BSc CS Ty Sem-V UNIT II Operating System Overview 2025-26

UNIT II
Operating Systems Overview (Server & Client)
 Operating Systems Overview (Server & Client),
 Domain vs. Workgroup
 File Systems: FAT, NTFS, ReFS, EXT3, EXT4 -
 Installing and Managing OS (Windows Server, Linux) -
 Firewall Fundamentals (Hardware/Software)

 Operating Systems Overview (Server & Client),

1. Operating System Overview:
Definition: An OS is system software that manages computer hardware and software
resources.
Key Functions:
- Resource Management: Allocates and deallocates memory, manages processes, and
controls peripheral devices.
- File Management: Creates, deletes, and manages files and directories.
- User Interface: Provides a way for users to interact with the system.
- Security: Protects the system from unauthorized use and destruction.
Examples: Linux, Windows, macOS, iOS, Android.
2. Client Operating System:
Purpose:
- Designed for individual users on devices like desktops, laptops, and smartphones.
Features:
- User-friendly interface: Provides a graphical interface for ease of use.
- Multitasking: Allows multiple applications to run simultaneously.
- Resource management: Manages resources for a single user on the device.
Examples: Windows, macOS, ChromeOS.
3. Server Operating System:
Purpose:
- Designed to manage resources and services for multiple users and computers in a
network.
- Server Operating System is a type of Operating system with advanced features that
can be used only on servers.
- With one server and it can be connected to many receivers or clients concurrently
using the server Operating system. It is also called Client Server based architecture
for smooth communication and exchange of information.

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BSc CS Ty Sem-V UNIT II Operating System Overview 2025-26

Features:
- Network management: Handles shared access to files, printers, and other
resources.
- Security features: Provides robust security features to protect data and access.
- Scalability: Designed to handle a large number of users and requests.
Examples: Windows Server, Linux (various distributions like Ubuntu Server), macOS
Server.

 Domain vs. Workgroup

What is Domain?
- Domain is a client/server network where users can log in from any device in the office.
Also known as Remote login.
- It has a centralized administration and all devices can be managed from a centralized
device. It prefers centralized storage and all the user's data is stored at a centralized
storage device which can be NAS or SAN.

What is a Workgroup?
- A workgroup is a peer-to-peer windows computer network, where users can use their
login credentials only on or her system and not others.

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BSc CS Ty Sem-V UNIT II Operating System Overview 2025-26

- It holds a distributed administration wherein each user can manage his machine
independently. Most storage is distributed.
- Each device has its own dedicated storage.

Domain Workgroup

The computers in a domain have The computers in workgroup mainly has its
a centralized database. own local database.

A domain is mainly to transfer and share A Workgroup is used to share less secure and
sensitive and important data only. personal data only due to less security.

A workgroup is mainly preferred for small

A domain is mainly preferred for large
local area networks like schools, colleges,
public and business networks.
buildings, etc.

A domain is used to transfer and share A workgroup is used to share personal data as
sensitive and important data due to security. it is less secure.

A domain can work better for large numbers

A workgroup works better for fewer computers.
of devices.

In workgroup there is no dependencies on any

The domain names are provided by domain
hardware components and server for assigning
controller on the basis of IP address.
the name.

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BSc CS Ty Sem-V UNIT II Operating System Overview 2025-26

Domain Workgroup

Data can be recovered in a domain from the Data recovery is not possible in a workgroup
centralized storage. due to the local storage of each device.

A Domain can be formed using the devices

The devices of the same network can only be
of one or more different networks domain
added to a workgroup.
and adding all the intended devices to it.

A workgroup is a group of users who

A domain is a set of values that a column or
collaborate on a project or task within an
attribute in a table can contain.
organization.

Domain focuses on data management and Workgroup focuses on collaboration and

organization teamwork.

Purpose of workgroup is to facilitate

Purpose of domain is to define and enforce
communication, collaboration, and
data integrity and consistency within a
teamwork among members of a group or
database.
team.

Domain-level access control can be used to Workgroup-level access control can be used to
restrict access to specific values within a restrict access to specific files, folders, or
column or attribute. applications within a team or group.

 File Systems: FAT, NTFS, ReFS, EXT3, EXT4 –

What is file system?
- A file system is a method used by an operating system to organize, store, retrieve, and
manage files on a storage device. It acts as a librarian for your computer, structuring data
into files and folders, making it easy to locate and access information. Essentially, it's how
your computer keeps track of everything stored on your hard drive, SSD, or other storage
media.
FAT (File Allocation Table):
- File Allocation Table (FAT) is a file system used by computers and other digital devices to
manage and organize data stored on storage devices.
- It keeps track of the location of each file on the device by using a table that maps file names
to their physical location on the disk.
- It's commonly used in removable media like USB drives and memory cards.

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- FAT has several variants, including FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32, each offering different
limits on file and partition sizes.
- While FAT is simple and supported by virtually all operating systems, it lacks advanced
features and scalability, making it unsuitable for modern large-scale storage needs.

Types of File Allocation Table(FAT)

There are three main types of File Allocation Table (FAT) file systems: FAT12,
FAT16, and FAT32.
1. FAT12:
- FAT12 was the original version of the FAT file system, which was first introduced in
1980 with MSDOS.
- It was designed for small disks, with a maximum size of 16MB and a cluster size of 512
bytes.
- FAT12 is no longer commonly used, but it can still be found on some older devices such
as digital cameras and music players.
2. FAT16:
- It was introduced in 1984 with the release of MS-DOS 3.0.
- It supports larger disks than FAT12, with a maximum size of 2GB and a cluster size of up
to 64KB.
- FAT16 is still used on some devices, but it is not as common as it used to be.
3. FAT32:
- FAT32 is the most recent version of the FAT file system, which was introduced in 1996
with the release of Windows 95 OSR2.
- It was designed to support larger disks than FAT16, with a maximum size of 2TB and a
cluster size of up to 32KB.
- FAT32 is still widely used today, particularly on removable storage devices such as USB
drives and SD cards.

NTFS (New Technology File System):

- NTFS is a robust and advanced file system used primarily in Windows environments.
- It offers features like file compression, encryption, access control lists (ACLs) for
security, and journaling to maintain file system integrity in case of crashes.

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BSc CS Ty Sem-V UNIT II Operating System Overview 2025-26

- NTFS supports large volumes and file sizes, making it suitable for both personal
computers and enterprise servers.

ext3 (Third Extended File System):

- ext3, or the Third Extended File System, is a journaling file system that was a significant
upgrade to the earlier ext2 file system.
- Introduced in 2001, it became widely adopted in Linux distributions due to its added
journaling feature, which enhances reliability and recovery from system crashes.

ext4 (Fourth Extended File System):

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BSc CS Ty Sem-V UNIT II Operating System Overview 2025-26

- ext4 is a widely-used file system in Linux environments.

- It improves on its predecessors (ext2 and ext3) by offering larger volume and file size
support, extents for better performance, and faster file system checks.
- ext4 is known for its reliability and efficiency.

ReFS:
o ReFS (Resilient File System)is a modern file system developed by Microsoft, introduced
with Windows Server 2012, designed for data integrity, scalability, and resilience,
particularly for large datasets.
- It addresses some limitations of the older NTFS file system and aims to provide improved
data availability and error correction

 Firewall Fundamentals (Hardware/Software)

- A firewall is a network security system that controls network traffic based on predetermined
rules, acting as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external
networks. Firewalls can be implemented as either hardware or software, or a combination of
both.

Hardware Firewalls:
- Hardware firewalls offer robust security, high performance, and can handle large
volumes of traffic.

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BSc CS Ty Sem-V UNIT II Operating System Overview 2025-26

- They can be more expensive than software firewalls and may require specialized
configuration.
 Physical Device:
A hardware firewall is a dedicated physical device, often a router or a separate
appliance, placed between the network and the internet.
 Network-Based Protection:
They protect the entire network, including all connected devices, by filtering traffic at
the network level.

Software Firewalls:
- Software firewalls are generally more affordable and easier to deploy than hardware
firewalls.
- They may not offer the same level of performance or protection for the entire
network, and can be resource-intensive on the host device.

 Application-Based:
Software firewalls are applications installed on individual computers or servers,
controlling network traffic on a per-device basis.
 Host-Based Protection:
They protect individual devices from unauthorized access and malicious traffic.

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 BSc CS Ty Sem-V UNIT II Operating System Overview 2025-26

 Installing and Managing OS (Windows Server, Linux) -

1. Installing and Managing Windows Server:
Part 1: Pre-Installation Configuration
1. Prepare Installation Media
 Download the Windows Server ISO from Microsoft (e.g., Windows Server 2022).
2. Boot the System
 Insert the USB/DVD and restart the system.
3. Start Installation
 Once the Windows Server setup loads:
o Select Language, Time, and Keyboard layout → click Next.
o Click Install Now.
4. Choose Server Version
 Choose the appropriate version (with or without GUI):
5. Accept License Terms
 Tick I accept the license terms → click Next.
6. Choose Installation Type
 Custom: for clean installation.
7. Partition the Disk
 Select the drive or partition to install.
 Click Next to begin installation.
8. Installation Process
 Wait for files to install and system to reboot.
9. Set Administrator Password
 After reboot, set a strong password for the Administrator account.
Part 2: Post-Installation Configuration
1. Login
 Press Ctrl + Alt + Del, enter the admin password.
2. Rename the Server
 Open Server Manager → Local Server → Computer Name → Rename → Restart.
3. Set Static IP Address
 Go to Network and Sharing Center → Adapter settings → Right-click your
connection → Properties → IPv4 → Set IP, Subnet, Gateway, DNS.
4. Update Windows
 Go to Settings → Updates & Security → Windows Update.
5. Join Domain (Optional)
 Right-click This PC → Properties → Change settings → Domain.
 Enter domain name and admin credentials.

2. Installing and Managing Linux:

Following are the step-by-step guideline to install a Linux operating system:
Requirements:
 A computer (with internet access)
 4 GB+ USB drive
 Linux ISO file (e.g., Ubuntu from https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop)
 Tool to create bootable USB: Rufus (for Windows) or Balena Etcher

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BSc CS Ty Sem-V UNIT II Operating System Overview 2025-26

Step 1: Download Linux ISO File

 Go to official website (e.g., ubuntu.com)
 Choose your version (LTS is recommended)
 Download the .iso file
Step 2: Create Bootable USB Drive
Using Rufus on Windows:
1. Plug in USB drive
2. Open Rufus
3. Select:
o Device: your USB drive
o Boot Selection: Select downloaded .iso
o File system: Leave as default (FAT32 or NTFS)
4. Click Start → It will format USB and create bootable disk
Step 3: Boot From USB
1. Insert the bootable USB into the target computer
Step 4: Installation Setup
1. Language: Choose your preferred language
2. Keyboard Layout: Select appropriate layout
3. Updates & Other Software:
o Choose Normal Installation (or Minimal if low on resources)
o Optionally check “Install third-party software” (for WiFi, graphics)
4. Installation Type:
o Erase Disk and Install Ubuntu (for fresh installation)
o Something Else (manual partitioning – for advanced users)
5. Disk Partitioning:
o Auto-select (default) will format the whole disk
o Create partitions if needed (/, swap, /home)
Step 5: User and Location Setup
 Choose your Time Zone
 Create a Username, Password, and Computer Name
Step 6: Installation Process
 Click Install Now
 Wait ~10–20 minutes while Linux is installed
 Once done, click Restart Now

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