Seva Sanskar Sanstha’s

MALDAD, TAL - SANGAMNER, DIST - AHMEDNAGAR

(Affiliated to Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri)
PRACTISE TEST-II EXAMINATION 2024-25
MODEL ANSWER
Semester : I (New) Academic Year : 2024-25
Course No. : MDC-111 Title : Farming based Livelihood Systems
Credits : 3 (2+1) Total Marks : 80
Day & Date : Sunday, (02/02/2025) Time : 09:00 to 12:00 AM
Note : 1) Solve any Eight question from Section “A”.
2) All questions from Section “B” are compulsory.

SECTION 'A'
Q.1 a. Define ALS. Give the framework for ALS.
Ans: Def: Agricultural Livelihood Systems (ALS) refer to the interconnected activities,
resources and strategies that rural households employ to generate income and
sustain their livelihoods, predominantly through agriculture.
Framework for Agricultural Livelihood Systems
Several frameworks have been developed to help analyze ALS, often
integrating elements from the above approaches. These frameworks help in
understanding the interaction between household assets, livelihood strategies,
institutional contexts, and outcomes. The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework
(SLF) is one of the most widely used.
Key Components of Agricultural Livelihood Systems Frameworks
A. Livelihood Assets (Capitals):
 Human Capital: Education, health, skills, and knowledge that influence the
ability of households to engage in productive activities
 Natural Capital: Land, water, forests, and biodiversity that are essential for
agricultural activities.
 Physical Capital: Infrastructure (roads, irrigation systems, storage facilities),
technology (tools, machinery), and other assets that support agricultural
production.
 Financial Capital: Access to financial resources, such as savings, credit,
remittances, or subsidies that enable households to invest in agriculture.
 Social Capital: Social networks, community organizations, and relationships
that help rural households access resources, knowledge, and markets.
B. Livelihood Strategies:
 Agricultural Practices: Crop selection, livestock rearing, use of fertilizers,
irrigation, mechanization, etc.
 Diversification: Households may combine farming with other non-
agricultural activities (e.g., wage labor, small businesses) to minimize risks
and increase income security.
 Migration: Seasonal or permanent migration for work is common in rural
areas, especially where agricultural income is insufficient.
C. Vulnerability Context:
 Shocks and Stresses: Households are vulnerable to various shocks (e.g.,
 natural disasters, price volatility, pests) and long-term stresses (e.g., land
degradation, population pressure).
 External Factors: Global economic trends, national policies, and
environmental changes impact rural livelihoods.
D. Policies, Institutions, and Processes:
 Governance and Policy: Land tenure systems, agricultural subsidies, market
regulations, and access to agricultural extension services play critical roles
in shaping ALS.
 Institutions: Local and international organizations, cooperatives, and
informal community networks influence how households access resources
and support.
E. Livelihood Outcomes:
 Income Generation: Successful ALS should lead to better income levels,
food security, and reduced vulnerability.
 Sustainability: Maintaining natural resource base while enhancing
productivity and improving quality of life.
 Food Security and Nutrition: Ensuring that agricultural activities contribute
to stable and nutritious food supplies for households and the wider
community.

b. Enlist various livestock enterprises and explain any one.

Livestock farming is a critical part of farming systems that complement
crop production by providing additional sources of food, income, and farm inputs
Ans: like manure.
Different livestock enterprises include
i. Dairy Farming
ii. Piggery
iii. Goat Farming
iv. Poultry
v. Duckery,
A. Dairy Farming (Cattle and Buffaloes):
Definition: Dairy farming involves raising cattle or buffaloes for milk
production. Dairy products are an essential part of the diet and a significant
source of income for many rural households.
Key Features:
 Breeds include local and high-yielding breeds like Holstein Friesian
(cattle) and Murrah (buffalo).
 Proper feeding with high-protein fodder like alfalfa, maize silage,
and concentrates.
 Regular milking, proper housing, and veterinary care are essential.
Importance:
 Provides milk and milk products (cheese, butter, ghee).
 Manure from dairy animals is used as an organic fertilizer.
Challenges:
o Disease management, fodder availability, and market fluctuations in milk
prices.

Q.2 Differentiate between (any two)

a. Rural and Urban livelihood.
 Aspect Rural livelihood Urban livelihood
Nature of Mostly agriculture, animal Primarily industrial jobs,
Work husbandry, fishing, business, corporate work,
handicrafts, and small- government jobs, and service
scale industries sectors.
Dependency Heavily dependent on Less dependent on nature, with
on Nature natural resources, weather industries and businesses
conditions, and seasons operating throughout the year.
Employment Self-employment is More wage-based employment in
Type common, with many offices, factories, and companies
working in farms, small
businesses, and cottage
industries.
Income Level Generally lower and Higher and more stable income
irregular due to seasonal due to diverse job opportunities
work.
Limited access to Well-developed infrastructure
Infrastructure education, healthcare, with better schools, hospitals,
& Facilities roads, electricity, and transport, and communication
internet.
Simple and close to nature,
Fast-paced lifestyle with modern
with traditional practices
Lifestyle amenities and individualistic
and strong community
living.
bonds.
Houses are often made of
Apartments and concrete houses
Housing mud, wood, or bricks,
with limited open spaces.
with open spaces.
Fewer educational
Education & institutions and hospitals; More educational institutions and
Healthcare people may need to travel advanced healthcare facilities.
long distances for services.
Strong community ties,
Social Nuclear families, diverse cultures,
joint families, and a
Structure and competitive living.
cooperative way of living.
Limited public transport;
people rely on bicycles, Well-developed public transport
Transportation
bullock carts, or two- like buses, trains, and metros.
wheelers.

b. Traditional farming and modern farming.

 Traditional farming: Modern farming:

1. Manure and compost are used. 1. Involves the use of chemical fertilisers.

2. There are more farm labourers

2. More machines and less farm labour.
and no machines.

3. Irrigation system that is well occupied

3. Subject to seasonal rainfall.
and so not reliant on seasonal rains.

4. Animals are utilised to plough

4. Tractors are used to plough the field.
the land.

5. The crops are of great quality 5. There is more production, but the crops
but the production is low. are of lower quality.

c. Small enterprise and medium enterprise.

Factor Small Enterprises Medium Enterprises
Employees 10-49 50-249
Market Reach Local/Regional National/International
Capital Investment Lower Higher
Revenue Lower Higher
Management Simple Structure More Formalized

Q.3 a. Define farming system, enlist the components of farming system.

Ans: A farming system is an integrated approach to agricultural production that
includes crops, livestock, aquaculture, forestry, and other activities, managed
within an environment to optimize resource use and sustainability. It involves the
interaction between natural resources, technology, economy, and human labor to
produce food and other agricultural products.
1. Natural Resources – Land, soil, water, climate, and biodiversity that
influence agricultural productivity.
2. Crops – Different types of plants grown for food, fiber, fodder, or cash
crops.
3. Livestock – Animals raised for meat, milk, eggs, labor, or other purposes.
4. Labor and Management – Human effort and knowledge involved in
planning, production, and marketing.
5. Capital and Inputs – Seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, machinery, irrigation, and
infrastructure required for farming.
6. Technology and Innovation – Tools, mechanization, digital solutions, and
scientific methods used to enhance productivity.
7. Markets and Economy – The supply chain, demand, pricing, and trade
aspects influencing profitability.
8. Socio-cultural Factors – Traditional practices, community involvement, and
local customs that shape farming practices.
9. Government Policies and Support – Regulations, subsidies, research, and
extension services that impact farming.
 10. Sustainability and Environmental Concerns – Conservation practices,
organic farming, and eco-friendly approaches to maintain soil health and
biodiversity.
b. Explain any four components of farming system
1. Ans: Natural Resources:
Natural resources are the foundational assets that a farming system
relies on for production. These resources vary based on the geographical
location, climate, and type of farming practiced.
 Land: The most critical resource for any farming system. It includes
both the quality of soil and the size of the landholding, which
determines the types of crops and livestock that can be produced.
 Water: Essential for irrigation, livestock, and aquaculture. Access to
water sources like rivers, lakes, groundwater, or rainfall is critical for
successful farming.
 Biodiversity: Crop diversity (e.g., multiple crops or crop varieties)
and livestock diversity can enhance resilience and productivity.
 Climate and Weather: Climatic conditions, including temperature,
rainfall, and seasonal variation, play a significant role in determining
what farming practices can be sustained.
2. Agricultural Inputs
Inputs refer to the resources and materials that are added to the
farming process to enhance productivity and ensure successful production.
 Seeds and Planting Material: Quality seeds, planting stock, or
saplings are essential for achieving good yields.
 Fertilizers and Soil Amendments: Chemical fertilizers, organic
manures, compost, and other soil amendments (e.g., lime) are used to
enhance soil fertility and increase crop yields.
 Pesticides and Herbicides: Chemicals to manage pests, diseases, and
weeds that threaten crops. In organic systems, natural pest control
methods like biological pest control are used.
 Irrigation Systems: Water supply mechanisms like drip irrigation,
sprinklers, or traditional methods to ensure crops get adequate
water, especially in areas with insufficient rainfall.
 Machinery and Tools: Implements such as tractors, plows,
harvesters, or manual tools that help in land preparation, sowing,
 weeding, and harvesting.
3. Crops and Livestock
Farming systems are cantered around the production of crops,
livestock, or a combination of both. The specific crops or animals chosen are
influenced by local environmental conditions, market demand, and the
farmer’s needs.
 Crops: These can range from staple crops (e.g., rice, wheat, maize) to
cash crops (e.g., sugarcane, cotton) and horticultural crops (e.g.,
fruits, vegetables, spices). Crop selection is essential for ensuring
both food security and income generation.
 Livestock: Livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep, poultry, and pigs
contribute to farming systems by providing milk, meat, eggs, and
manure for crop production.
 Aquaculture: In certain systems, fish farming or shrimp farming
forms an integral part of the livelihood system.
 Agroforestry: Involves the integration of trees on farms, either for
timber, fruit, or as part of crop rotation systems.

4. Human Capital
Human capital refers to the skills, labor, and knowledge that the
farming household or community possesses. It is a critical component in
ensuring that farming practices are well managed and productive.
 Labor: Farming activities require manual labor for tasks such as
planting, weeding, irrigation, harvesting, and post-harvest
processing.
 Skills and Knowledge: The expertise of the farmer or farming
community in understanding local conditions, managing crops and
livestock, and using modern techniques and tools (e.g., pest
management, soil conservation, or irrigation practices) significantly
affects productivity.
 Education and Training: Access to agricultural education, extension
services, and training programs helps farmers improve their
productivity and adapt to new technologies or farming methods.
Q.4 a. Enlist the different IFS models and describe the importance of aquaculture.
Ans: Integrated Farming System (IFS) involves combining different agricultural
activities to optimize resource use, enhance productivity, and promote
sustainability. Various IFS models include:

1. Crop-Livestock System – Growing crops alongside livestock farming (e.g.,

rice-wheat + dairy farming).
2. Crop-Fish Farming System – Cultivating crops while integrating fish
farming in ponds or rice fields.
3. Agroforestry System – Growing trees along with crops and/or livestock
(e.g., silvopasture).
4. Crop-Horticulture System – Cultivating field crops along with fruits,
vegetables, or flowers.
5. Crop-Fish-Livestock System – A combination of crop cultivation, fish
farming, and livestock rearing.
6. Dairy-Based Farming System – Integrating dairy farming with crops and
fodder cultivation.
7. Poultry-Fish Farming System – Raising poultry over or near fish ponds,
utilizing poultry waste as fish feed.
8. Agro-Pastoral System – A combination of crop cultivation and extensive
livestock grazing.
9. Sericulture-Based Farming System – Integration of silk production with
agricultural crops.
10. Apiary-Based Farming System – Beekeeping integrated with horticulture
or crops for pollination benefits.

Importance of Aquaculture in IFS

Aquaculture (fish farming) plays a significant role in Integrated Farming
Systems due to its multiple benefits:
1. Efficient Resource Utilization – Utilizes water bodies such as ponds,
canals, and rice fields for fish production.
2. Enhanced Farm Income – Provides an additional source of revenue
alongside crops and livestock.
3. Nutritional Security – Supplies high-quality protein and essential nutrients
through fish consumption.
4. Waste Recycling – Converts farm waste (manure, crop residues) into fish
feed, reducing environmental pollution.
5. Sustainable Farming – Helps maintain ecological balance and biodiversity
by integrating fish with other farming components.
6. Employment Generation – Creates jobs in rural areas through fish
breeding, harvesting, and marketing.
7. Climate Resilience – Can mitigate risks from crop failure due to droughts
or floods by diversifying farm income.

b. Explain the status of agriculture in different states as per crop and regional
diversity.
Ans: India's agricultural landscape is characterized by significant regional
diversity, influenced by variations in climate, soil types, water availability, and
socio-economic factors. This diversity leads to distinct cropping patterns and
agricultural practices across different states. Below is an overview highlighting the
 status of agriculture in various regions, emphasizing crop and regional diversity:
Northern India
 Punjab and Haryana: Known as the "Granary of India," these states have
fertile alluvial soils and well-developed irrigation systems. They are major
producers of wheat and rice, benefiting from the Green Revolution's
advancements.
 Uttar Pradesh: With diverse agro-climatic zones, it produces a variety of
crops, including wheat, rice, sugarcane, and pulses. The state is also a
significant producer of potatoes.
Eastern India
 West Bengal: Predominantly a rice-growing state due to its abundant
rainfall and fertile soil. It also leads in jute production and has substantial
tea gardens in the Darjeeling region.
 Bihar: Agriculture is central to Bihar's economy, with rice, wheat, and maize
as major cereal crops. The state is the largest producer of litchi and a
significant producer of mango, banana, and guava.
Western India
 Maharashtra: Diverse cropping patterns include sugarcane, cotton,
soybeans, and horticultural crops like grapes and oranges. The state has
faced challenges due to erratic rainfall affecting crop yields.
 Gujarat: Known for cotton and groundnut production, Gujarat also
cultivates a variety of pulses and is a leading producer of spices like cumin
and coriander.
Southern India
 Andhra Pradesh and Telangana: Rice is the staple crop, with significant
cultivation of maize, pulses, and oilseeds. Telangana has implemented a
Crop Diversification Index to promote varied cropping patterns.
 Karnataka: The state exhibits diverse agriculture with cereals, pulses,
oilseeds, and cash crops like coffee and spices. Regions within Karnataka
show varying levels of crop diversification.
 Kerala: Specializes in plantation crops such as rubber, tea, coffee, and spices
like black pepper and cardamom. The state's tropical climate supports a
variety of horticultural crops.
Central India
 Madhya Pradesh: A leading producer of pulses, oilseeds (notably
soybeans), and wheat. The state has also seen initiatives promoting organic
cotton farming.
Northeastern India
 Assam: Famous for its tea gardens, Assam also cultivates rice, jute, and
various horticultural crops. The region's high rainfall supports lush
vegetation but can pose challenges for crop management.
 Meghalaya: Agriculture is a primary occupation, with rice as the dominant
crop. The state also produces maize, pulses, and a variety of fruits like
oranges and pineapples. Traditional shifting cultivation, known as Jhum, is
practiced in some areas.

Q.5 a. Enlist the factors affecting the integration of various enterprises of farming
and explain the credit and infrastructure challenges.
Ans:
1. Resource Availability
 o Land: The size and quality of land influence which enterprises (e.g., crop
cultivation, livestock, aquaculture) can be integrated. Larger farms offer
more flexibility in enterprise diversification.
o Water: Reliable water supply is essential for integrating enterprises like
aquaculture, horticulture, and livestock management.
o Labor: The availability and skill level of labor influence how well different
enterprises can be integrated, especially when handling complex or labor-
intensive systems.
o Capital: Financial resources determine the ability to invest in diverse
enterprises and adopt technologies that can improve efficiency.
2. Climatic and Environmental Conditions
o Climate: Temperature, rainfall, and humidity play a critical role in
determining which enterprises can coexist. For instance, integration of
poultry and aquaculture may work well in tropical regions but not in
temperate climates.
o Soil Quality: The type and fertility of soil affect the types of crops that can
be cultivated and what other activities can be integrated, such as animal
rearing or fish farming.
o Biodiversity: Diverse ecosystems support better integration of multiple
enterprises, such as intercropping and agro-forestry, which can promote
ecological balance.
3. Technology and Infrastructure
o Irrigation Systems: Efficient water management systems like drip irrigation
enable better integration of water-demanding enterprises (e.g., horticulture).
o Mechanization: Availability of tools and equipment to streamline farming
processes, such as planting, harvesting, or animal husbandry, increases the
feasibility of integrated systems.
o Post-harvest Storage and Processing: Adequate infrastructure for storing
and processing produce (e.g., refrigeration for milk or fruits, cold storage
for fish) is crucial for integrating value-added enterprises.
4. Knowledge and Skill set
o Farmers’ Knowledge: The technical know-how about different enterprises
(e.g., crop livestock integration, waste recycling, organic farming) is
essential for successful integration.
o Training: Access to agricultural extension services and training programs
ensures that farmers are well-equipped to manage multiple enterprises
efficiently.
5. Market Access and Demand
o Proximity to Markets: Access to local, regional, or international markets
affects the profitability of various farming enterprises. For example,
integrating dairy farming or horticulture may be more feasible if there are
strong markets for milk or fresh vegetables.
o Price Fluctuations: Market volatility impacts farmers’ income from
integrated systems, as some products may not consistently fetch good
prices.
o Value Chain Development: A developed value chain for agricultural
products (including processing, packaging, and distribution) can improve
integration success by ensuring better returns.
6. Government Policies and Support
o Subsidies and Grants: Government financial support (e.g., for livestock,
 organic farming, or renewable energy initiatives) can encourage the
adoption of integrated farming systems.
o Agricultural Policies: Policies that promote diversification and sustainable
agriculture, such as support for mixed farming and agro-forestry, affect
how farmers choose to integrate enterprises.
o Regulations: Environmental and health regulations can either enable or
hinder the integration of certain enterprises, such as restrictions on livestock
numbers or pesticide use.
7. Risk Management
o Diversification Benefits: Integrating different enterprises helps in
spreading risks (such as crop failure or market fluctuations) across
multiple sources of income, thus enhancing livelihood resilience.
o Climate Resilience: Enterprises that are more resilient to climate change,
such as drought-tolerant crops or livestock breeds, can improve the
viability of integration.
o Insurance: Access to agricultural insurance programs can encourage
farmers to take risks in integrating more enterprises by providing a
safety net.
8. Cultural and Social Factors
o Traditional Farming Practices: Cultural attitudes towards farming
methods may influence the types of enterprises that can be integrated
(e.g., certain regions may favour livestock over crop cultivation).
o Cooperation and Collective Action: Farmer cooperatives or community-
based farming initiatives can help integrate enterprises by pooling
resources and sharing knowledge, especially for smallholders.
9. Environmental Sustainability
o Waste Recycling: Integrated farming allows for the recycling of
resources such as crop residues, manure, and wastewater, contributing
to sustainability and reducing external inputs.
o Biodiversity Conservation: Integrating enterprises like agro-forestry or
fish-crop systems enhances biodiversity and soil health, improving long-
term productivity.
o Sustainable Practices: Organic farming, permaculture, and other
sustainable methods of integrating enterprises help in preserving the
environment and enhancing the resilience of farming systems.
10. Economic Viability
o Cost of Inputs: The rising cost of inputs (seeds, feed, fertilizers) affects
the choice and success of integrating different enterprises.
o Return on Investment: Farmers assess whether integrating enterprises
will provide sufficient income and economic returns, factoring in input
costs, labor, and potential yield.
The success of integrating various farming enterprises for livelihood
depends on effectively managing these factors to maximize resource use,
productivity, and income while ensuring long term sustainability.

b. Write down the role of agriculture in Indian economy.

Ans: Role of Agriculture in the Indian Economy
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, playing a crucial role in
employment, food security, and economic growth. Despite rapid industrialization
and the expansion of the service sector, agriculture continues to be a vital
contributor to India's socio-economic development.

1. Contribution to GDP
 Agriculture contributes around 15-17% of India's Gross Domestic Product
(GDP).
 The sector's contribution has decreased over time due to industrial and
service sector growth, but it remains critical for economic stability.
2. Employment Generation
 Agriculture provides employment to nearly 45-50% of India's workforce.
 It is the primary livelihood source in rural areas, supporting millions of
farmers, laborers, and allied workers.
3. Food Security and Self-Sufficiency
 India ranks among the world’s largest producers of rice, wheat, pulses, and
dairy products.
 The Green Revolution helped India achieve self-sufficiency in food
production, reducing dependence on imports.
4. Source of Raw Materials for Industries
 Many industries, such as textiles, sugar, food processing, and agro-based
industries, depend on agricultural raw materials.
 Cotton, jute, sugarcane, oilseeds, and tea are major agricultural products
that support India's manufacturing and export sectors.
5. Foreign Exchange Earnings (Exports)
 Agricultural exports contribute significantly to India’s economy. Major
exports include:
o Rice, wheat, spices, tea, coffee, seafood, fruits, and vegetables.
 India is among the top global exporters of basmati rice and spices.
 The agriculture export share is around 10-12% of total exports.
6. Rural Development and Poverty Reduction
 Agriculture plays a major role in rural employment and income
generation.
 Schemes like PM-KISAN and MNREGA provide direct support to farmers
and rural workers, reducing poverty.
7. Industrial Growth and Development
 Growth in agriculture boosts demand for fertilizers, pesticides, tractors,
irrigation equipment, and rural banking.
 Agro-based industries, like dairy, food processing, and biofuels, benefit
from a strong agricultural base.
8. Sustainable Development and Climate Resilience
 Sustainable agricultural practices (organic farming, agroforestry, and water
conservation) are essential for climate change adaptation.
 Government initiatives like the National Mission for Sustainable
Agriculture (NMSA) promote eco-friendly farming methods.
9. Contribution to National Income and Economic Stability
 Agricultural stability ensures economic resilience against global market
fluctuations.
 A good harvest season increases rural purchasing power, boosting demand
for goods and services in other sectors.
10. Government Support and Policies
 The government provides Minimum Support Price (MSP), subsidies, crop
insurance, and credit facilities to support farmers.
 Major schemes include:
 o PM-KISAN (Direct income support to farmers).
o Soil Health Card Scheme (Soil fertility improvement).
o Fasal Bima Yojana (Crop insurance).
o Irrigation schemes (PMKSY – Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee
Yojana).
Agriculture is a vital pillar of India's economy, supporting livelihoods,
industry, and national growth. While modernization and diversification are
essential, continued investment in agriculture will ensure food security, rural
development, and economic sustainability.

Q.6 a. Write down the role of Green economy in 21st century

Ans: Green Economy
Farming-based livelihood enterprises are integral to the development of a
green economy in the 21st century, which emphasizes sustainable practices,
resource efficiency, and environmental protection while promoting economic
growth and social equity.
Here’s a detailed exploration of their roles:
1. Sustainable Agricultural Practices
Farming enterprises are adopting sustainable methods that minimize
environmental impact and promote biodiversity:
 Organic Farming: Many enterprises are shifting towards organic practices
that avoid synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, enhancing soil health and
reducing pollution.
 Agro-ecology: This approach integrates ecological principles into farming,
promoting practices like crop rotation, intercropping, and poly-cultures that
enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services.
2. Resource Efficiency and Conservation
Farming-based enterprises are focused on optimizing resource use to
reduce waste and promote sustainability:
 Water Management: Implementing efficient irrigation systems (like drip
and sprinkler irrigation) and rainwater harvesting to conserve water and
reduce usage.
 Soil Conservation: Practices such as no-till farming, cover cropping, and
composting help maintain soil health, reduce erosion, and enhance fertility.
3. Carbon Sequestration and Climate Mitigation
Farming enterprises contribute to climate change mitigation through
practices that sequester carbon and reduce greenhouse gas emissions:
 Regenerative Agriculture: Techniques like agroforestry, cover cropping, and
holistic grazing management improve soil carbon storage, helping to
combat climate change
 Reduced Emissions: Transitioning to sustainable practices decreases
reliance on fossil fuels for fertilizers and pesticides, lowering overall
emissions from agricultural activities.
4. Promotion of Renewable Resources
Farming enterprises can harness renewable resources to create sustainable
energy solutions:
 Biogas Production: Utilizing agricultural waste and livestock manure for
biogas production, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and providing clean
energy for rural households.
 Bio-energy: Enterprises are exploring bio-fuels derived from crops or waste
 products, promoting energy independence and reducing carbon footprints.
5. Creation of Green Jobs and Economic Opportunities
Farming-based livelihood enterprises play a significant role in creating
jobs and fostering economic development:
 Employment Generation: Sustainable agricultural practices require more
labor, creating green jobs in areas like organic farming, agro-ecology, and
permaculture.
 Rural Development: By promoting sustainable practices, these enterprises
can enhance rural economies, empowering communities and reducing
poverty.
6. Biodiversity Conservation
Farming enterprises can contribute to preserving and enhancing
biodiversity:
 Conservation Agriculture: This involves practices that maintain ecosystem
functions, protect wildlife habitats, and conserve genetic diversity among
crops and livestock.
 Traditional Farming Practices: Supporting indigenous and local farming
methods can enhance biodiversity and resilience while preserving cultural
heritage.
7. Support for Local and Sustainable Markets
Farming-based enterprises are increasingly engaging in local markets that
emphasize sustainability:
 Farm-to-Table Initiatives: Many enterprises are establishing direct
connections with consumers, reducing transportation emissions and
promoting fresh, locally sourced products.
 Value-Added Products: Processing agricultural products (like making jams,
juices, or dried fruits) not only increases income for farmers but also
minimizes waste and promotes sustainable consumption.
8. Education and Awareness
Farming enterprises often serve as educators in their communities:
 Training Programs: Many enterprises provide training on sustainable
practices, helping other farmers adopt eco-friendly techniques.
 Community Engagement: By promoting awareness of environmental issues
and sustainable practices, these enterprises foster a culture of sustainability
within their communities.
9. Policy Advocacy and Community Involvement
Farming-based enterprises often advocate for policies that promote a
green economy:
 Engagement with Policymakers: These enterprises can influence
agricultural policies that support sustainable practices, fair trade, and
environmental protection.
 Community Leadership: Many enterprises take a leadership role in their
communities, organizing efforts to promote sustainability and resilience
against climate change.
10. Technological Innovation and Adoption
Farming enterprises are at the forefront of adopting and innovating
technologies that promote sustainability:
 Precision Agriculture: Using technology to optimize inputs like water,
fertilizers, and pesticides leads to higher efficiency and reduced
environmental impact.
 Data-Driven Solutions: Implementing data analytics and IoT (Internet of
 Things) in farming helps farmers make informed decisions, enhancing
productivity while minimizing waste.
Farming-based livelihood enterprises in the 21st century are increasingly
influenced by climate change, digitalization, and changing lifestyles. These factors
are reshaping agricultural practices and creating new opportunities and challenges
for farmers. Here’s a detailed exploration of their roles in this context:

b. Explain Poultry cum Fish model in detail.

Ans: The Poultry-Cum-Fish Farming Model is an integrated farming system that
combines poultry (chicken or ducks) with fish farming. It utilizes poultry
droppings as organic manure for fish ponds, reducing the need for external feed
and fertilizers. This system enhances resource efficiency, increases farm income,
and promotes sustainable aquaculture.
Components of the Poultry-Cum-Fish Farming Model
1. Poultry Unit
 Can include broilers, layers, or dual-purpose birds (meat & eggs).
 Constructed on raised platforms or over the pond to allow manure to
drop directly into the water.
 Provides eggs, meat, and additional revenue from poultry sales.
2. Fish Pond
 Stocked with fish species that efficiently utilize poultry manure and
plankton-rich water.
 Common species: Carps (Rohu, Catla, Grass Carp, Common Carp),
Tilapia, and Pangasius.
 Pond size and depth depend on available land and water supply.
3. Manure Utilization
 Poultry droppings act as organic fertilizer, stimulating natural fish
food (phytoplankton and zooplankton) growth.
 Reduces the need for commercial fish feed, lowering production
costs.
4. Feeding Management
 Fish obtain nutrients from the pond ecosystem but can be
supplemented with additional feed.
 Poultry birds are fed balanced commercial feed, kitchen waste, or
farm by-products.
5. Water Quality Management
 Proper aeration and periodic water exchange prevent ammonia
accumulation from poultry waste.
 Optimal stocking density ensures fish health and productivity.
Advantages of Poultry-Cum-Fish Farming
 Higher Productivity – Two enterprises generate more income from the
same land and water resources.
 Cost-Effective – Reduces the need for fish feed and fertilizers, minimizing
input costs.
 Efficient Resource Utilization – Poultry waste is fully utilized as fish pond
fertilizer.
 Sustainable and Eco-Friendly – Reduces farm waste disposal problems and
enhances nutrient recycling.
 Diversified Income – Income is generated from both fish and poultry sales,
reducing financial risk.
  Improves Water Productivity – Enhances natural food production in ponds,
increasing fish yield.
The Poultry-Cum-Fish Farming Model is an efficient, eco-friendly, and
profitable farming system. It ensures better resource utilization, reduces input
costs, and provides a steady source of income for farmers. With proper
management, this model can significantly contribute to sustainable rural
livelihoods and food security.
Q.7 Short note (any two)
a. Livestock pattern in urban livelihood
Ans: Urban livelihoods involving livestock are not only limited to traditional
farming but also include various types of animal husbandry, dairy farming,
poultry, and other related activities. Below is an overview of the different aspects
of livestock patterns in urban livelihoods:
1. Types of Livestock Activities in Urban Areas
 Dairy Farming
o Urban dairy farming is common, especially in suburban areas, where
families or small-scale farmers keep a few cows or buffaloes for milk
production.
o Many urban areas have a demand for fresh milk, and small-scale
dairies supply it directly to households or local markets.
o Examples: In cities like Delhi and Mumbai, dairy farms often exist on
the outskirts, providing fresh milk and dairy products to urban
populations.
 Poultry Farming
o Urban poultry farming has grown significantly, especially in the
form of small-scale backyard poultry and commercial poultry
operations.
o Poultry provides both meat (broilers) and eggs (layers), which are in
constant demand in urban areas.
o Examples: Cities like Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Chennai see
considerable poultry farming activities due to the demand for eggs
and chicken meat.
 Small Ruminants (Goats, Sheep)
o Goats and sheep are often raised in urban areas, particularly for meat
production (mutton and goat meat) and wool (in some regions).
o Goats can be raised in confined spaces and are suitable for urban
livestock farming.
o Examples: Urban goat farming is popular in cities like Mumbai,
where goat meat is in high demand during festivals like Eid.
 Pig Farming
o Pig farming is relatively less common but exists in some urban areas
for meat production, particularly in parts of the northeastern states of
India.
o The demand for pork in certain regions contributes to urban pig
farming activities.
o Examples: Pig farming is notable in parts of Assam, Kerala, and parts
of North Eastern states.
 Aquaculture and Fish Farming
o Though not traditionally linked with livestock, fish farming is a
 significant part of urban livelihood, especially in coastal and riverine
cities.
o Urban areas with limited space for traditional livestock have turned
to aquaculture as an alternative source of food and income.
o Examples: Fish farming is common in urban areas like Kolkata,
Mumbai, and coastal regions where access to water bodies is
available.
2. Challenges of Urban Livestock
While urban livestock farming offers several livelihood opportunities, it also faces
challenges due to the nature of urban environments:
 Space Constraints
o Urban areas have limited space for large-scale livestock farming,
requiring innovations like vertical farming or integration into small
urban farms.
o Raising livestock in cities often involves small parcels of land,
making it difficult to scale operations or meet the growing demand.
 Environmental Impact
o Livestock farming in urban areas can contribute to environmental
pollution, including waste management issues, air pollution, and
water contamination.
o Livestock activities in dense urban areas may also lead to issues like
noise and odor, creating conflicts with urban residents.
 Health Concerns
o The risk of disease transmission (zoonotic diseases) is higher when
livestock is raised in close proximity to humans in urban areas.
o Proper animal husbandry practices, vaccinations, and veterinary care
are critical to maintaining public health and preventing the spread of
diseases.
 Regulatory Issues
o There are often legal and regulatory challenges regarding the
ownership and maintenance of livestock in urban areas, especially
concerning zoning laws, waste management, and animal rights.
o Urban authorities may regulate livestock farming to prevent
overcrowding, pollution, and public nuisance.
 Limited Access to Veterinary Services
o Access to veterinary care may be limited in urban areas, making it
challenging for livestock keepers to ensure animal health, especially
for small-scale operations.
3. Benefits of Livestock in Urban Livelihoods
 Income Generation
o Livestock provides a source of income through the sale of milk, meat,
eggs, wool, and other products. Small-scale urban farmers can earn
substantial income even from limited livestock production.
o Examples: A family raising 2-3 cows or a few poultry birds may
generate enough income to support their livelihood, particularly in
cities with high demand for dairy and poultry products.
 Food Security
o Urban livestock farming can contribute to food security by providing
access to fresh, locally produced animal products such as milk, eggs,
and meat.
o Many urban households rely on their livestock for a steady supply of
 nutritious food, particularly in informal settlements or slums.
 Employment Opportunities
o Livestock farming creates employment in urban areas, both directly
(e.g., farmworkers, animal caretakers) and indirectly (e.g., suppliers
of feed, veterinary services, and marketing).
o Examples: In cities like Pune or Ahmedabad, small-scale poultry and
dairy farms employ local labor, contributing to the local economy.
 Waste Recycling
o Animal waste can be used as organic fertilizer for urban gardens or
small-scale farming, promoting sustainable practices.
o Examples: Urban gardeners and farmers use manure from livestock
to enrich the soil, contributing to urban green spaces and food
production.
 Cultural and Social Significance
o Livestock farming often plays a cultural or traditional role, especially
in urban areas with a strong connection to agriculture or pastoral
lifestyles.
o Examples: In cities with strong rural-urban linkages (such as Delhi or
Bengaluru), livestock farming maintains cultural practices and social
ties to rural heritage.

b. PM-KISAN
Ans: PM-KISAN (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi)
PM-KISAN is a government initiative launched by the Government of
India in February 2019 to provide financial assistance to farmers across the
country. The main objective of the scheme is to ensure that farmers have access to
direct financial support to supplement their income, enabling them to meet their
agricultural expenses and improve their living conditions. The scheme is
particularly aimed at small and marginal farmers who may not have access to
formal credit or financial resources.
Key Features of PM-KISAN:
1. Financial Assistance:
o Under the PM-KISAN scheme, eligible farmers receive ₹6,000 annually. This
amount is provided in three equal installments of ₹2,000 each, distributed
every four months.
2. Eligibility Criteria:
o The scheme is targeted towards small and marginal farmers, but the eligibility
criteria are based on the size of landholding.
o Farmers with landholdings of up to 2 hectares (5 acres) are eligible to receive
the benefits under PM-KISAN.
o It is important to note that the scheme excludes certain categories of
individuals, such as institutional landholders, farmers who paid income tax in
the last assessment year, government employees, etc.
3. Objective:
o The scheme aims to increase farmers' income by providing them with
supplementary financial support for agricultural and allied activities, ensuring
the reduction of financial stress.
o It also seeks to empower small and marginal farmers by providing them with
a direct income support mechanism, contributing to their well-being and socio-
economic security.
 4. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT):
o The funds are transferred directly to the bank accounts of eligible farmers
using the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) system. This ensures transparency
and reduces the chances of middlemen taking advantage of the scheme.
5. Digitalization:
o PM-KISAN has a digitally integrated system that ensures efficient
implementation and transparency. Farmers are required to register online
through the PM-KISAN Portal, and their details are verified with the help of
the government’s database (such as land records).
o The registration process is also facilitated through Common Service Centers
(CSCs) across rural areas for farmers who do not have access to digital devices
or the internet.
6. Implementation:
o The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers
Welfare, in partnership with state and union territory governments.
o States are responsible for identifying eligible farmers, collecting and verifying
information, and ensuring that funds are transferred directly to the
beneficiaries.
7. Exclusions:
o The scheme does not cover landless agricultural laborers, farmer families
with high income, or institutional landholders. It also excludes individuals
who are earning more than ₹2.5 lakh annually from non-agricultural sources.

Impact of PM-KISAN:
1. Economic Support:
The direct financial assistance provided through PM-KISAN helps alleviate
some of the economic pressure faced by farmers, particularly small and
marginal ones. It supports their basic agricultural expenses, such as purchasing
seeds, fertilizers, and tools.
2. Increased Accessibility to Financial Aid:
By transferring the amount directly to farmers’ bank accounts, the scheme
ensures that funds reach the rightful beneficiaries without being diverted by
middlemen.
3. Reduction in Rural Poverty:
The scheme aims to reduce the poverty levels among small farmers by
supplementing their income, improving their financial security, and addressing
the challenges they face in the agriculture sector.
4. Sustainability:
The recurring financial support allows farmers to plan and manage their
agricultural operations better, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural
practices.
5. Promotion of Financial Inclusion:
The scheme encourages farmers to open bank accounts and link them to
Aadhaar, which contributes to greater financial inclusion in rural India.
Challenges and Issues:
1. Exclusion of Some Farmers:
Some farmers, especially those with marginal holdings or those working on
leased lands, have been excluded from the benefits of the scheme due to the
landholding-based eligibility criteria.
2. Identification and Verification:
 The process of identifying eligible farmers and ensuring that they meet the
criteria can sometimes be slow or prone to errors. In some cases, ineligible
individuals may receive benefits, or eligible ones may be left out due to errors in
land records or database discrepancies.
3. Delays in Payments:
While PM-KISAN is designed for timely transfers, there have been instances of
delays in payment disbursements, particularly in remote areas where banking
infrastructure may not be robust.
4. Limited Financial Support:
While ₹6,000 annually provides some relief, it is a relatively small amount
compared to the financial needs of farmers. Many farmers argue that the
amount does not address the deeper issues related to agriculture, such as
inadequate access to credit, poor market conditions, and increasing costs of
production.

c. Source of income of people in urban area:

Ans: In urban areas, people's sources of income are diverse, reflecting the wide
range of economic activities and industries that thrive in cities. Urban economies
are usually characterized by a shift from agriculture to more industrial, service-
based, and knowledge-based sectors. Here are the main sources of income for
people in urban areas:

1. Employment in the Formal Sector (Salaried Jobs)

 Private Sector Employment:
Many urban residents earn their income through salaried jobs in various
industries such as manufacturing, services, retail, finance, and information
technology (IT). Companies, both domestic and multinational, offer full-time
employment, providing salaries, bonuses, and benefits (such as health insurance
and retirement savings).
 Government Jobs:
Government employees, including those working in administrative positions,
public services (police, health, education), and civil services, receive regular
salaries and allowances. These jobs often offer job security and benefits.
 IT & Software Services:
The IT industry is a major employer in urban areas. Companies like Infosys,
TCS, Wipro, and Tech Mahindra provide opportunities for software engineers,
developers, data analysts, and other technical staff. With the expansion of
remote work, these opportunities have further increased.

2. Self-Employment and Small Businesses

 Retail Businesses:
Many people in urban areas run small businesses such as grocery stores,
pharmacies, boutiques, tailoring shops, and restaurants. These businesses
provide direct income to the owners and contribute to the local economy.
 Service Providers:
Self-employed individuals in urban areas may work as consultants,
freelancers, beauticians, drivers (e.g., for Uber or Ola), or provide other
services. Some run businesses related to personal services like fitness
training, event planning, photography, and home repairs.
 Street Vendors:
 Street vendors selling food, clothes, or everyday items are common in urban
areas. They often work independently or as part of a larger informal
economy. Despite the challenges they face, street vending remains a
significant income source for many low-income urban households.

3. Construction and Manual Labor

 Skilled and Unskilled Labor:
Urban construction projects (residential buildings, roads, and infrastructure
development) employ a large number of workers. These may include skilled
laborers like electricians, plumbers, carpenters, and masons, as well as
unskilled laborers who assist in tasks such as carrying materials, cleaning,
and providing general support on construction sites.
 Domestic Workers:
Many urban families rely on domestic workers for household chores like
cleaning, cooking, child care, and elderly care. These workers earn a
livelihood by providing services to affluent households in exchange for
wages.

4. Education and Health Sectors

 Teaching and Academia:
Many urban residents earn their livelihood through teaching in schools,
colleges, universities, and coaching centers. Teachers, professors, and
private tutors are common in cities, especially given the urban demand for
quality education.
 Healthcare Professionals:
Urban areas often have large numbers of doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and
medical assistants who work in hospitals, clinics, and healthcare
institutions. Many healthcare professionals also work in private practices or
medical stores.
 Pharmaceutical and Health-Related Industries:
People working in the pharmaceutical industry, including sales,
distribution, and manufacturing, as well as in medical equipment and
health technology, contribute to the urban income landscape.

5. Financial and Business Services

 Banking and Finance:
Professionals working in banks, insurance companies, and investment
firms often have well-paying jobs in urban centers. These roles include
bankers, financial advisors, insurance agents, and investment managers.
 Real Estate and Property Management:
With urbanization and the growth of cities, real estate has become a
significant source of income for many. This includes real estate agents,
property developers, and renters who earn through property transactions,
leasing, and property management.
 Corporate and Business Management:
Urban areas also see many people earning through corporate leadership,
management roles, and business ownership. Entrepreneurs who start and
run businesses in sectors like manufacturing, technology, and finance
contribute significantly to the urban economy.
 6. Agriculture and Agri-Related Activities
While agriculture is more associated with rural areas, urban agriculture (especially
in peri-urban areas) is growing as a source of income for some people. This
includes:
 Urban Farming and Gardening:
In some urban areas, people engage in urban farming and gardening to
grow vegetables, fruits, and herbs for local consumption or sale. This is
particularly common in cities where organic produce has high demand.
 Livestock Farming:
As mentioned earlier, small-scale poultry, dairy farming, and goat farming
can also be sources of income for urban households. These activities are
typically conducted on smaller plots of land or rooftops.

7. Digital and Online Income

 Freelancing:
With the advent of digital platforms, many urban residents earn through
freelancing in fields like writing, graphic design, web development, content
creation, and digital marketing. Websites like Upwork, Fiverr, and
Freelancer allow individuals to find clients and work remotely.
 Online Businesses:
E-commerce has opened up new opportunities for urban residents to run
online businesses, including dropshipping, affiliate marketing, digital
product sales, and online tutoring.
 Social Media Influencers and Content Creators:
With the rise of platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok, many
urban individuals generate income by becoming influencers or content
creators, monetizing their content through advertisements, brand
sponsorships, and affiliate marketing.

8. Arts, Culture, and Entertainment

 Creative Professionals:
People in urban areas often work in music, film, theater, dance, visual arts,
and fashion. These individuals can work as artists, performers, designers,
writers, and directors, among other roles.
 Entertainment and Media:
Many people in urban areas are employed in the media industry, including
roles in television, journalism, radio, and film production. These fields
provide lucrative career opportunities, especially for those involved in
content creation, editing, and production.

Q.8 a. Define medium enterprise. Write down the role of small enterprises.
Ans: A medium enterprise is a business that falls between small and large
enterprises in terms of size, investment, and workforce. The specific definition
varies by country and industry.
Role of Small Enterprises in Economic Development
Small enterprises play a vital role in economic and social development by
contributing to various aspects of the economy:
1. Employment Generation – Small enterprises create job opportunities,
reducing unemployment and underemployment.
2. Income Generation – They help improve income levels, particularly in rural
 and semi-urban areas.
3. Entrepreneurship Development – Encourages self-employment and
innovation, fostering new business ideas.
4. Contribution to GDP – Small enterprises collectively contribute
significantly to a nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
5. Regional Development – Helps reduce urban migration by providing local
employment and business opportunities.
6. Flexibility and Adaptability – Can quickly adapt to market changes and
innovate in response to customer needs.
7. Support for Large Industries – Act as suppliers, vendors, or service
providers to large industries, supporting industrial growth.
8. Promotes Exports – Many small enterprises contribute to exports, especially
in handicrafts, textiles, and technology-based sectors.
9. Encourages Women Empowerment – Provides opportunities for women
entrepreneurs to start and manage businesses.
10. Technology and Skill Development – Facilitates skill enhancement and
technology adoption, improving overall industry competitiveness.
Small enterprises serve as the backbone of many economies, promoting
inclusive growth, economic stability, and industrial diversification.

b. Write down case study on dairy co-operative livelihood associated with

farming.
Ans: Amul – Transforming Rural Livelihoods Through Dairy Co-operative
Farming
Background
Amul, one of India's most successful dairy co-operatives, was founded in
1946 in Anand, Gujarat. It was established to address the exploitation of small-
scale dairy farmers by middlemen and to ensure fair prices for their milk. The
initiative led to India's White Revolution, making the country self-sufficient in
dairy production.
Farming System and Dairy Integration
Farmers involved in the Amul co-operative practice mixed farming, where
dairy farming is integrated with crop cultivation. Cattle rearing is combined with
the production of fodder crops like maize, bajra, and lucerne to ensure year-round
feed availability. This integrated approach improves resource efficiency, enhances
soil fertility through organic manure, and diversifies farm income.
Key Features of the Dairy Co-operative Model
1. Member-Owned Structure: Farmers own the co-operative and collectively
manage milk production, processing, and marketing.
2. Milk Collection and Processing: Daily milk is collected at village-level
centers and transported to processing plants.
3. Fair Pricing System: Payment is based on the quality of milk (fat and SNF
content), ensuring farmers get fair compensation.
4. Technical and Veterinary Support: Farmers receive veterinary services,
artificial insemination, and training on cattle health management.
5. Market Access: The co-operative eliminates middlemen, ensuring better
prices and a steady market for milk.
6. Financial Inclusion: Farmers get credit facilities and insurance to mitigate
risks associated with cattle farming.
Impact on Livelihoods
  Increased Incomes: Smallholder farmers have seen a significant rise in
earnings, reducing rural poverty.
 Women Empowerment: Women actively participate in dairy farming,
gaining financial independence.
 Nutritional Security: Availability of dairy products improves household
nutrition.
 Employment Generation: Direct and indirect job opportunities have
emerged in dairy processing, logistics, and retail.
 Sustainable Farming: Organic manure from dairy farms enriches soil
fertility, promoting sustainable agriculture.
Challenges and Solutions
 Climate Variability: Seasonal fluctuations affect milk production; improved
cattle breeds and feed management help maintain output.
 Market Competition: Private dairy companies create competition, but
branding and value-added products enhance co-operative sustainability.
 Cattle Diseases: Regular veterinary services and vaccination programs
prevent disease outbreaks.
Conclusion
The Amul dairy co-operative model has successfully transformed the rural
economy by integrating dairy farming with agriculture. It serves as a benchmark
for other regions aiming to achieve economic self-sufficiency through co-operative
farming.

Q.9 a. Enlist risk and success factor in integration farming based livelihood system
and explain natural factors.
Ans: Risk Factors in Farming-Based Livelihood Systems
A. Climate and Weather-Related Risks
 Unpredictable Weather: Droughts, floods, and erratic rainfall patterns can
lead to crop failures, lower yields, and loss of livestock.
 Climate Change: Rising temperatures, shifting monsoon patterns, and
extreme weather events can reduce the viability of traditional crops in
certain regions.
 Pest and Disease Outbreaks: Uncontrolled pest infestations or crop
diseases can devastate yields, particularly in monoculture systems.
B. Market Risks o Price Fluctuations:
Farming is highly vulnerable to market volatility. Global commodity prices,
local demand-supply imbalances, and government policies (e.g., export bans,
subsidies) can lead to sharp price fluctuations for agricultural products.
 Market Access: Lack of access to well-functioning markets, especially for
small-scale and remote farmers, results in poor pricing, delayed payments,
and exploitation by middlemen.
 Global Competition: Farmers, especially those producing cash crops like
cotton or sugar, face competition from global producers, which can
undercut local prices.
C. Financial and Credit Risks
 Lack of Access to Credit: Small and marginal farmers often face difficulties
in obtaining formal credit due to lack of collateral, small landholdings, or
high interest rates.
 Indebtedness: Borrowing from informal moneylenders at high interest rates
can trap farmers in cycles of debt, especially when crop failure or market
 downturns occur.
 High Input Costs: Rising prices of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and
machinery can increase production costs, squeezing farmer profit margins.
D. Resource Depletion
 Soil Degradation: Over-cultivation, deforestation, and improper farming
techniques lead to soil erosion, loss of fertility, and declining crop
productivity.
 Water Scarcity: Over-extraction of groundwater and poor irrigation
infrastructure can lead to severe water shortages, especially in arid and
semi-arid regions.
 Biodiversity Loss: Monoculture practices reduce biodiversity, making
farming systems more vulnerable to pests, diseases, and changing
environmental conditions.
E. Social and Demographic Risks
 Land Fragmentation: In many parts of India and other developing nations,
landholdings are becoming increasingly fragmented due to inheritance
laws, reducing economies of scale.
 Aging Farmer Population: Rural youth are increasingly migrating to urban
areas in search of better employment opportunities, leaving aging
populations to manage farms.
 Gender Disparities: Women in agriculture face barriers such as limited
access to land, credit, and training, despite often being primary contributors
to farm work.
F. Policy and Regulatory Risks
 Inconsistent Government Policies: Frequent changes in agricultural
policies, subsidies, import-export restrictions, and pricing mechanisms can
create uncertainties for farmers.
 Lack of Support Infrastructure: Poor road connectivity, inadequate storage
facilities, and weak supply chains hamper the timely transportation and sale
of agricultural produce.
 Regulatory Barriers: Complex and bureaucratic procedures for accessing
government schemes, subsidies, or insurance often discourage small
farmers from participating in such programs.
G. Technological Risks
 Lack of Awareness and Access to Technology: Many smallholder farmers
are unaware of or lack access to modern technologies such as precision
farming tools, improved seeds, and irrigation systems.
 Inappropriate Technology: In some cases, the technologies introduced are
unsuitable for local conditions, leading to suboptimal results or even crop
failure.
Success Factors in Farming-Based Livelihood Systems
A. Diversification of Income Sources
 Multiple Livelihood Streams: Farmers who diversify their income sources
through mixed farming (crops, livestock, poultry, aquaculture),
agroforestry, or value-added processing are more resilient to market
fluctuations and climate risks.
 Off-Farm Income: Engaging in non-farming activities such as rural crafts,
tourism, or wage labor can buffer farmers from agricultural income
volatility.
B. Access to Technology and Innovation
  Improved Seeds and Inputs: The adoption of high-yielding, disease-
resistant crop varieties and hybrid seeds can significantly boost productivity
and farm income.
 Irrigation and Water Management Technology: Efficient irrigation systems
such as drip and sprinkler irrigation, combined with water-harvesting
techniques, reduce water usage and increase crop yields.
 Precision Farming Tools: Use of technology like drones, sensors, and GIS
mapping for monitoring crop health, soil conditions, and pest control can
optimize input usage and improve yields.
C. Market Linkages and Value Addition:
 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs): Organized groups of farmers can
leverage collective bargaining to access better markets, negotiate fair prices,
and reduce input costs.
 Contract Farming: Contractual arrangements with private companies can
provide assured markets, stable prices, and technical support for farmers
growing specific crops.
 Value Addition: Processing raw produce into value-added products (e.g.,
turning milk into cheese, or fruits into jams) can fetch higher prices in the
market and reduce dependency on raw commodity sales.
D. Access to Credit and Financial Services o Microfinance and SHGs:
Participation in microfinance initiatives and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) helps
farmers, especially women, access small loans for seeds, equipment, or other
investments.
 Crop Insurance: Insurance schemes like Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
(PMFBY) in India help farmers manage risks related to crop failure due to
weather events or disease outbreaks.
 Affordable Credit: Formal banking services with affordable interest rates
from institutions like NABARD can provide farmers with the capital needed
for purchasing inputs, investing in technology, or expanding production.
E. Government Support and Policies
 Subsidies and Schemes: Government subsidies on fertilizers, seeds, and
equipment, as well as welfare schemes like the Kisan Credit Card (KCC),
offer financial relief and lower production costs.
 Price Support Mechanisms: Minimum Support Price (MSP) schemes for
key crops ensure farmers get a fair price for their produce, protecting them
from market volatility.
 Public Investment in Infrastructure: Improved roads, cold storage
facilities, and supply chains help reduce post-harvest losses and improve
market access for farmers in remote areas.
F. Capacity Building and Training
 Farmer Education: Extension services, training programs, and
demonstration plots help farmers learn best practices in soil health, crop
management, water conservation, and pest control.
 Digital Literacy: Access to digital tools like mobile apps for weather
forecasts, market prices, and farming techniques can empower farmers with
real-time information for decision-making.
G. Sustainable Agricultural Practices
 Organic Farming and Agro-ecology: Farmers who adopt organic farming,
permaculture, and agro-ecological practices often benefit from reduced
input costs and better long-term soil health, while also fetching premium
 prices in niche markets.
 Agroforestry and Intercropping: Agroforestry practices that integrate trees
with crops and livestock provide additional sources of income (timber,
fruits, fodder) and enhance biodiversity and environmental resilience.
H. Social and Cooperative Systems
 Community Participation: Strong farmer cooperatives, self-help groups,
and FPOs provide social support, enable collective action, and foster
resilience through shared resources and knowledge.
 Women’s Empowerment: Empowering women in agriculture by improving
their access to land, credit, and markets can significantly boost farm
productivity and household incomes.
I. Climate-Resilient Practices
 Climate-Smart Agriculture: Adoption of climate-resilient crops,
conservation agriculture (no-till farming, cover cropping), and integrated
pest management (IPM) helps farmers cope with changing climatic
conditions.
 Water Conservation: Techniques such as rainwater harvesting, check dams,
and watershed management improve water availability, particularly in arid
and semiarid regions.

b. Define weather. Enlist different agroclimatic zones across the country.

Ans: Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions in a particular place at a
particular time.

Different Agro-Climatic Zones Across India

India’s agro-climatic zones are defined based on various factors such as
temperature, rainfall, humidity, and soil conditions. The country has been divided
into 15 agro-climatic zones to aid in agricultural planning and development. These
zones represent areas with similar climatic conditions suitable for specific
agricultural practices. The zones are:
1. North Western Himalayan Region (Zone I)
o States: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
o Features: Cold temperature, snowfall, and high altitude. Suitable for
crops like apples, vegetables, and temperate fruits.
2. Western Himalayan Region (Zone II)
o States: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand
o Features: Varied rainfall and temperature. Suitable for cereals, pulses,
vegetables, and fruits.
3. Mid Gangetic Plains (Zone III)
o States: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand
o Features: Warm, humid climate with heavy monsoon rains. Suitable
for rice, wheat, sugarcane, and pulses.
4. Lower Gangetic Plains (Zone IV)
o States: West Bengal, Odisha
o Features: High humidity, ample rainfall. Suitable for rice, jute, and
vegetables.
5. Eastern Plateau and Hills (Zone V)
 o States: Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha
o Features: Warm, semi-arid climate. Suitable for maize, rice, pulses,
and oilseeds.
6. Deccan Plateau (Zone VI)
o States: Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
o Features: Semi-arid, dry climate with varied rainfall. Suitable for
cotton, groundnut, and soybeans.
7. Western Plateau and Hills (Zone VII)
o States: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra
o Features: Arid to semi-arid climate, with low and erratic rainfall.
Suitable for drought-resistant crops like millet, wheat, and pulses.
8. Central Plateau (Zone VIII)
o States: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
o Features: Semi-arid to sub-humid conditions. Suitable for pulses,
oilseeds, and cereals.
9. Southern Plateau and Hills (Zone IX)
o States: Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh
o Features: Warm, semi-arid, with moderate rainfall. Suitable for rice,
groundnut, cotton, and horticulture.
10. East Coast Plains and Hills (Zone X)
o States: Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu
o Features: Hot and humid climate with heavy monsoon rains. Suitable
for rice, groundnut, pulses, and vegetables.
11. West Coast Plains and Hills (Zone XI)
o States: Kerala, Coastal Karnataka, Goa
o Features: High humidity and rainfall. Suitable for coconut, rice,
spices, and tropical fruits.
12. Gujarat Plains and Hills (Zone XII)
o States: Gujarat
o Features: Dry to semi-arid conditions. Suitable for cotton, groundnut,
and bajra.
13. Western Dry Region (Zone XIII)
o States: Rajasthan, Gujarat
o Features: Arid and semi-arid conditions. Suitable for crops like
millet, pulses, and oilseeds.
14. Island Region (Zone XIV)
o States: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep
o Features: Tropical, humid climate with abundant rainfall. Suitable for
coconut, spices, and cashews.
15. Inland Fishery Zone (Zone XV)
o States: Bengal, Kerala, Odisha
o Features: High availability of water bodies. Suitable for fish farming
and aquaculture.
Q.10 a. Explain the structure of value chain in detail.
Ans: A value chain refers to the series of activities that businesses or organizations
undertake to create value for their customers. These activities span from the
production of raw materials to the final product or service offered to the consumer.
The value chain includes all stages of production, handling, and delivery, where
each step adds value to the product.
The value chain can be broken down into two major categories:
 1. Primary Activities
2. Support Activities

1. Primary Activities in the Value Chain

These are the activities directly involved in the creation, production, and delivery
of the product or service. Primary activities include:
a) Inbound Logistics
 Definition: This involves the receiving, storing, and distribution of raw
materials and inputs that are required for production.
 Examples: Sourcing raw materials, transporting goods, warehousing,
inventory management.
 Value Added: Ensures that all required materials are available on time and
in the right quantity, which helps avoid production delays and excess
inventory.
b) Operations
 Definition: The processes involved in transforming raw materials into
finished products.
 Examples: Manufacturing, assembly, testing, packaging, and quality
control.
 Value Added: The transformation of raw materials into products that meet
the needs of customers, ensuring quality and efficiency during production.
c) Outbound Logistics
 Definition: This involves storing and distributing the finished products to
customers or retailers.
 Examples: Warehousing, order fulfillment, inventory management, and
transportation.
 Value Added: Ensures timely delivery of products to the market,
minimizing storage costs and ensuring the product is available when
needed.
d) Marketing and Sales
 Definition: Activities related to promoting and selling the product to
customers.
 Examples: Advertising, sales promotions, market research, pricing
strategies, and distribution strategies.
 Value Added: Helps create demand for the product, educates consumers,
and generates revenue through sales. It also builds brand awareness and
customer loyalty.
e) Service
 Definition: After-sales support and services to maintain customer
satisfaction.
 Examples: Installation, training, repairs, customer service, and warranty
management.
 Value Added: Ensures customer satisfaction and enhances product lifespan,
which leads to repeat business and positive word-of-mouth referrals.

2. Support Activities in the Value Chain

Support activities are those that assist and enhance the efficiency of the primary
activities in the value chain. These activities don't directly add value to the product
but are essential to the smooth functioning of the overall value chain.
a) Firm Infrastructure
 Definition: Organizational structures, management, planning, legal, and
 financial functions that support the entire value chain.
 Examples: Strategic management, accounting, legal services, and general
administration.
 Value Added: Provides necessary leadership, management frameworks,
and regulatory support that enables other activities to be carried out
smoothly.
b) Human Resource Management
 Definition: The processes related to recruiting, training, and developing the
workforce that drives the operations of the company.
 Examples: Hiring, training programs, talent development, and employee
welfare programs.
 Value Added: Ensures that the company has skilled, motivated, and
competent workers who contribute to efficient production, sales, and
services.
c) Technology Development
 Definition: The use of research, innovation, and technology to improve
products, services, and operational efficiency.
 Examples: Product design, automation, IT systems, software, R&D, and
process improvements.
 Value Added: Leads to product innovation, process optimization, and cost
savings, ultimately making the company more competitive in the market.
d) Procurement
 Definition: The process of sourcing and acquiring the materials, goods, and
services needed for production.
 Examples: Supplier selection, negotiating contracts, and managing supply
chain relationships.
 Value Added: Ensures that materials and services are obtained at the best
cost, quality, and timing to support production without delays.

The Interrelation of Primary and Support Activities

 Primary activities directly add value to the product or service, while
support activities create the foundation needed for the efficient execution of
primary activities.
 For example: The procurement team may ensure that quality raw materials
are sourced at competitive prices (support activity), which directly impacts
the production of high-quality products (primary activity).
 The marketing and sales department may work closely with technology
development to leverage digital marketing tools, enhancing customer
outreach and sales effectiveness.
The value chain is a comprehensive framework that helps businesses
optimize their processes and achieve a competitive advantage. By understanding
and improving each stage of the value chain, companies can increase profitability,
deliver high-quality products, and provide superior customer satisfaction.

b. Enlist and explain the different indicators to study the livelihood system.
Ans: Studying the livelihood system involves analyzing the various dimensions of
people's living conditions, resources, and activities that contribute to their well-
being. Indicators help measure and assess these factors, providing insights into the
strengths, vulnerabilities, and sustainability of a community’s livelihood system.
Below are key indicators used to study livelihood systems:
1. Economic Indicators
These indicators reflect the financial aspects of livelihoods and assess the economic
stability and income-generating capacity of a community.
 Income Levels: Measures the total income (household or per capita) from
all sources, including agriculture, labor, business, and remittances.
o Significance: Indicates the purchasing power and economic well-being
of households.
 Diversification of Income Sources: Assesses the variety of income-
generating activities pursued by households (e.g., farming, labor, small
businesses).
o Significance: A diverse income portfolio reduces the vulnerability of
households to economic shocks.
 Employment and Labor Force Participation: Indicates the level of
employment, wage rates, and the number of working-age individuals
actively engaged in the workforce.
o Significance: Helps understand the extent of job availability and
economic opportunities.
 Poverty and Vulnerability Index: Measures the percentage of people living
below the poverty line or those who are economically vulnerable.
o Significance: Reflects the overall economic hardship and potential
areas of intervention for poverty alleviation.

2. Social Indicators
Social indicators measure aspects of human well-being, social cohesion, and
equality in the community, helping to understand how social factors impact
livelihoods.
 Access to Education: Measures the literacy rate and access to education for
different age groups and genders.
o Significance: Reflects the potential for skill development and upward
mobility, which influences long-term livelihood sustainability.
 Access to Healthcare: Assesses the availability and affordability of
healthcare services.
o Significance: Health is critical for maintaining productive livelihoods,
and access to healthcare impacts quality of life.
 Social Networks and Support Systems: Measures the strength and
reliability of informal support systems, such as family, community groups,
and social safety nets.
o Significance: Strong social networks improve resilience to shocks and
enhance cooperation for common goals.
 Gender Equality: Examines the role of gender in decision-making, access to
resources, and opportunities for men and women.
o Significance: Gender equality is crucial for equitable livelihood
systems, ensuring that both men and women can fully participate in
and benefit from economic activities.

3. Environmental Indicators
These indicators help assess the relationship between livelihoods and the
environment, focusing on natural resources and sustainability.
 Access to Natural Resources: Measures the availability and access to land,
water, forests, fisheries, and other natural resources.
 o Significance: Directly impacts agricultural productivity, income
generation, and the overall sustainability of livelihoods.
 Land Ownership and Tenure: Indicates the security of land tenure,
whether individuals or households have legal rights to land or use it
informally.
o Significance: Secure land tenure is a fundamental driver for
agricultural production and long-term livelihood stability.
 Resource Depletion and Sustainability: Measures the rate at which natural
resources (soil, water, forests) are being used or depleted.
o Significance: Unsustainable resource use leads to environmental
degradation, which ultimately harms livelihoods and community
well-being.
 Climate Resilience and Adaptation: Assesses the community's ability to
cope with climate variability and change, including changes in rainfall
patterns, temperature, and natural disasters.
o Significance: Climate resilience determines the sustainability of
livelihoods, especially in areas dependent on agriculture or natural
resource-based activities.

4. Physical Indicators
These indicators focus on the infrastructure and physical conditions that support
or hinder livelihood activities.
 Access to Infrastructure: Measures the availability of roads, electricity,
water, sanitation, communication, and transportation.
o Significance: Adequate infrastructure enables efficient production,
trade, and market access, which are critical for livelihood
improvement.
 Housing Conditions: Assesses the quality, stability, and safety of housing
(e.g., access to clean drinking water, sanitation, and durable shelter).
o Significance: Safe and stable housing is a basic need that influences
overall well-being and productivity.
 Technology and Tools Access: Measures the level of access to technology,
agricultural tools, machinery, and communication devices.
o Significance: Access to appropriate tools and technology enhances
productivity and facilitates access to information, improving
livelihood outcomes.

5. Institutional Indicators
These indicators assess the role of institutions, governance, and policies in shaping
livelihoods and enabling development.
 Access to Credit and Financial Services: Measures the availability and
accessibility of loans, savings, insurance, and other financial products.
o Significance: Access to financial services helps households manage
risks, invest in business opportunities, and improve livelihood
security.
 Community Participation and Governance: Examines the extent to which
people participate in local decision-making processes, such as governance
structures or community organizations.
o Significance: Active participation in governance leads to better local
development outcomes, stronger community networks, and shared
 decision-making.
 Public Policies and Social Safety Nets: Measures the availability and
effectiveness of government policies, subsidies, social welfare programs,
and safety nets.
o Significance: Effective public policies support livelihoods by
improving access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure, and
protecting against economic shocks.

6. Psychological and Cultural Indicators

These indicators measure the social and emotional well-being of individuals and
communities, focusing on the mental health aspects of livelihoods.
 Sense of Well-Being: Assesses individuals' perceptions of their quality of
life, happiness, and satisfaction with their livelihoods.
o Significance: Mental health and emotional well-being are critical
components of overall livelihood success and sustainability.
 Cultural Practices and Identity: Measures the role of cultural traditions,
practices, and local knowledge in shaping livelihood practices.
o Significance: Cultural identity can enhance community cohesion and
resilience while promoting sustainable practices and local
innovation.

SECTION 'B'
Q.11 Do as directed
a. Long form of ICAR - Indian Council of Agricultural Research
b. Jhooming is also known as Shifting Cultivation
c. AMUL is situated in Gujarat state.
d. Give problems associated with the rural livelihood.
i. Limited Access to Financial Resources
ii. Poor Infrastructure and Connectivity
iii. Limited Access to Education and Skills Development
iv. Overdependence on Agriculture
e. Agriculture is the primary source of income in rural area.
f. Give any two examples of value added products.
Ans: Jam & Jelly
g. PM-KMY launched in the year 2019
h. Longform of PMFBY- Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
Q.12 Define the following terms
1. Silvopasture System :
Ans: A silvopasture system is an integrated land-use system that combines trees, forage, and
livestock in a way that is mutually beneficial.
e.g. planting trees or shrubs along with grazing animals and forage crops on the same piece
of land.
2. Multiple Cropping
Ans: Multiple cropping refers to the practice of growing more than one crop on the same
piece of land within a single year.
3. Cropping System
Ans: A cropping system is the sequence and arrangement of crops grown on a specific piece
of land over a period of time..
4. Relay Cropping
Ans: Relay cropping is a farming practice in which a second crop is sown before the first crop
 is harvested.
5. Crop Rotation
Ans: Crop rotation is the practice of growing different types of crops in the same field in a
planned sequence over several seasons or years.
6. Stress
Ans: Stress refers to the physiological response of plants, animals, or humans to adverse
environmental conditions that challenge their normal functioning.
7. Livelihood
Ans: A livelihood refers to the means by which people secure the necessities of life, including
food, shelter, and income.
8. Farming System
Ans: A farming system is a combination of agricultural practices, resources, and strategies
used by farmers to produce crops, livestock, or both in a given area.