Statistics 1 - Topic 1 Introduction

Human Resources Management (Moi University)

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Statistics 1 - Topic 1 Introduction
Human Resources Management (Moi University)
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MOI UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE & ENTREPREURSHIP STUDIES

BBM 211/ BHR 200/BSM 200/ HRD 201/BPM 200 COURSE OUTLINE

BUSINESS STATISTICS I /QUANTITATIVE SKILLS II/ INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS /

STATISTICS FOR PROJECT MANAGERS

Course objective:
The purpose of the course is to provide statement in school of Business and Economics with

sound introduction to descriptive and inferential statistics. It is also appropriate to other

subject
areas such as the various social sciences. The course will provide excellent preparation for
decision making problems in various facets of business and economics and a good back
ground
for advanced courses involving statistical analysis.
COURSE CONTENT
1. THE SCOPE OF STATISTICS
 Introduction and Definition of statistics
 Type of statistics
 Sigma operation
2. DATA COLLECTION
 Primary and Secondary Data
 Data Collection techniques
 The questionnaire
3. SAMPLING AND SAMPLE DESIGN
 Definitions
 Sampling methods
 Estimation of population Parameters
 Proportion of Estimates
 Sampling of Accounts Information
4. PRESENTATION OF DATA
 Methods of Presenting Data
 Tabular Presentation
 Graphic Presentation
5. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
 Introduction
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 Types of Frequency distribution
 Concerns in constructing a frequency distribution
6. MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
 Introduction
 Arithmetic mean cord its computation
 Median and its computation
 Mode and its computation
 Geometric mean and its computation
 Harmonic mean and its computation
 Partition values
7. MEASURES OF DISPERSION
 Introduction
 Dispersion Defined
 Significance of measuring variation
 Properties of a good measure of variation
 Methods of studying variation
 Selection of Dispersion Measure
8. SKEWNESS MOMENTS AND KURTOSIS
 Introduction
 Tests of Skewness
 Moments
 Kurtosis

REFERENCES
1. Aggarwal B. L. (2003) Basic Statistics. New Age International (Ltd) Mumbai.
2. Hooda R. P. (2002) Introduction of Statistics. Macmillan India (Ltd) New Delhi.
3. Gupta S. P. (2003) Statistical Methods. Sultan Chand & Sons (Ltd) New Delhi.
4. Ronald E. S. and Arthur J. A. (1990) Introduction to Business Statistics, with Micro
Computer Application, PWS-KENT Publishing Company, New York.
5. Watson B. and Croft – H (1993) Statistics for Management & Economics. Allan and
Bacon. Massachusetts.
6. Edwin M. (1991), Statistics for Business and Economics. Methods and Applications
W.W. Norton & Co. Inc. New York.
7. Aggarwal S. L. Bhardway S. L. and Kumar I. (2002) Business Statistics. Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi.
8. S. P. Gupta and M. P. Gupta; Business Statistics. Macmillan (India), New Delhi.
9. Robert D. Masson et al. Statistical techniques in business and economics. 10th edition.
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Key concepts

Statistics- this is concerned with scientific methods and theories which deals with data
collection, organisation, summarisation, presentation, analysis, interpretation and
utilisation of
the results to draw useful conclusions, in order to make reasonable decisions.

Statistic- this is a numerical quantity whose values can be gotten from a sample data e.g.
mean,
median and mode of a data.

Data - these are facts, bits of information or series of observations that are obtained from an

investigation. These facts can be measured or quantified.

Information- this is knowledge given. It is, necessarily, obtained from investigation or

observation, and cannot always be measured or quantified.

Data set - these are data collected from a particular investigation or study.

Statistical data- these data are bits of information or measurements that are collected in the

process of an investigation or observation.

Classification of Data
Data can be classified into two.
1. Numerical data
2. Non-numerical data

1. Numerical data- numerical data consist of values that can be quantified.

They can be divided into:

(i) Discrete data
(ii) Continuous data.

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(i) Discrete data- these are numerical data that consist of values that cannot assume values
between two given values. They can only assume a particular value. Discrete data are whole
numbers which can be positive, negative or zero integers, but does not include factions or
decimal numbers. For e xample, „the number of books in the book shelves can either be 0, 1,
2…and not 3½ or 4.6 5 3‟

(ii) Continuous data- these are numerical data which can assume values between two given
values. They can be positive integers, negative integers or zero, fractions or decimals.
Example
of continuous data includes weight of items, height of pupils in a school age of individuals.
In
general, measurement gives rise to continuous data, while enumeration or counting gives
rise to
discrete data.

2. Non-numerical data- these are data which the value cannot be quantified. Examples
are skin colour, nationality, gender, marital status, income group etc.; non- numerical data
can
also be divided into ordinal and categorical data

Ordinal data -these are non-numerical data which the values can be arranged in an ordinal
scale.
They cannot be measured in natural numerical scale. Examples are income group, age
group,
classmate, boxers‟ weight, and academic grades. Academic grade is a label (an “A” grade
student) that also belongs to a ranking system (“A” is better than “B”)
Categorical data- these are non-numerical data which the values can only be put in
categories.
They cannot be arranged in an ordinal scale, but their measurement can be recorded on a
natural
occurring numerical scale. Examples are marital status, nationality, gender, religion, etc.
Variable- this is a quantity that varies, the opposite of a constant e.g. the numbers of
customers
that enters a shopping mall per hour varies, but the number of minutes per hour is constant.

Value -a value is a specific amount that a variable could be; for example- „the number of
callers
to a call centre, in the last one hour, is 40‟.
Observation or observed values- this is a value of a variable that has actually occurred or
has been counted or measured.

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