CSS: The Definitive Guide, 5th Edition (Early Release) Eric Meyer Get PDF
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CSS: The Definitive Guide
FIFTH EDITION
With Early Release ebooks, you get books in their earliest form—
the authors’ raw and unedited content as they write—so you can
take advantage of these technologies long before the official
release of these titles.
h1 {color: maroon;}
body {background: yellow;}
Rule Structure
To illustrate the concept of rules in more detail, let’s break down the
structure.
Each rule has two fundamental parts: the selector and the
declaration block. The declaration block is composed of one or more
declarations, and each declaration is a pairing of a property and a
value. Every stylesheet is made up of a series of rules. Figure 1-1
shows the parts of a rule.
Vendor prefixing
Sometimes you’ll see pieces of CSS with dashes and labels in front of
them, like this: -o-border-image. These are called vendor
prefixes, and are a way for browser vendors to mark properties,
values, or other bits of CSS as being experimental or proprietary (or
both). As of early 2022, there were a few vendor prefixes in the
wild, with the most common being shown in Table 1-1.
T
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1
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r
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s
Prefix Vendor
-epub- International Digital Publishing Forum ePub format
-webkit-transform-origin: 0 0;
-moz-transform-origin: 0 0;
-o-transform-origin: 0 0;
transform-origin: 0 0;
That’s saying the same thing four times: once each for the WebKit,
Mozilla (Firefox), and Opera browser lines, and then finally the CSS-
standard way. Again, this is no longer really necessary. We’re only
including it here to give you an idea of what it might look like,
should you come across this in the future.
Whitespace Handling
CSS is basically insensitive to whitespace between rules, and largely
insensitive to whitespace within rules, although there are a few
exceptions.
In general, CSS treats whitespace just like HTML does: any sequence
of whitespace characters is collapsed to a single space for parsing
purposes. Thus, you can format the hypothetical rainbow rule in
the following ways:
rainbow:
infrared red orange yellow green blue indigo
violet ultraviolet;
rainbow:
infrared
red
orange
yellow
green
blue
indigo
violet
ultraviolet
;
…as well as any other separation patterns you can think up. The
only restriction is that the separating characters be whitespace: an
empty space, a tab, or a newline, alone or in combination, as many
as you like.
Similarly, you can format series of rules with whitespace in any
fashion you like. These are just five examples out of an effectively
infinite number of possibilities:
html{color:black;}
body {background: white;}
p {
color: gray;}
h2 {
color : silver ;
}
ol
{
color
:
silver
;
}
As you can see from the first rule, whitespace can be largely
omitted. Indeed, this is usually the case with minified CSS, which is
CSS that’s had every last possible bit of extraneous whitespace
removed, usually by an automated server-side script of some sort.
The rules after the first two use progressively more extravagant
amounts of whitespace until, in the last rule, pretty much everything
that can be separated onto its own line has been.
All of these approaches are valid, so you should pick the formatting
that makes the most sense—that is, is easiest to read—in your eyes,
and stick with it.
CSS Comments
CSS does allow for comments. These are very similar to C/C++
comments in that they are surrounded by /* and */:
/* This is a CSS1 comment */
WARNING
One way to create “nested” comments accidentally is to temporarily comment
out a large block of a stylesheet that already contains a comment. Since CSS
doesn’t permit nested comments, the “outside” comment will end where the
“inside” comment ends.
In this example, only the first rule (h1 {color: gray;}) will be
applied to the document. The rest of the rules, as part of the
comment, are ignored by the browser’s rendering engine.
NOTE
CSS comments are treated by the CSS parser as if they do not exist at all, and
so do not count as whitespace for parsing purposes. This means you can put
them into the middle of rules—even right inside declarations!
Markup
There is no markup in stylesheets. This might seem obvious, but
you’d be surprised. The one exception is HTML comment markup,
which is permitted inside style elements for historical reasons:
<style><!--
h1 {color: maroon;}
body {background: yellow;}
--></style>
That’s it, and even that isn’t recommended any more — the
browsers that needed it have faded into near-oblivion.
Speaking of markup, it’s time to take a very slight detour to talk
about the elements that our CSS will be used to style, and how
those can be affected by CSS in the most fundamental ways.
Elements
Elements are the basis of document structure. In HTML, the most
common elements are easily recognizable, such as p, table, span,
a, and article. Every single element in a document plays a part in
its presentation.
Replaced elements
Replaced elements are those where the element’s content is
replaced by something that is not directly represented by document
content. Probably the most familiar HTML example is the img
element, which is replaced by an image file external to the
document itself. In fact, img has no actual content, as you can see
in this simple example:
Block-level context
In HTML, block-level elements generate an element box that (by
default) fills its parent element’s content area and cannot have other
elements at its sides. In other words, it generates “breaks” before
and after the element box. The most familiar block elements from
HTML are p and div. Replaced elements can be block-level
elements, but usually they are not.
In CSS, this is referred to as an element generating a block
formatting context. It also means that the element generates a block
outer display type. The parts inside the element may have different
display types.
Inline-level elements
In HTML, inline-level elements generate an element box within a line
of text and do not break up the flow of that line. The best inline
element example is the a element in HTML. Other candidates are
strong and em. These elements do not generate a “break” before
or after themselves, so they can appear within the content of
another element without disrupting its display.
In CSS, this is referred to as an element generating an inline
formatting context. It also means that the element generated an
inline outer display type. The parts inside the element may have
different display types. (In CSS, there is no restriction on how
display roles can be nested within each other.)
To see how this works, let’s consider a CSS property, display.
DISPLAY
Computed As specified
value
Inherited No
Animatable No
<display-outside>
block | inline | run-in
<display-inside>
flow | flow-root | table | flex | grid | ruby
<display-listitem>
list-item && <display-outside>? && [ flow | flow-root
]?
<display-internal>
table-row-group | table-header-group | table-
footer-group | table-row | table-cell | table-
column-group | table-column | table-caption |
ruby-base | ruby-text | ruby-base-container |
ruby-text-container
<display-box>
contents | none
<display-legacy>
inline-block | inline-list-item | inline-table |
inline-flex | inline-grid
You may have noticed that there are a lot of values here, only two of
which we’ve mentioned: block and inline. Most of these values
will be dealt with elsewhere in the book; for example, grid and
inline-grid will be covered in a separate chapter about grid
layout, and the table-related values are all covered in a chapter on
CSS table layout.
For now, let’s just concentrate on block and inline. Consider the
following markup:
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph with <em>an inline element</em>
within it.</p>
</body>
Here we have two elements (body and p) that are generating block
formatting contexts, and one element (em) with an inline formatting
context. According to the HTML specification, em can descend from
p, but the reverse is not true. Typically, the HTML hierarchy works
out so that inlines descend from blocks, but not the other way
around.
CSS, on the other hand, has no such restrictions. You can leave the
markup as it is but change the display roles of the two elements like
this:
p {display: inline;}
em {display: block;}
<book>
<maintitle>The Victorian Internet</maintitle>
<subtitle>The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the
Nineteenth Century's On-Line Pioneers</subtitle>
<author>Tom Standage</author>
<publisher>Bloomsbury Pub Plc USA</publisher>
<pubdate>February 25, 2014</pubdate>
<isbn type="isbn-13">9781620405925</isbn>
<isbn type="isbn-10">162040592X</isbn>
</book>
We’ve now set five of the seven elements to be block and two to be
inline. This means each of the block elements will generate its own
block formatting context, and the two inlines will generate their own
inline formatting contexts.
We could take the preceding rules as a starting point, add a few
other styles for greater visual impact, and get the result shown in
Figure 1-4.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
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