Add 2 ml Conc. H2SO4 to it sugar.
and heat the mixture.
II – TEST FOR ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC NATURE
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
6. Ignition test:
Take a small amount of the Burns with non – Presence of an aliphatic
organic compound in a nickel sooty flame compound.
spatula and burn it in Bunsen
flame.
III – TESTS FOR UNSATURATION
7. Test with Bromine water:
Take small amount of the No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
organic compound in a test tube, takes place
add 2 ml of distilled water to
nihumathulla.k.a
 58

dissolve it. To this add few drops

of bromine water and shake it.
8. Test with KMnO4 solution:
Take small amount of the No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
organic compound in a test tube, takes place
add 2ml of distilled water to
dissolve it. To this add few drops
of very dilute alkaline KMnO4
solution and shake it.
IV – TEST FOR SELECTED ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
9. Test for carbohydrates:
Molisch’s test:
Take a small of the organic Violet or purple Presence of carbohydrates.
compound in a test tube and ring is formed at the
dissolve it with 2 ml of distilled junction of the two
water. Add few drops of α liquids
– naphthaol to it. Then add
Conc. H2SO4 to it through the
side of the test tube.
Osazone test: Presence of carbohydrates.
Take a small amount of the Yellow crystals are
organic compound in a test tube. obtained
Add 1 ml phenyl hydrazine
solution and heat the mixture in
a water bath for 5 minutes.

10 Test of aldehydes:
Tollen’s reagent test:
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s reagent in Shining silver Presence of aldehyde is
a clean dry test tube. Add a small mirror is formed confirmed.
amount of the organic compound
in to it. Heat the mixture on a
water bath for 5 minutes.

Fehling’s test:
Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s Red precipitate is
solution A and Fehling’s formed Presence of aldehyde is
solution B in a test tube. Add a confirmed.
small amount of the organic
compound in to it and heat the

nihumathulla.k.a
 59

mixture on a water bath for 5

minutes.

Result:
The given organic compound is
(i) Aliphatic

(ii) Saturated and contains

(iii) Carbohydrate and aldehyde functional group.

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 60

ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

9. ANILINE
I – PRELIMINARY TESTS
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic Fish odour May be an amine.
compound.
2. Test with litmus paper:
Touch the moist litmus paper Red litmus turns May be an amine.
with the organic compound. blue

3. Action with sodium

bicarbonate: No Brisk Absence of carboxylic acid.
Take 2 ml of saturated sodium bi effervescence
carbonate solution. Add small
quantity of the organic
compound in to it.
4. Action with Borsch’s reagent:
Take a small amount of an No precipitate Absence of aldehyde and
organic compound in a test tube. ketone.
Add 3 ml of Borsch’s reagent, 1
ml of [Link] to it, then warm
the mixture gently and cool it.
5. Charring test:
Take a small amount of the No charring with Absence of carbohydrate.
organic compound in a dry test the smell of burnt
tube. Add 2 ml Conc. H2SO4 to it sugar.
and heat the mixture.
II – TEST FOR ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC NATURE
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
6. Ignition test:
Take a small amount of the Burns with sooty Presence of an aromatic
organic compound in a nickel flame compound.
spatula and burn it in Bunsen
flame.
III – TESTS FOR UNSATURATION
7. Test with Bromine water:
Take small amount of the Decolourisation Presence of aromatic amine
organic compound in a test tube, with formation of or phenol.
add 2 ml of distilled water to white precipitate.
nihumathulla.k.a
 61

dissolve it. To this add few drops

of bromine water and shake it.
8. Test with KMnO4 solution:
Take small amount of the No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
organic compound in a test tube, takes place
add 2ml of distilled water to
dissolve it. To this add few drops
of very dilute alkaline KMnO4
solution and shake it.
IV – TEST FOR SELECTED ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
9. Test for amines:
Dye test:
Take a small amount of the Scarlet red dye is Presence of amines.
organic compound in a clean test obtained
tube, add 2 ml of HCl to dissolve
it. Add few crystals of NaNO2
and cool the mixture in ice bath.
Then add 2 ml of ice cold
solution of β – naphthaol in
NaOH.

Result:
The given organic compound is
(i) Aromatic

(ii) Saturated and contains

(iii) Amine functional group.

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 62

ORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

10. SALICYLIC ACID
I – PRELIMINARY TESTS
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic Phenolic odour May be phenol.
compound.
2. Test with litmus paper:
Touch the moist litmus paper Blue litmus turns May be a carboxylic
with the organic compound. red acid/phenol.

3. Action with sodium

bicarbonate: Brisk effervescence Presence of carboxylic acid.
Take 2 ml of saturated sodium bi
carbonate solution. Add small
quantity of the organic
compound in to it.
4. Action with Borsch’s reagent:
Take a small amount of an No precipitate Absence of aldehyde and
organic compound in a test tube. ketone.
Add 3 ml of Borsch’s reagent, 1
ml of [Link] to it, then warm
the mixture gently and cool it.
5. Charring test:
Take a small amount of the No charring with Absence of carbohydrate.
organic compound in a dry test the smell of burnt
tube. Add 2 ml Conc. H2SO4 to it sugar.
and heat the mixture.
II – TEST FOR ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC NATURE
[Link] Experiment Observation Inference
6. Ignition test:
Take a small amount of the Burns with sooty Presence of an aromatic
organic compound in a nickel flame compound.
spatula and burn it in Bunsen
flame.
III – TESTS FOR UNSATURATION
7. Test with Bromine water:
Take small amount of the Decolourisation Presence of aromatic amine
organic compound in a test tube, with formation of or phenol.
add 2 ml of distilled water to white precipitate.
nihumathulla.k.a
 63

dissolve it. To this add few drops

of bromine water and shake it.
8. Test with KMnO4 solution:
Take small amount of the No decolourisation The substance is saturated.
organic compound in a test tube, takes place
add 2ml of distilled water to
dissolve it. To this add few drops
of very dilute alkaline KMnO4
solution and shake it.
IV – TEST FOR SELECTED ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
9. Test for phenol:
Neutral FeCl3 test:
Take 1 ml of neutral FeCl3 Violet colouration Presence of phenol.
solution in a clean test tube. Add is seen
a small amount of the organic
compound in to it. If no
colouration occurs add 2 – 3
drops of alcohol.
10. Test for carboxylic acid:
Esterification reaction:
Take a small amount of the A pleasant fruity Presence of carboxylic acid.
organic compound in a clean dry odour is noted
test tube. Add 1 ml of ethyl
alcohol and few drops of Conc.
H2SO4 to it. Heat the mixture
strongly for about 5 minutes.
Pour the mixture into a beaker
containing dilute sodium
carbonate solution and note the
smell.

Result:
The given organic compound is
(i) Aromatic

(ii) Saturated and contains

(iii) Phenol and Carboxylic acid functional group.

nihumathulla.k.a