🐍 Python Programming – Concise Notes
1. Introduction to Python
Python is a high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language.
Developed by Guido van Rossum in the early 1990s.
Emphasizes readability and simplicity with an easy syntax.
Supports object-oriented, procedural, and functional programming.
Extensively used in web development, data science, AI, IoT, and automation.
Portable and runs on multiple platforms — Windows, Linux, macOS.
2. Features of Python
Easy to Learn: Simple syntax similar to English.
Interpreted: No need for compilation; runs line by line.
Object-Oriented: Supports classes, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Dynamic Typing: No need to declare variable types.
Extensive Libraries: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, TensorFlow, etc.
Open Source: Freely available and community-supported.
Portable: Write once, run anywhere.
3. Python Execution Process
Source Code (.py) → Compiled to bytecode → Interpreted by Python Virtual Machine
(PVM).
Execution does not need manual compilation.
Can run via:
o Command Line (python file.py)
o IDE (IDLE, PyCharm, VS Code)
o Interactive Shell (REPL).
4. Structure of a Python Program
Statements: Basic instructions to execute.
Indentation: Defines code blocks instead of braces {}.
Comments: Start with #.
Functions: Defined using def.
Modules: Files containing Python code for reuse.
5. Data Types in Python
Numeric Types: int, float, complex.
Sequence Types: str, list, tuple, range.
Set Types: set, frozenset.
Mapping Type: dict.
Boolean Type: True, False.
None Type: Represents null value.
6. Variables
Variables store data values in memory.
Created automatically when a value is assigned.
Dynamic typing — no need for explicit declaration.
Variable names are case-sensitive.
Multiple variables can be assigned in a single line.
7. Operators in Python
Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, //, %, **.
Comparison Operators: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=.
Logical Operators: and, or, not.
Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=.
Membership Operators: in, not in.
Identity Operators: is, is not.
Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, <<, >>.
8. Control Statements
Conditional Statements:
o if, elif, else.
Looping Statements:
o for loop (used with iterables).
o while loop (runs while condition is true).
Jump Statements:
o break, continue, pass.
9. Functions
Functions are reusable blocks that perform specific tasks.
Defined using def keyword.
Can take parameters and return values.
Types of Functions:
o Built-in (e.g., len(), max(), sum()).
o User-defined (created using def).
Advantages: Reusability, modularity, and clarity.
10. Modules and Packages
Module: A .py file containing functions and variables.
Importing: Done using import module_name.
Package: Collection of modules in a directory with an __init__.py file.
Enables code reuse and better organization.
11. Data Structures
List
Ordered, mutable collection.
Defined using square brackets [ ].
Can contain mixed data types.
Tuple
Ordered, immutable collection.
Defined using parentheses ( ).
Set
Unordered collection of unique elements.
Defined using { }.
Dictionary
Key-value pairs, defined using {key: value}.
Keys must be unique and immutable.
12. Strings
Sequence of characters enclosed in quotes.
Supports slicing, concatenation, repetition.
Immutable — cannot be changed after creation.
Common string methods: upper(), lower(), find(), replace().
13. Input and Output
Input: input() function for user input.
Output: print() function for displaying text.
Supports formatted output using f-strings.
14. File Handling
Open File: open(filename, mode)
Modes:
o 'r' – read
o 'w' – write
o 'a' – append
o 'r+' – read and write
Close File: file.close()
Files can be handled using with statement for safety.
15. Exception Handling
Errors during execution are handled using exceptions.
Try-Except Block used to catch exceptions.
Else executes if no error, Finally executes always.
Prevents program termination due to runtime errors.
16. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Python supports full OOP features:
o Class: Blueprint for objects.
o Object: Instance of a class.
o Inheritance: Reusing properties of another class.
o Polymorphism: Same interface, different behavior.
o Encapsulation: Protecting data using private attributes.
17. Libraries in Python
NumPy: For numerical computing and arrays.
Pandas: For data analysis and DataFrame operations.
Matplotlib: For data visualization.
Tkinter: For GUI applications.
Requests: For web data retrieval.
18. Python and IoT
Used for IoT due to its simplicity and hardware compatibility.
Libraries: RPi.GPIO, Adafruit, MQTT, Ubidots, pySerial.
Controls sensors, actuators, and cloud communication.
Used in automation, smart homes, and robotics.
19. Advantages of Python
Easy to learn and use.
Large community and libraries.
Platform independent.
Great for rapid development.
Integrates easily with C, C++, and Java.
20. Applications of Python
Web Development (Django, Flask).
Data Science and Machine Learning.
Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning.
IoT and Embedded Systems.
Game Development.
Automation and Scripting.
21. Limitations of Python
Slower than compiled languages like C/C++.
Not ideal for mobile app development.
Higher memory usage for large systems.
GIL (Global Interpreter Lock) limits multithreading.
22. Future Scope
Growing use in AI, IoT, Data Analytics, and Cloud.
Integration with edge computing and embedded systems.
Increasing adoption in educational and research sectors.
