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Class12 SQL Syntax Notes

The document provides an overview of SQL syntax and commands essential for managing relational databases, including Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), Data Control Language (DCL), and Transaction Control Language (TCL). It outlines various SQL commands with their syntax, such as creating, altering, and deleting tables, as well as inserting, updating, and selecting data. Additionally, it covers clauses, aggregate functions, and other important SQL concepts like primary keys, foreign keys, and pattern matching.

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16 views3 pages

Class12 SQL Syntax Notes

The document provides an overview of SQL syntax and commands essential for managing relational databases, including Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), Data Control Language (DCL), and Transaction Control Language (TCL). It outlines various SQL commands with their syntax, such as creating, altering, and deleting tables, as well as inserting, updating, and selecting data. Additionally, it covers clauses, aggregate functions, and other important SQL concepts like primary keys, foreign keys, and pattern matching.

Uploaded by

js0834950
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class 12 Computer Science – SQL Syntax Notes

(CBSE 2025)
All important SQL commands with short explanation and syntax only.

1. SQL – Structured Query Language used to manage relational


databases.
SELECT * FROM table_name;

2. Types of SQL Commands


Type Meaning Commands
DDL Defines structure CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, RENAME
DML Manages data INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT
DCL Controls access GRANT, REVOKE
TCL Transaction control COMMIT, ROLLBACK

3. DDL Commands
CREATE TABLE – creates a new table.
CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 datatype, column2 datatype, ...);

ALTER TABLE – modifies table structure.


ALTER TABLE table_name ADD/MODIFY/DROP column_name datatype;

DROP TABLE – deletes entire table.


DROP TABLE table_name;

RENAME TABLE – renames table.


RENAME TABLE old_name TO new_name;

TRUNCATE TABLE – removes all data but keeps structure.


TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

4. DML Commands
INSERT – adds new record.
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...) VALUES (value1,
value2, ...);

UPDATE – modifies data.


UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE condition;
DELETE – deletes record.
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

SELECT – retrieves data.


SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;

5. Clauses
WHERE – filters records.
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition;

ORDER BY – sorts data.


SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column [ASC|DESC];

GROUP BY – groups similar data.


SELECT column, aggregate_function(column) FROM table_name GROUP BY
column;

HAVING – condition for grouped data.


SELECT column, aggregate_function(column) FROM table_name GROUP BY
column HAVING condition;

DISTINCT – removes duplicate values.


SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM table_name;

6. Aggregate Functions
COUNT() – counts total rows.
SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name;

SUM() – adds values.


SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;

AVG() – finds average.


SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;

MAX() – highest value.


SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;

MIN() – lowest value.


SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;

7. Additional Topics
PRIMARY KEY – uniquely identifies records.
CREATE TABLE table_name (col1 datatype PRIMARY KEY, col2
datatype);

FOREIGN KEY – links two tables.


FOREIGN KEY (col_name) REFERENCES other_table(col_name);

NULL – missing data.


SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NULL;

BETWEEN – checks range.


SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND
value2;

IN – checks multiple values.


SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2,
...);

LIKE – pattern matching.


SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE 'pattern';

Tip: Always end SQL statements with a semicolon (;) and use uppercase for SQL
keywords.

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