CHAPTER 5

DATA HANDLING

Compendium

A. Introduction about data

B. Collection of data
C. Representation of data
● A Pictograph
● Bar graph
● Double bar graph
D. Grouping data
● Grouped frequency distribution
● Histogram
E. Circle graph or Pie chart
F. Chance and probability
● Some basic Terms
● Probability of an event
G. Bird’s-eye view
H. Solved examples
I. Practice yourself
J. Solutions

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A. Introduction about data

Any raw information which we collect to know about it and to compare certain things
is called Data. This information is in the form of facts and figures and is collected for
some specific purpose.
Example
● Number of students in the class
● The temperature in a state on a daily basis.
● Marks obtained by students of class 7th in Mathematics.

B. Collection of data

Collection of data depends upon the further requirement of the data. Before
collecting any data, we must know what will be the use of data.

Let’s assume one situation:

If we have to compare the marks of the toppers in different classes, then we need
the data of all the classes, not only one class having any topper.

Before collecting data, we need to know what we would use it for.

Given below are a few situations. You want to study the

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● Performance of your class in Mathematics.
● Performance of India in cricket.
● Female literacy rate in a given area, or
● The number of children below the age of five in the families around you.

C. Representation of data
(I) Pictograph

A Pictograph is a way of showing data using

images. Each image stands for a certain number
of things.
Example : Note that each picture of an apple
means 10 apples (and the half-apple picture
means 5 apples).
So the pictograph is showing:
● In January 10 apples were sold.
● In February 40 apples were sold.
● In March 25 apples were sold.
● In April 20 apples were sold.
(II) Bar graph

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A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with
rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they
represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.

● Choosing a Scale: To draw a graph, an

appropriate scale needs to be chosen.
e. g. One unit can represent 10 or 100
observations according to requirement.

Time to understand more:

1200
Example: 1 XYZ Automobiles Ltd.
1000
Production of moter bikes

800
Observe the given bar 600

graph and answer the 400

200

questions that follow. 0

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE

A. What information Months

does the bar graph
depict?

B. How many motorbikes were produced in the first three months?

C. Calculate the increase in production in May over the production in January.

D. In which month the production was minimum, and what was it?
Answer: (A) This graph depicts the production of motor bikes in different months by
company XYZ automobile Ltd.
(B) Motor bikes produced in 1st 3 months is Motor bikes produce in January, February,
March
= 600 + 800 + 700

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= 2100
(C) Production in May = 900
Production in January = 600

∴ Increase in production = 900-600 = 300

(D) In June the production was minimum

The production was 500

Now time to draw one bar graph:

Example: 2 Observe the given Data.

Days of the week Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat

Number of mobile 50 45 30 55 27 60
phone sets sold

A. Draw a bar graph to represent the above-given information.

B. On which day of the week was the sales maximum?
C. Find the total sales during the week.
D. Find the ratio of the minimum sale to the maximum sale.
Answer:(A) In this question we have to take a suitable scale
1 unit = 10 mobile phones.

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Numbers of mobile phones sold

70

60

Number of mobile phones 50

40

30

20

10

0
Monday Tuesday Wedensday Thursday Friday Saturday
Days of week

(B) The sale is maximum on Saturday

∵ 60 mobile set are sold which is maximum among all days
(C) Total number of sales

Is 50 + 45 + 30 + 55 + 27 + 60 = 267

(D) Min sale = 27(Friday)

Max sale = 60(Saturday)

Ratio = 27:60 = 9:20

(III) Drawing double bar graph

A double bar graph is used to display two sets of data on the same graph. For
example, if you wanted to show the number of hours that students worked in one
month compared to another month, we would use a double bar graph. The
information in a double bar graph is related, and it compares one set of data to
another.

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e.g., The double bar graph given below is showing the comparison between marks
obtained by class 7th grade students in Practice test and Actual Test.

Scores on the Practice test and test

100
90
80
70
60
Scores

50
40
30
20
10
0
Ariel Sai Deklerk Tara
Students

A double bar graph is an excellent way to

compare any two Data.

It’s time to understand more about Double bar graph.

Example: 3

Girls
35
Boys
30

25
Numbers of students

20

15

10

0
VII A VII B VIIC VII D VII E
Selections of class VII

A. What information does the double bar graph represent?

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B. Find the total number of boys in all sections of Class VII.
C. In which sections, the number of girls is greater than the number of boys?
D. In which section, the number of boys is the maximum?
E. In which section, the number of girls is the least?
Answer: (A) This graph depicts the number of boys and girls in each section of class
VII
(B) The number of boys in class VII A = 15.
Number of boys in class VII B = 30
Number of boys in class VII C = 20
Number of boys in class VII D = 20
Number of boys in class VII E = 25
Total number of boys = 15 + 30 + 20 + 20 + 25 = 110
(C) In section A and D number of girls are greater than number of boys.
∵ In both sections bar of girls is larger than the bar of boys
(D) In section B the number of boys is maximum
there are 30 boys in the B section
(E) In section C the number of girls is least
there are only 15 girls in C section

Example: 4 In a public library, the following observations were recorded by the

librarian in a particular week.

Days Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat

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Newspaper 400 600 350 550 500 350

Magazine Readers 150 100 200 300 250 200

A. Draw a double bar graph choosing an appropriate scale.

B. On which day, the number of readers in the library was maximum?

Answer:(A)

(B) Readers of the library are maximum on Thursday

As Magazine + newspaper reader = 550 + 300 = 850

Which is maximum among all days Is 100 + 150 + 200 + 200 + 250 + 300

= 1200

Checkpoint - 1

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1. A survey was conducted to ask the students about their favourite after school
activity and the information collected was tabulated as shown below:

Activity Number of students

Visit friends 175

Talk on phone 150

Play outdoor games 125

Play indoor games 75

Watch TV 125

Read books 50

Construct a bar graph to represent the above data. Study the bar graph and answer
the following questions.

a. What is the scale used along the vertical axis?

b. How many students were surveyed in all?

c. How many students preferred indoor games?

d. Which activity is preferred by the least number of students?

e. How many students do not like to play any games after school?

f. What per cent of the total number of students prefer to visit friends after school?

2. Read the double bar graph given below and answer the following questions.

a. What information is given by the double bar graph?

b. In which year is the export minimum?

c. In which year is the export maximum?

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d. In which year is the difference of values of export and import maximum?

60

50 import
(in 100 croce of rupees)
Export
Exports and imports

40

30

20

10

0
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
years

4. Grouping data
(a) Grouped frequency distribution

Let us now try and explore ways in which raw data can firstly be organised and then
arranged in groups. Let us use the following example to understand this concept.

A dice is thrown 40 times, and the outcomes are recorded as follows:

6 1 6 4 2 5 5 2

6 4 1 2 4 3 2 2

3 1 3 4 2 1 3 4

2 6 1 4 5 5 1 5

2 3 4 6 1 5 2 4

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The above-shown Data is raw data which is organised in a tabular form with the help
of tally marks as shown:

Outcome Tally mark Frequency

1 7

2 9

3 5

4 8

5 6

6 5

The number of times an observation occurs is called its frequency. As can be clearly
seen from the table above, on throwing the dice, the number one shows up 7 times.
Thus seven is the frequency of one. Similarly, the frequency of two is 9, the frequency
of four is 8 and so on.

The table shows the number of times each observation occurs. Such a table is called a
frequency distribution table. Sometimes, the Data is very large and making a frequency
distribution table like the one made above is not very practical. Consider the following
example:

The marks of 40 students of Class 8 in mathematics in the final examination are

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recorded. The maximum marks are 100. The marks obtained by the students, which
are called observations are given below:

42 72 76 66 78 34 56 22 89 82

74 45 39 78 65 30 66 72 65 34

48 65 51 92 68 58 44 30 40 51

77 95 90 50 57 38 33 71 64 85

If a frequency distribution table like the one above (Table 17.1) is made, it will be too
long. To make a frequency distribution table of appropriate length, we use another
method. In this method, we first make groups of the observations. To do so, the Data
is first checked to find the minimum and maximum observations. In the above set of
observations, these are 22 and 95 respectively. We now make groups of the
observations as 20 – 30, 30 – 40, and 40 – 50 and so on. The last group is 90 – 100.
Clearly, since all the observations are between 22 and 95, each observation will belong
to one of these groups that are made.

Definitions:

The groups that were formed in the above example are called class intervals.

The first number in a class interval is called the lower class limit, and the second
number is called the upper-class limit.

For example, in the class interval 30 - 40, the lower class limit is 30, and the upper-
class limit is 40. It can be seen that the upper-class limit of a class interval is the same
as the lower class limit of the next class interval. Thus, in the class intervals 20 – 30
and 30 – 40, 30 is the upper limit of the interval 20 – 30 and the lower limit of the
interval 30 – 40. By convention, 30 is included in the class interval 30 – 40 and not in
20 – 30. Thus, a class interval includes the lower class limit but not the upper-class

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limit.

The difference between the upper class limit and the lower class limit is called the
width or size or the length of the class interval. The length of the class interval 50 –
60 is (60 – 50) = 10.

A frequency distribution table can now be made with the class intervals as
observations. The frequency of a class interval, say, 40 – 50, will be the number of
students whose marks fall in the interval 40 to 50. Remember that a student securing
40 marks will belong to the class interval 40 – 50 and the student securing 50 marks
will belong to the class interval 50 – 60. The frequency distribution table for the
observations given above is:

Class Interval (Marks) Tally Marks Frequency

20 – 30 1

30 – 40 7

40 – 50 5

50 – 60 6

60 – 70 7

70 – 80 8

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80 – 90 3

90 – 100 3

The data can now be analysed. Some of the observations that can be made from the
table

1. No student secured less than 20 marks.

2. Three students secured 90 marks or more.

3. Maximum numbers of students, (8) have secured marks between 70 to 80.

4. Eight students have secured less than 40 marks.

Checkpoint - 2

1. The marks obtained by 40 students of Class X in an examination are given below:

9, 7, 19, 7, 8, 14, 17, 21, 20, 3, 3, 22, 12, 6, 17, 10, 14, 9, 5, 19, 14, 0, 24, 4, 4, 8,
13, 15, 20, 19, 8, 23, 5, 23, 8, 24, 10, 17, 11, 17
Prepare a frequency distribution table with equal class intervals starting

b. Histogram

Construction of a Histogram

The data in Table 17.2 can now be represented by a graph called a histogram. Let us
look at how a histogram is constructed.

42 72 76 66 78 34 56 22 89 82

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74 45 39 78 65 30 66 72 65 34

48 65 51 92 68 58 44 30 40 51

77 95 90 50 57 38 33 71 64 85

1. The x-axis and the y-axis are drawn.

2. A suitable scale is chosen to represent one class interval. The class intervals are
marked along the x-axis.

3. The first class interval is 20 – 30; thus, numbers between 1 to 20 are not being
shown. This is indicated by a jagged line called a kink before the class interval 20
– 30.

4. The frequencies of the class intervals are marked along the y-axis on a suitable
scale.

5. Each class interval will be represented by a bar.

6. The height of a bar in the bar graph will represent the frequency of the
corresponding class interval.

7. The width of the bars will be uniform since the size of the class intervals is also
uniform.

8. There will not be any space between two bars since each bar represents a class
interval, and there is no gap between the class intervals.

Thus histogram is a graph in which the observations are represented by rectangles

whose width are proportional to the length of the class intervals, and heights are

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proportional to the frequency of the class intervals.

The histogram for the above data is this:

Interpreting a histogram

Example 5: The histogram gives the marks in English of 40 students in a class.

(i) What is the class size?

(ii) How many students get 80% or more than 80% marks?

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(iii) What is the range of marks in which the maximum number of students get
marks?

Solution:

(i) The class intervals are marked on the x-axis. The intervals are 30 – 40, 40 – 50
and so on. Thus the class size is 30 – 20 = 10.

(ii) From the graph, it can be seen that the number of students securing marks
between 80 and 90 is 6 and the number of students securing marks between
90 and 100 is 5. Thus, students securing 80% or more are 6 + 5 = 11.

(iii) The longest bar is for the class interval 60 - 70. Thus maximum students, 10 in all,
secure marks between 60 and 70.

Checkpoint - 3

1. The following is the frequency distribution of weights of 40 students.

Weight (in kg) 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 Total

Number of 5 9 16 7 3 40
students

Draw a histogram to represent the data.

E. Circle graph or pie chart

When the numerical Data is represented by sectors of a circle, the figure obtained is
called a pie chart. As the total angle subtended at the centre of a circle is 360°, the

angle of a sector corresponding to an item is: = × 360∘ .

Steps for constructing a pie chart

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1. Draw a circle of an appropriate radius and mark any of its radius.
2. Starting with this radius, draw sectors with different central angles as required.
3. Shade each sector using different colours and label them.

Example 6: Draw a pie chart for the following data showing the number of almirahs
produced in a factory in five consecutive months.
Month June July August September October

Production 420 510 190 240 440

Solution:

Total production= 420+510+190+240+440=1800.

Now, we will find angles for each month to draw a pie

chart.

June: × 360∘ = 84∘ ; July: × 360∘ = 102∘ ;

August: × 360∘ = 38∘

September: × 360∘ = 48∘ ; October: × 360∘ = 88∘ .

The pie chart is shown alongside.

Example 7: Students use different modes of transport to go to school as given in the

table:

Mode School bus Car Taxi Bicycle Walking

No. of students 150 105 60 90 135

Draw a pie chart to represent the above data.

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Solution: Total number of students=150+105+60+90+135=540

Mode Number of Central angle

students

School bus 150 × 360∘ =

100∘

105
× 360∘ = 70∘
Car 105 540

Taxi 60 × 360∘ = 40∘

90
× 360∘ = 60∘
Bicycle 90 540

Walking 135 × 360∘ = 90∘

Total 540 360°

Example 8: The pie chart given alongside depicts the

expenditure (in %) incurred by a publisher to bring out a
book. Observe the pie chart and answer the following
questions.

a. If the cost of paper is ₹ 25,000, find the total expenditure

incurred by the publisher.
b. If the cost of printing is ₹ 45,000, find the amount spent on the binding.
c. Find the central angle in the pie chart corresponding to expenses
incurred on paper.
Solution:

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a. 20% of expenditure=₹ 25,000
100% of expenditure =₹ 25000/20×100=₹ 1,25,000
∴ Total expenditure incurred by publisher=₹ 1,25,000
b. Cost of printing=₹ 45,000 which is 36% of the total cost.
Expenditure on binding=8%
Now, 36% of expenditure=₹ 45,000
∴ 8% of expenditure=₹ 45000/36×8=₹ 10,000
c. Central angle for expenses incurred on paper =20/100×360°=72°

Checkpoint - 4

1. The adjacent pie chart shows the sports liked by the boys of a locality. Read the
pie chart and answer the following questions.
a. Which sport is most popular?
b. Which two sports are equally popular?
c. If 80 boys were questioned, how many liked
basketball?
d. What percentage of boys like kabaddi?

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2. The selectors had to decide on the Indian team to play with Australia. They decided
on the 12 players as follows:
Based on the above information make a pie chart.

Players Number

Wicketkeeper cum batsman 2

Off spinner 2

Leg spinner 1

Specialist opening batsman 3

Batsman 4

F. Chance and probability

a. Some basic terms

Let us define some terms which will be used in our study of probability. They are as
follows:
a. Experiment: An experiment is an operation which ends in some well-defined result
(or outcome).Tossing a coin is an experiment as it gives two well-defined outcomes—
head or tail.
b. Random experiment: An experiment for which the outcomes are known but which
of them will occur cannot be predicted is called a random experiment. When a coin is
tossed, we know that head or tail will occur, but we cannot predict that it will end in a
head or tail.
c. Outcome: The possible results of a random experiment are called outcomes. When
a coin is tossed, the two possible outcomes are head or tail.
d. Event: Each possible outcome of a trial is called an event.

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e. Sample space: All possible outcomes of an experiment form the sample space.
When a coin is tossed, the sample space is (head, tail).
b. Probability of an event
Probability of an event is defined as the ratio between the number of favourable
events to the total number of events, i.e. the probability space.

∴ Probability of an event=

For example, when a pair of coins are tossed, the possible outcomes are HH, HT,TH
and TT ('H' is head, and 'T' is tail).
If we want to find the probability of getting at least one head when a pair of coins
are tossed, the favourable events are HH, HT and TH. The number of favourable
events are 3.

∴ Probability of getting at least one head= =

Remarks:
1. Sure event: An event whose probability equals 1 is called a sure event.
2. Impossible event: An event whose probability equals zero is called an impossible
event.
3. The sum of all probabilities of an event is 1, i.e. 0≤ 𝑝 ≤ 1
Example 9: Three coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of the event
of getting
(a) Three heads (b) Two heads and one tail
(c) One head and two tails (d) Three tails
Solution: When three coins are tossed, the possible outcomes are HHH, HHT, HTH,
THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT
Here the total number of outcomes = 8

(a)Probability of getting three heads= (Favourable outcome is HHH)

(b)Probability of getting two heads and one tail=

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(Favourable outcomes are HHT, HTH, THH)

(c)Probability of getting one head and two tails=

(Favourable outcomes are TTH, THT, HTT)

(d) Probability of getting three tails = (Favourable outcome is TTT)

Example 10: Three coins are tossed together. Find the probability of
getting.
(a) At least 1 head (b) At least 2 tails

Solution: Here, the possible outcomes are:

HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT
Total number of outcomes are=8

a. Probability of getting at least 1 head=

b. Probability of getting at least 2 tails= =

Example 11: A die is rolled. Find the probability of getting

a. An even number b. A prime number
c. A number less than 3 d. A number which is multiple of 3
Solution: When a die is rolled, all possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Total number of outcomes=6
(a) Favourable outcomes (even numbers)= 2,4,6

∴P(an even number) = =

(b)Favourable outcome ( prime numbers) = 2,3,5

∴P(a prime number) = =

(c)Favourable outcomes ( number less than 3) = 1,2

∴P(a number less than 3) = =

(d)Favourable outcomes ( multiples of 3) = 3,6

∴P( a ,multiple of 3) = =

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Checkpoint - 5

1. Probability of head in a coin toss.

2. Probability of a Prime number on a dice toss.

Bird’s-eye view

● Information that is originally collected and is unorganised in nature is called raw

data.
● Numerical fact of the Data is called observation.
● The data presented in ascending or descending order is called arrayed data.
● A bar graph is a pictorial representation of numerical data by a number of
rectangles (bars) of equal width drawn vertically with equal distance between
them.
● When the numerical data is represented by a sector of a circle, it is called a pie
chart or pie graph. The angle of the sector depends upon the value of that item
in the data.
● In a histogram, bars of uniform width is drawn adjacent to each other with the
help of a grouped frequency distribution table.
● The difference between the highest and the lowest observation is called the
range.

● Experiments, whose outcomes cannot be predicted when repeated under the same
conditions, are called random experiments.
● The outcomes of an experiment are called not equally likely if they all have different
chances of happening.

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● One or more outcomes of an experiment make an event.
● An event occurs if the outcome of the experiment is the outcome or one of the
outcomes that define the event.
● The probability of an event is the ratio of the number of outcomes favourable to
the event to the total number of possible outcomes and the total number of
possible outcomes.

Probability of an event =

Solved examples

Example 1: Construct a bar graph for the following data of the sales of television sets
in a week at a retail shop.

Size (in inches) 14 20 24 32 40 52

Number of TV sets 12 18 16 40 20 14

Solution:
(i) Draw the x- and y-axes and mark their point of intersection as the origin O.
(ii) Take the size of the television on the x-axis and the corresponding number of
television sets sold on the y-axis.
(iii) Since the range of values is from 12 to 40, take the scale, 1 division = 5 TVs on
the y-axis and any suitable width (say 5 divisions) for the bars on the x-axis.
(iv) Draw the bars with heights corresponding to the number of TVs sold as shown
in the figure.
(v) Give the title: Sale of television sets in a retail shop.

Sale of television sets in a retail shop

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45
Scale on the y-axis
40
1 division=5 TVs
35

Number of TV sets sold

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
14 20 24 32 40 52
Size (inches)

Example 2: The following table gives the averages of maximum (day) and minimum
(night) temperatures at a place for four months. Represent the given information
using a double bar graph.

Months January February March April

Max. temp (°C) 28 32 34 36

Min. temp (°C) 24 26 28 30

Solution:
(i) Draw the x- and y-axes and mark their point of intersection as the origin O.
(ii) Take the names of months on the x-axis and the corresponding average
temperatures (in °C) on the y-axis.
(iii) Since the range of values is from 24 to 36, take the scale, 1 division = 5°C on the y-
axis and any suitable width (such as 5 divisions) for the bars on the x-axis.

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(iv) Draw the bars with heights corresponding to the maximum and minimum
temperatures for the four months, as shown in the figure and shade or colour them
differently.
(v) Give the title: Average maximum and minimum temperatures
(in °C) of a place.
Average maximum and minimum temperature (in °C) of a place:

Scale on the y-axis 1 division =5 deg.C

40
35
Avg. Temperature (Deg.C)

30
25
Min. temp
20
15 Max. temp

10
5
0
feb mar apr
months

Example 3 : The sale percentages of books in a day at a bookshop in the city are: Poetry:
20%; Technology: 30%; Travel: 10 %; Fiction: 25 % and Sports: 15 %. Draw a pie chart
to represent the data.

Solution: As the Data is expressed in percentage, the whole circle represents their
sum, 100%. The pie chart to represent the given data will be drawn by dividing the
circle into 5 sectors representing the 5 items of information. The angle at the centre
of the circle is 360°, which represents the complete data.
(1) To divide the circle into sectors, calculate the central angles corresponding to
each item of the data.
● Angle representing Poetry = 20% of 360° = 72°
● Angle representing Technology = 30% of 360° = 108°
● Angle representing Travel = 10% of 360° = 36°

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● Angle representing Fiction = 25% of 360° = 90°
● Angle representing Sports = 15% of 360° = 54°
Note: 72° + 108° + 36° + 90° + 54° = 360°
(2) Draw a circle with centre O and any convenient radius. From the centre, draw the
radius OA.
(3) Using a protractor, draw ∠AOB = 72°, ∠BOC = 54°, ∠COD = 90°, ∠DOE = 36° and
∠EOA = 108°.
(4) On the diagram mark the percentages and the names of the items.
(5) Colour or fill the sectors differently. The completed pie chart is, as shown in Fig.

Example 4 : The given pie chart represents the sales of smartphones of four different
brands at a mobile shop in a week. Find:
(i) the most popular brand
(ii) the least popular brand
(iii) the total number of phones sold if 180 phones of Brand D were sold
(iv) the number of phones of each brand (other than Brand D) that were sold.
Smartphone sales
Solution : From the pie chart, we infer that:
(i) The most popular brand is Brand B.
(ii) The least popular brand is Brand A.
(iii) The angle of the sector representing Brand D is
108°. It is given that 180 phones of Brand D were sold.

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If 108° represents 180 phones, the number of phones the whole circle (360°) will
represent is:
180
× 360° = 600
108°
The total number of phones sold is 600.

(iv) The number of phones of each brand (other than Brand D) sold:

° °
Brand A = × 600 = 𝟔𝟎; Brand B = × 600 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎;
° °

°
Brand C = × 600 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎
°

The number of phones of each brand (other than Brand D) that were sold is Brand A:
60; Brand B: 240 and Brand C: 120.

Example 5: Find the probability of the occurrence of heads when a fair coin is tossed.
Solution: When a coin is tossed, there are a total of two equally likely outcomes—a
head or a tail.
Let the occurrence of heads be Event A. The probability of occurrence of Event A is

one out of the two equally likely outcomes, that is .

Example 6: Find the probability of number 2, turning up when a fair die is thrown.
Solution: When a fair die is thrown, all the six numbers, 1 to 6 are equally likely to
occur. Therefore, there are a total of 6 outcomes. Let event B be the occurrence of
2.

The probability of Event B happening is .

Example 7: Find the probability of getting an odd number when a die is thrown
once.
Solution: Let B be the event of getting an odd number. The odd numbers on a die
are 1,3 and 5.
The total number of possible outcomes when a die is thrown is 6.

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Number of outcomes favorable to event B=Number of odd numbers=3
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
3 1
= =
6 2
The probability of getting an odd number when a die is thrown once is .

Example 8: A card is picked at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the
probability of
(i) Getting a spade. (ii) Not getting a spade.
Solution (i) Let A be the event of getting a spade.
Number of spades in a pack of cards = 13 = number of outcomes favourable to event
A.
Total number of cards =52
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
13 1
= =
52 4
The probability of getting a spade when a card is picked from a pack of cards is .

(ii) Let B represent the event of not getting a spade.

Number of cards which are not spades = 52 − 13 = 39 =
Number of outcomes favorable to Event B.
Total number of cards = 52

Probability of Event B = =

Example 9: When a die is thrown, find the probability of getting

(i) a number less than or equal to 6
(ii) a number greater than 6.

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Solution (i) When a die is thrown, the outcome will definitely be less than or equal to
6. Let A be the event of getting a number less than or equal to 6. Then, the number of
outcomes of Event A is 6, and the total number of possible outcomes is 6.

The probability of Event 𝐴 = = 1

(ii) We know that when a die is thrown, the outcome can never be greater than 6. Let
B be the event of getting a number greater than 6. Then, the number of outcomes of
Event B = 0 and the total number of possible outcomes = 6.

The probability of Event 𝐵 = = 0.

Example 10: Find the probability of the occurrence of a number not greater than 4
when a die is thrown.
Solution: Let B represent the event of getting a number not greater than 4, which are
1, 2, 3 and 4.
Number of favourable outcomes of 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵 = 4; Total number of outcomes = 6

Probability of event 𝐵 = = =

The probability of not getting a number greater than 4 is .

Example 11: Find the total number of outcomes when two coins are tossed
simultaneously.
Solution Let us list all the possible outcomes when two coins are tossed
simultaneously.
(i) Both the coins turn up heads (HH)
(ii) Both the coins turn up tails (TT)
(iii) The first coin turns up heads and the second coin turn up tails (HT)
(iv) The first coin turns up tails and the second coin turn up heads (TH)
The number of total outcomes when 2 coins are tossed simultaneously is 4.

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Example 12: Find the probability of getting two heads when two coins are tossed
simultaneously.
Solution: Possible outcomes when two coins are tossed simultaneously are HH, TT,
HT and TH.
⇒ Total number of possible outcomes is 4.
Let A be the event of getting two heads. Then, the number of favourable outcomes of
Event 𝐴 = 1.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 4

The probability of getting two heads when two coins are tossed simultaneously is .

Note:
(i) Probability of a definite event is 1.
(ii) Probability of an impossible event is 0.
Example 13: Two dice are rolled together. Find the sample space. Hence find the
probability of
a. getting doublets (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6).
b. getting the sum of two numbers on the dice as more than 10.
c. not getting doublets.
Solution: Here sample space is
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3,6)
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
(a)The number of doublets=6

∴Probability of getting a doublet= =

(b) Sum of two numbers on the dice is more than 10, i.e. it is 11 or 12.

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∴ Favourable outcomes are (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)

∴ Probability of getting a 11 or 12= =

(c)Probability of not getting a doublet= 1-P(doublet)= 1- =

Example 14: A wheel of fortune is divided into six equal parts having colours red,
blue, green and black as shown. Rotate the wheel and find the probability of getting
(a) Red sector (b) Black sector
(c) Green sector (d) Blue sector

Solution: Here, total number of outcomes = 6

Number of red sectors = 2
Number of blue sectors = 1
Number of green sectors = 1
Number of black sectors = 2
(a) Probability of getting a red sector =

(b) Probability of getting a black sector =

(c) Probability of getting a green sector =

(d) Probability of getting a blue sector =

Observation: Sum of all probabilities = 1

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Example 15: In a box, there are 20 cards with numbers 1 to 20. A card is selected at
random from the box. Find the probability of getting

(a) A prime number (b) A multiple of 6

(c) A one-digit number
Solution:
(a)Prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 (8 in number)

∴P( a prime number) =

(b)Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18 (3 in number)

∴P( a multiple of 6) =

(c)One-digit numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (9 in number)

∴P( a one-digit number)=

Very Short Answer Type (Each carries one mark)

1. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting

a. Two heads b. one tail and one head
c. All tails d. at least one tail
2. Three coins are tossed together. Find the probability of getting
(a) Three tails (b) No tail
(c) At least one tail (d) Two heads
3. A die is rolled once. Find the probability of getting
(a) An odd number (b) Number greater than 3
(c) A number less than 3 (d) A number greater than 6

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4. Two dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the probability of getting the
(a) The sum of two numbers on the top of dice as less than 5.
(b) The sum of two numbers on the top of dice as less than 2.
(c) The sum of two numbers on the top of dice as greater than 12.
(d) The sum of two numbers on the top of dice as 12.
5. In a wheel of fortune, there are coloured portions of equal
area. When the pointer moves, it stops at some coloured
sector. Find the probability that the pointer stops at.
(a) Red coloured sector
(b) blue coloured sector
(b) Green coloured sector
(d) red or blue coloured sector

Short Answer Type (Each carries two mark)

6. An octagonal die with letters A, B, C, D, D, E, C, A written on its faces is rolled

once. Find the probability that the letter that turns up is
(a)A (b)D (c) E (d) B
7. In a box, there are 15 cards with numbers 1 to 15. A card is selected at random
from the box. Find the probability of getting
(a) An even number (b) An odd number
(c) A factor of 15 (d) A composite number

8. There are 15 beads in a necklace with 3 green, 4 red, 2 black and 6 white beads. A
bead is touched at random with eyes closed. Find the probability of touching
(a) A green bead (b) A red bead
(c) A black bead (d) A green or red bead

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9. A bag contains 5 red, 10 black and 15 green balls. A ball is taken out at random. Find
the probability that the ball was taken out is:
(a) A red ball (b) A black ball
(c) Not a black ball (d) Not a green ball.

Short Answer Type (Each carries three mark)

10. A die is thrown 100 times. The frequency of the outcomes of the events 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6 are noted as per the table given below.
Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5 6

Frequency 15 17 16 20 13 19

If a die is thrown, find the probability of getting

(a) An odd number (b) An even number
(c) A prime number (d) A number less than 7
(e) A number more than 6 (f) A composite number
11. Draw a vertical bar graph and a pie chart indicating the following percentage marks
of a student in different subjects:
Mathematics: 90%; Science: 80%; English: 75%; Hindi: 60%; Social Studies: 70%; EVS:
75%

12. Votes obtained by women representatives in the Lok Sabha are given below.

Year A B C D E F

Votes obtained (in %) 25 15 15 20 15 10

Draw a horizontal bar graph and a pie chart.

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13. The production of motorcycles by a company is as follows.

Year 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96

Motorcycles (in 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.3

millions)

(a) Represent the above data by a histogram.

(b) Find the percentage increase in the production of motorcycles in the year
1995–96, over 1991–92.
14. The histogram given alongside depicts the time taken by some students to reach
school.

Time taken to reach school

14

12

10
NUMBER OF STUDENTS

0
10 20 30 40 50 60
TIME (MINUTES)

(a)How many students reach school in less than 10 minutes?

(b)How many students take 40 minutes or more to reach school?
(c)How many students take 20 minutes or more but less than 40 minutes?
15. The histogram given alongside is based on the number of hours 30 students

Spent outdoors on a Sunday.

(a)What is the size of each class interval?

(b)How many students spent less than an hour outdoors?
(c)Which interval of time were the largest number of students present outdoors?
(d)How many students spent more than four hours outdoors?

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(e)How many students spent more than three hours outdoors?

Time spend outdoors o sunday

14

12

NUMBER OF STUDENTS
10

0
1 2 3 4 5
TIME (HOURS)

Long Answer Type (Each carries four mark)

16. Given below are the heights (in cm) of ninety children. Prepare a frequency table
by grouping their heights into classes of 90-95 cm, 95-100 cm, 100-105 cm, 105-
110 cm, 110-115 cm and 115—120 cm.

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The number of students in a hostel speaking different languages is given below:

Language English Hindi Punjabi Bengali Urdu

Number of 24 80 18 7 8
students

Display the above data in a pie chart.

17. On Sunday, the sales (in ₹) of different bakery items in a store are as follows:

Item Sales (in ₹)

Bread 320

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Fruit bread 120

Cake and pastries 160

Biscuits 80

Others 40

Draw a pie chart for the data.

18. The following table shows the expenditure of a family on different heads per
month.

Item Expenditure (in ₹)

House rent 900

Food 2250

Clothing 450

Education 600

Healthcare 900

Savings 1500

Miscellaneous 600

Draw a pie chart to represent the monthly expenditure of the family.

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19. The pie chart given alongside depicts the expenditure
of a school on various games during the year 2017-
18.
Read the pie chart and answer the following
questions.
(a)Find the central angle representing the
expenditure on cricket.
(b)Find the two games, the expenditure on which together forms a central angle
of 162°.
(c) If the amount spent on football is ₹ 15600, find the amount spent on cricket
and tennis.

Multiple Choice Type (Each carries one mark)

1. The probability P of occurrence of an event is given by

(a) 0 < P < 1 (b) 0 ≤ P ≤ 1
(c) -1 ≤ P ≤ 1 (d) 110%
2. The probability of a sure event is
(a)0 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d)2
3. The probability of an impossible event is
(a)0 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d)2
4. Two coins are tossed 200 times, and the following data is obtained:

Both heads One head and one tail Both tails

55 105 40

The probability of getting at least one tail is

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DATA HANDLING
(a)0.2 (b)0.275 (c)0.525 (d)0.725
5. The graphical representation of data in the form of equally spaced vertical bars is
called
(a) Bar chart (b) Pie chart
(c) Histogram (d) Pictograph
6. The expenditure of a family A in the month of March 2017 on food was ₹ 2500
out of total salary ₹ 7500. A pie diagram depicting the information would show
this by a sector whose central angle is
(a) 100° (b) 120° (c) 150° (d) 180°
7. The collection of numerical facts about objects is _____.
(a) Frequency (b)Data (c) Range (d) Class
8. Following are the number of members in 20 families in a housing complex: 3, 2, 2,
3, 5, 3, 2, 3, 5, 3, 4, 3, 5, 4, 2, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4
Prepare a frequency distribution table for the data and answer the following
questions.
(a) What is the size of the smallest family? How many families are of the smallest
size?
(b) What is the size of the largest family? How many families are there of the largest
size?
(c) What is the size of the family having maximum frequency?
(d) Delhi is divided into 5 zones. The distribution of the total population is divided
as given below. Calculate the angle measure to represent each zone in a pie chart
and also draw it .

Zone North South West East Central

% of population 20 15 25 30 10

9. A box contains cards numbered 1 to 50. One card is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the card contains a number which is a:

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(i) Multiple of 3 or 5

(ii) Multiple of 3 and 5

10. Two coins are tossed. Find the probability of getting
(i) One head (ii) No tail.
11. In 20 packets of 1 kg sugar, the actual content of sugar is as follows (in kg): 0.98,
0.95, 1.02, 1.05, 0.97, 0.92, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.00, 1.02, 1.05,
1.00, 1.10, 1.05, 0.96, 1.005 A packet is selected from the lot at random. Find the
probability that the packet contains:
(a) 1 kg sugar (b) Less than 1 kg sugar
(c) More than 1 kg of sugar
12. A bag contains 5 white marbles, 6 red marbles and 9 blue marbles. A marble is
selected at random. What is the probability that the marble is not of blue colour?
13. Chits bearing numbers 25 to 50 are put in a box. A chit is drawn at random. Find
the probability of getting a chit bearing a number which is a multiple of 7.
14. Write the sample space when three coins are tossed simultaneously.

Solutions

Checkpoint 1

1. (a) 2 small divisions represent 5 students.

(b) Total number of students surveyed = 175 + 150 + 125 + 75 + 125 + 50 =

700

(c) Number of students who preferred indoor games = 75

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(d) Read books

(e) Number of students who do not like to play any games after school = 175 +
150 + 125 + 50 = 500 𝑜𝑟 700 − 125 − 75 = 500
(f) 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 = 175
∴ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙
175
= × 100% = 25%
700
2. (a) It gives information regarding imports and exports from 2004 − 05 to 2008 −
09.
b. 2004 − 05 c. 2005 − 06 d. 2008 − 09

Checkpoint 2

1.

Marks Tally Marks Frequency

0–5 5

5–10 11

10–15 8

15–20 8

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20–25 8

Total 40

Checkpoint 3
1.

Checkpoint 4

1. (a) Cricket.
(b) Football and kabaddi are equally popular.
(c) 20 boys liked basketball.
(d) 12.5% of boys like kabaddi.

Checkpoint 5
1
1. 2.
2

Novice level

1 mark questions

1. (a) ¼ (b)½ (c)¼ (d) ¾ 2. (a) 1/8 (b) 1/8 (c)7/8 (d) ⅜

3. (a) 1/2 (b)½ (c)1/3 (d) 0 4.(a) 1/6 (b)0 (c)0 (d) 1/36

5.(a) 1/3 (b)1/3 © ⅙ (d) ⅙

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2 mark questions

6.(a) 1/4 (b)1/4 (c)1/8 (d) ⅛ 7.(a) 7/15 (b)8/15 (c)4/15 (d) 8/15

8. (a) 1/5 (b)4/15 (c)2/15 (d) 7/15 9. (a) 1/6 (b)1/3 (c)2/3 (d) ½

3 mark questions

10.(a) 11/25 (b)14/25 (c)23/50 (d) 1 (e) 0 (f)27/50

Advanced level

1.(b) 2.(c) 3.(a) 4.(d)

5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b)
8. a. Size -2 , No of families -4 b. Size -5 , No of families -5
c.3
9.(i) 23/50 (ii) 3/50 10. (i) ½ (ii) ¼
11.(a) 1/10 (b) ⅖ (c) ½ 12.11/20
13. 4/25
14. {HHH,THH,HTH,[Link],THT,HTT,TTT}

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