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Complex Numbers Notes

The document explains complex numbers, which combine real and imaginary numbers into a 2-dimensional system, represented as points on a plane. It introduces the unit imaginary number 'i', defines complex numbers in the form x + yi, and discusses properties such as equality, conjugates, and multiplication. Additionally, it covers loci related to complex numbers and their geometric interpretations on the coordinate plane.

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25 views2 pages

Complex Numbers Notes

The document explains complex numbers, which combine real and imaginary numbers into a 2-dimensional system, represented as points on a plane. It introduces the unit imaginary number 'i', defines complex numbers in the form x + yi, and discusses properties such as equality, conjugates, and multiplication. Additionally, it covers loci related to complex numbers and their geometric interpretations on the coordinate plane.

Uploaded by

sayanivansh8
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPLEX NUMBERS NOTES:

● In the set of natural or counting numbers (ℕ) there are no negatives and no
zero.
● In the set of integers (ℤ) there are no part or fractional values.
● In the set of rational numbers (ℚ) there are no irrational quantities such as π.
● In the set of real numbers (ℝ) there are no numbers that when squared result in
a negative value.

The set of complex numbers combines the real numbers and the imaginary numbers into
a
2-dimensional rather than a 1-dimensional number system. Descartes described the
numbers in the
set of complex numbers as the sum of a real part and an imaginary part. Complex
numbers are
represented as points on a plane rather than points on a number line because of
their 2-dimensional
nature.

In the set of imaginary numbers we introduce a new number i and we define i^2 = -1
Note that:

● Engineers call this quantity j as i is used in engineering for a different


quantity.
● Just as with some other important numbers, i is described as a letter rather than
a digit.

The imaginary number i is called the unit imaginary number as it has a coefficient
of 1.

All other imaginary numbers are multiples of i.


Imaginary numbers are therefore of the form bi or yi, where b and y are real
numbers.
We calculate with imaginary numbers in the same way that we calculate with real
numbers.

A complex number is defined as a number of the form x + yi , where x and y are


real values and 'i' is the unit imaginary number

A complex number is often denoted by the letter z so z = x + yi


● the real number x is called the real part of z, Re z
● the real number y is called the imaginary part of z, Im z

Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their
imaginary parts are equal.
The complex conjugate of = + z x yi is defined as z = x − yi
Sometimes z* is written as z̄

When we multiply a complex number by its conjugate the result is always a real
number as, if we
z = x + yi
z = x − yi
therfore: zz* = (x + yi)(x − yi) = x² + y²

The exponential form of a complex number is very useful when multiplying or


dividing two complex numbers.
When a polynomial equation with real coefficients has complex roots, they occur in
complex conjugate pairs.

LOCI
A locus is a path traced out by a point as it moves following a particular rule.
The rule is expressed as an inequality or an equation.

For the complex number z = x + yi , where x and y are real, the locus of the point
P(x ,y) that satisfies:
● z = r is the circumference of a circle with centre (0,0) and radius r
● z < r, is all points within a circle with centre (0,0) and radius r, but the
circumference is not included
● z ≤ r is all points within a circle with centre (0,0) and radius r or the
circumference of the circle

m = tan(θ) --> useful when plotting half lines

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