JuniKhyat ( UGC Care Group I Listed Journal)

ISSN: 2278-4632 Vol-11 Issue-02 2021

Three-Phase Inverter with Power MOSFET and Arduino for

Use in Microgrids

DR.M.GANESH, DR.K.NATARAJAN, MR.B.RAJENDAR

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR1,2ASSISTANT PROFESSOR3
Department of ECE
TRINITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PEDDAPALLY
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract — Rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves, and concerns over climate change have encouraged power generation from
sustainable energy based microgrids. And to address the necessity of three-phase inverters in microgrid systems or sustainable-
powered households, an Arduino-based three-phase inverter using MOSFET is designed, which converts DC into three-phase AC
power. The designed system generates 223V square signals at each phase from a 12V battery through switching of three stages of
power MOSFETs using pulse width modulation (PWM) signals at their gates from an Arduino Uno. Each stage of power MOSFETs
consists of six transistors making it eighteen in total, which are used to perform the inversion process separately for each three single-
phase connections. The system is programmed using an Arduino Uno to generate PWM signals and to keep 120 degrees phase
displacement among each phase. Three step-up transformers are coupled at the outputs of MOSFET stages for amplification. The
system generates 386.25V of voltage for the three-phase line delivering 0.58A of current using a 60W incandescent bulb at each phase
as a load. The design and simulation of the electronic circuit are done by Proteus, and the programming codes are written using
Arduino IDE.The designed system is practically contrasted and verified.
Index Terms—Arduino Uno R3, MOSFET, PWM, Three-phase Inverter, Microgrid, Renewable Energy, Proteus

INTRODUCTION
In this era of quickly developing technology and broad electrical use, power generation and management have become
more complex challenges. As carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rules become stricter across the world, traditional ways of
producing and controlling power will become unsustainable [1, 2]. That's why plenty of people have been exploring for
replacements for our current electricity infrastructure [3]-[5]. As more and more people rely on electrical power, the strain
on the power system increases, leading to issues like voltage swings.

power outages caused by problems with the grid or supplies. One promising result of this trend is the microgrid system [6],
which has the potential to solve many of the problems plaguing conventional grids. This is because renewable energy power
distribution systems have advanced rapidly in recent years in response to rising energy demands and increased interest in
environmentally friendly technologies. Microgrids, seen in Figure 1, consist of distributed generators (DGs), energy storage
devices, and regulated loads, and can function either independently or in conjunction with the larger power grid. Microgrids
have promise as highly reliable and financially sustainable power systems [2] due to their environmental friendliness,
efficiency, and system resilience.

Fig. 1. A typical microgrid system [7], [8].

Microgrids have a far lower initial investment cost than traditional major power grids, and they can provide dependable
energy supply to a large number of rural inhabitants. Microgrids improve electricity quality by reducing voltage swings
and can significantly reduce operational costs while still meeting customer demand. Features like conservation voltage
regulation (CVR) and four-quadrant inverter operation seen in contemporary microgrids offer the potential for even more
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ISSN: 2278-4632 Vol-11 Issue-02 2021

optimization of energy use. To lower the high power demand and the high cost of electricity during the peak consumption
time, the microgrid can receive contributions from all homes with renewable energy sources. Microgrids have several
potential benefits for utilities, including the reduction of transmission and distribution bottlenecks, the optimization of
grid assets, and the postponement of expensive infrastructure improvements [2]. Microgrids may incorporate a wide
variety of micro-sources, such as photovoltaic and solar panels, wind generators, micro-turbines, biomass, geothermal,
steam and gas turbines, fuel cells, and internal combustion engines that use reciprocating pistons. Energy capacitors
(super-capacitors), flywheels, and batteries are all viable options for microgrids to store energy for later use. Microgrid
storage devices not only keep the balance of supply and demand in check [2], but they also store energy generated from
renewable sources. Since DC electricity is what energy storage systems store, an inversion system is required for use with
AC appliances and machinery in homes and businesses.
An inverter is a device that changes direct current (DC) power into alternating current (AC) electricity while
maintaining the correct voltage and frequency [9], [10]. An inverter's output can be configured to any number of phases.
In practice, however, single-phase and three-phase inverters predominate [12]. Depending on their design, three-phase
inverters can either be a bridge inverter or a series of three single-phase inverters. This publication employs Method Two
of its construction. Inverter topologies may be broken down into two categories: current source inverters (CSI) and
voltage source inverters (VSI) [13]. If you have a DC power source and want to generate AC power at a different
frequency, you'll need a variable frequency alternating current (AC) generator, or VSI. The three most common types of
VSIs are square-wave inverters, pulse-width modulated (PWM), and single-phase voltage-cancelling. The design for a
Pulse-width Modulated Visible Spectrum Interceptor is presented here [12, 14]. A basic three-phase inverter is shown in
the diagram.

Fig. 2. A basic voltage source three-phase Inverter [9].

Pulse width modulation (PWM) is used by switching devices to create the illusion of continuously changing analog signals. This method has a very high
electrical efficiency [15]. Most commonly, designers will utilize one of three PWM techniques: single-pulse modulation, multiple-pulse modulation, or
sinusoidal pulse-width modulation [14]. Several methods exist for using pulse width modulation (PWM) in an inverter to produce an AC signal that
closely resembles a pure sine wave. Instead than the inverter dictating the size of the output, the input voltage does [14]. The output voltage of the inverter
can be set at a constant or varying frequency. To get a variable output voltage while the DC input voltage is fixed, an inverter's frequency is often altered
by pulse width modulation (PWM). The output of an inverter is an alternating waveform, which is not necessarily a perfect sine wave. However, there are
a few ways in which the inverter's output waveform may be made more sinusoidal [12]. PWM algorithms can be used in both single- and three-phase
inverters. To achieve the required electrical efficiency [9], [14], the modulation must be carried out simultaneously for each phase with angular
displacements of 120 degrees, 150 degrees, 180 degrees, etc., unless the induction motor is a three-phase induction motor. This method uses MOSFETs
and a 120-degree phase shift with Single-pulse Modulation.
Pulse-width-modulated (PWM) signals can be generated using a wide variety of components, including op-amps, 555 timers, microcontrollers, and
Arduino. Arduino may be looked of as a microcontroller since it is an open-source platform that makes use of a microcontroller chip. Using sensors and
other input methods, Arduino allows users to create interactive electrical devices at minimal cost and with ease of usage [16]. In this example, an Arduino
Uno R3 is used to do the required function.

This article explains how a three-phase inverter, which converts a direct current (DC) signal to an alternating current (AC)
signal over three lines, was conceptualized, designed, and prototyped. The inverter creates 223V square signals at each line
while maintaining a phase displacement of 120 degrees using a 12V battery and three stages of 18 power MOSFETs
operated by pulse width modulation (PWM).
This paper's remaining sections are organized as follows. In Section II, we sketch the block diagram of the system along
with the required components and peripheral devices. Section III details the hardware design and electronic circuitry of the
system. In Section IV, we cover how to program an Arduino Uno R3. Section V presents the results of the effort. Section
VI wraps up the study, and Section VII outlines where the authors want to take the topic in the future.

I. MATERIALS & METHODS

The designed inverter involves an Arduino Uno as the brain of the system and to produce PWM signals, Power
MOSFETs to create AC signals, and center-tapped step- up transformers to amplify the output. As per the focus of
paper, a brief explanation of Arduino Uno R3 (Fig. 3) and Power MOSFETs (IRF Z44N) are provided below, followed
by a detailed list of system components, and the system block diagram.
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Fig. 3. Arduino Uno R3 with pin-outs.

A. Arduino Uno R3
Arduino is an open-source platform based on a single-board microcontroller that was designed to make it easier to
conduct multidisciplinary research through the formulation and execution of procedures based on electronics. Arduino's
hardware is an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller with on-board I/O capability, while the software is made up of a
programming language (C) and a boot loader [17], [18].
The ATmega328 microprocessor is the basis of the Arduino Uno, one of the several Arduino series. It has a reset
button, a power jack, a USB port, an ICSP header, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, and 14 digital I/O pins (6 of which may be
used as PWM outputs). The DC input voltage range used by the Arduino Uno board is 6–20 volts [18], [16], [19]. This
paper's work is conducted with the most recent version of the Arduino Uno series, the Arduino Uno R3. The Arduino Uno
R3 has all the functionality of earlier Arduino Uno boards, and more, thanks to its usage of an ATmega16U2 (USB-to-
Serial converter) instead of an 8U2 or FTDI. memory and faster transfer rates.

Fig. 4. IRF Z44N pin-outs [20].

TABLE I: COMPONENTS AND PERIPHERAL DEVICES

Devices Reference / Name ID / Specification
Battery BATTERY 12V
Arduino Arduino Uno R3 ATmega328P based
Capacitor C1 4700uF, 50V
IRF Z44N (VDS=55V
max, ID=49A max,
MOSFET Q1, Q2, Q3, …, Q18
±VGS=20V max,
VGS(TO)=2V min)
Primary 12V,
Transformer Transformer 1 to 3 Secondary 220V
Lamp (as load) Lamp 1 to 3 60W, 220V

Fig. 5. Block diagram of the designed three-phase inverter system.

B. Power MOSFETs (IRF Z44N)
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In the 1970s, the first field-effect transistor was developed, leading to the subsequent development of the Power MOSFET
(Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor). Once the preferred technology in most power electronics
applications, BJTs (Bipolar Power Junction Transistors) have been mostly replaced by power MOSFETs. Power MOSFETs
are now the go-to power device because of their quick switching, low gate-drive power, and high parallelism [21]. You'll
find them in things like audio and radio frequency circuits, motor control circuits, and high-frequency inverters. In this
investigation, a fast-switching IRF Z44N Power MOSFET (Fig. 4) is used because of its low on resistance of 0.032, high
drain current of 49A at 25°C, and low source-drain voltage of 55V. Components and Supplemental Tools
Table I lists everything that must be purchased separately from the Arduino Uno and Power MOSFETs.

Type D Block Diagram of a System

A block diagram is the most effective tool to quickly gain an overarching understanding of a system. The block diagram in
Fig. 5 is a useful tool for quickly grasping the architecture of the system under investigation. The DC power from the
battery and the microgrid or renewable energy source are converted to AC power by each of the three legs in the diagram.
Each leg has a stage of power MOSFETs and a step-up Transformer that work separately to perform the inversion and
amplification procedures.
This is the fundamental concept upon which the method or system is based: DC electricity from the battery is transformed
into AC via the MOSFET step. Since the MOSFETs are acting as switches, their gate pulses are controlled by pulse width
modulation (PWM) signals from the Arduino. Input direct current (DC) power is converted to output alternating current
(AC) by the MOSFETs, which are turned on and off by gate pulses. The MOSFET stages' output signals are configured to
be 120 degrees out of phase with one another on the Arduino. Finally, step-up transformers are used to amplify the
alternating signals at the output of the MOSFET stages so that they can drive 220V loads. It is anticipated that the
secondary winding of the transformers would produce square waves.
.

II. ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT / HARDWARE DESIGN

As mentioned above, a three-phase inverter can be built by inverting three single-phase connections separately, as
long as they have a certain phase displacement among them [12]. The three-phase inverter in Fig. 6 is designed with
120 degrees phase displacement with PWM applied to each phase separately by the Arduino
.

Fig. 6. The whole schematic of the Arduino-based three-phase inverter.

Each leg in Fig. 6 symbolizes a single-phase connection, and the six power MOSFETs (nMOS) on each leg are connected
to the Arduino so that they may switch to accomplish the inversion. The ideal number of MOSFETs is determined by the
power requirements. The suggested work utilizes 6 MOSFETs in parallel because to the relatively low power rating of the
MOSFET type used in the implementation (IRF Z44N). A center-tapped step-up transformer with MOSFET outputs in each
leg boosts the 12V input to 223V.
Fig. 6 uses color to clearly depict the interconnections between the various circuit components, such as the batteries,
Arduino, MOSFETs, and transformers. To simulate the operation of a three-phase system, we use three 220V light bulbs as
loads. The drain of the MOSFET bridge is connected to the positive terminal of the battery, while the other two wires of the
transformer are connected to the gate and source of the bridge. The negative battery connection is connected to the source
of all three MOSFET bridges, and the gate of each bridge is connected to the digital output (PWM) of an Arduino. Each
transformer generates EMF to cancel out the EMF from the battery in response to gate pulses from an Arduino, switching
MOSFETs to convert DC current to AC current. There is a 'Y' configuration between the transformers and the loads, with
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the main and secondary impedances of the transformers set to 5.7mH and 1000 correspondingly. Schematic Capture in
Proteus 8.9 Professional is used to construct the electrical circuit.

III. ARDUINO PROGRAMMING

The Arduino board provides a platform for writing software for microcontroller-based electronics. An Atmel
ATmega328P microprocessor is utilized in an Arduino Uno R3. Therefore, an Arduino's functioning is tied to code
that conforms to the standard characteristics of Atmega programming [22, 23]. PIN 6–11 of the Arduino are used as
output pins [24] to create the PWM signal that is sent into the three MOSFET bridges during the inversion operation,
resulting in a 120° phase shift. The programming codes are written using the Arduino IDE. The real code is listed in
Table II.

TABLE II. PROGRAMMING CODE OF THE INVERSION SYSTEM

void setup() {
pinMode(11, OUTPUT);
pinMode(10, OUTPUT);
pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
int var=0;
digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
digitalWrite(7, LOW);
digitalWrite(9, LOW);
digitalWrite(10, LOW);
digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
delay(6.67);
digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);
while(var==0){
delay(3.33);
digitalWrite(11, LOW);
digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
delay(3.33);
digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
delay(3.34);
digitalWrite(9, LOW);
digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
delay(3.33);
digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
digitalWrite(10, LOW);
delay(3.33);
digitalWrite(7, LOW);
digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
delay(3.34);
digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);
}
}
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Fig. 7. Operational simulation result of the three-phase inverter.

Fig. 8. PWM voltages from Arduino with 120°phase displacement. Fig. 9. Output voltages at the three stages of transistors.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Simulation Results
To verify and investigate the operation of the system, the designed system is simulated in Proteus 8.9 Professional. The
results are verified according to the written program codes and their working principle, which satisfy the expected
outcome. The screenshot of the simulation that represents the operational analysis is provided in Fig. 7, which shows the
3 (three) lamps/bulbsare illuminating justifying the individual inversion processes are working.
Besides operational analysis, the transient responses of the system are also checked and verified in Proteus to make
sure the signals response is as per the design. The

obtained results are shown in Fig. 8 through Fig. 13, justifying the transistors are making square (AC) waves from DC
input keeping 120 degrees phase displacement among the individual three phases. The resultant current- voltage
parameters obtained from the Proteus simulation are provided in Table III.
TABLE III. RESULTANT CURRENT-VOLTAGE PARAMETERS
Parameters / Phase Single-phase Three-phase
223 V ×
Voltage 223 V = 386.25 V
Current 0.58 A 0.58 A
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Apparent Power 75 VA 75 VA × 3 = 225 VA

Active Power/ Load
60 VA 60 VA × 3 = 180 VA
Power
60 VA ÷ 75 VA = 180 VA ÷ 225 VA
Power Factor 0.8 = 0.8

Fig. 10. Converted AC voltages at the outputs of three transformers.

Fig. 11. Voltage vs current transient response at Phase-R.

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B. Implementation/Prototype & Results

The designed three-phase inverter system is practically implemented with the components and peripheral devices as
per the Proteus design, which is shown in Fig. 14. Fig.
15 represents the implemented system ON condition, where the illuminating bulbs are justifying that each single-phase
inverters are working as designed and simulated.

Fig. 14. Practical setup of the designed three-phase inverter.

Fig. 15. Practical implementation of the designed three-phase inverter in its ON condition.
Fig. 12. Voltage vs current transient response at Phase-Y.

Fig. 13. Voltage vs current transient response at Phase-B.

C. Discussion
Several research projects [25]-[41] have been conducted on this issue or ones like it. Specifically, the fundamental
principle is presented well mathematically in [34], where a three-phase inverter based on an 8051 microcontroller is
designed with 6 (six) MOSFETs using PWM technique and achieved close to pure sinusoidal signal; however, hardware
implementation is not shown, results are inadequate, and the maximum output voltage is not provided. Although
mathematical modeling is provided for the PIC microcontroller-based three-phase inverter designed and built in [40], the
output electrical characteristics are unsatisfactory due to the inverter's slightly noisy sinusoidal signal. With a maximum
line voltage of 230V, a transformerless single-phase inverter is constructed in [30] using 4 (four) MOSFETs to produce a
nearly pure sinusoidal signal through the use of the SPWM modulation method. The hardware implementation is still
incomplete, though. A single-phase inverter, made using 4 (four) MOSFETs and operated by an Arduino Uno, is detailed
in detail in [27] and [28].Modulation method using SPWM (and SHE in [27]). While the essential concepts are well-
illustrated and mathematically-described in [27], the system's output electrical characteristics are inadequate, and the
maximum output voltage is not specified. provided. With a maximum line voltage of 230V, the system described in [28],
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which there are no readily available programming instructions for, and got practically a clean sinusoidal signal out of it.
In [26] and [35], we see how to construct an efficient single-phase inverter based on an Arduino Uno and 2 (two)
MOSFETs. No circuit diagram, programming instructions, or simulation were provided, despite the fact that the method
described in [26] got very close to obtaining a pure sinusoidal signal. The modulation process is not explained, and the
output has subpar electrical properties. However, the output transient reactions and observed output electrical
characteristics are missing from the system described in [35], despite the fact that PWM was used in the system. A
MOSFET-based, Arduino Nano-based single-phase inverter using SPWM modulation is constructed in [33] and [39],
yielding a sinusoidal signal with some noise. Although [33] does a good job of presenting the findings of no-load and
with-load testing as well as efficiency estimates, it falls short in its explanation of hardware implementation and its
provision of extensive programming codes. Using 8 (eight) MOSFETs, the system described in [33] was able to generate
a maximum line voltage of 230V. [39] says their system can handle up to 220V of line power, however they don't provide
entire circuit and programming codes or samples of hardware implementation.

In this study, we present the research and development of an Arduino-based three-phase inverter for usage in microgrids.
The stated inverter system generates a 223V square wave output as maximum line voltage, with 120 degrees phase
displacement among each phase, which may power a wide variety of three-phase domestic appliances or industrial power
equipment. All aspects of the system—its design, implementation, and performance—have been validated. In-field
researchers and students will benefit greatly from the complete circuit diagram, source code, and other documentation of
the design process. electrical parameters, etc. The offered work in this paper including its applicability is summarized in
Fig. 16

Fig. 16. A visual summary of the work done in this paper.

V. CONCLUSION
Using a power MOSFET and an Arduino, we can convert a 12V battery into 223V square signals for a 3 phase inverter. The
system's viability and utility in a microgrid setting have been verified by a battery of tests. The constructed system is shown
to operate as planned, in addition to undergoing theoretical planning and testing. The inversion process is powered by a 12V
battery, and the Arduino is maintained by a 10V supply via a voltage regulator. Currently, 18 power MOSFETs are used
across three separate single-phase connections for the inversion process; however, this number might be reduced to as few
as 6 with the inclusion of high-powered MOSFETs. When all three phases are loaded with a 60W incandescent bulb, the
system produces 386.25V, 223V, and 0.58A, respectively. The suggested inverter may be utilized in a microgrid, as well as
in a sustainably powered house or small industrial site, because most electrical equipment requires three-phase connections.

SURVEYING THE FUTURE

There is, as with any technological endeavor, space for growth and improvement in the work detailed in this paper. Altering
the Arduino program to provide sinusoidal output without a filter is a further path to explore. Finally, the power
management system between the various sources would be completed by developing the Grid Control Unit according to the
block diagram in Fig. 5.INTERESTS IN CONFLICT

The authors of this publication certify that they have no financial or personal stakes in the outcomes of this study.
WORKS BY THE AUTHORS
Saroar Hossain and Niloy Kumar Das, who both answered to Imran Chowdhury, did the bulk of the real job. Taslim Ahmed
and Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan looked through the blueprints and prototypes and provided helpful feedback and insight.
All writers have read and approved Imran Chowdhury's draft of the work.

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using Arduino," Proc. ICCEE'18 Int. Conf. on Communications and Electrical Engineering, 2018, pp. 1-5.
According to the research of M. Youssef, C. Boubahri, F. Aloui, and S. Fetni, "Simulation and design of a single phase
inverter with digital PWM issued by an arduino board," published in the International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology in 2020, [27].
N. F. A. Hamid, M. A. A. Jalil, and N. S. S. Mohamed, "Design and simulation of single phase inverter using SPWM
unipolar technique," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, volume 1432, January 2020.
"DC-AC inverter with tap changing transformer," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 671,
January 2020, M. H. Mohsin and N. K. Al-Shamaa [29].
This is according to "Transformer-less single-phase inverter based on SPWM technique for standalone PV application,"
which was published in Solid State Technology, volume 63, issue 3 (2020), pages 4088-4101.
To be more specific, [31] "Analysis, simulation, and experimental validation of high frequency DC/AC multilevel inverter,"
Przegld Elektrotechniczny, volume 1, issue 8, pages 18-21, July 2020.
May 2020's edition of SN Applied Sciences, volume 2, number 5, will have an article by M. S. Dasari and V. Mani titled
"Simulation and analysis of three-phase parallel inverter using multicarrier PWM control schemes," which can be found
online with the DOI of 10.1007/s42452-020-2772-6.
The following is a citation for the following publication: Ronilaya F., Ilmawati S., Huda M., Anistia W., Syamsiana I., and
Hidayat M. N., "A development of an Arduino pure sine wave inverter for a small scale off-grid solar PV system," IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, volume 1073, February 2021.
To wit: To wit: [34] X. Wang, "Three-phase inverter based on STC8A8K controller," IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering, vol. 381, August 2018.

"Designing of solar based inverter for rural area application," IJSRSET, vol. 4, no. 4, 2018, pp. 624-630. D. Kumar, B. A.
Kumar, and K. Bapuji; J. S. Veerababu; G. J. Rao; and S. B. Rao.
According to "A compensation control scheme of voltage unbalance using a combined three-phase inverter in an islanded
microgrid," by B. Ren, X. Sun, S. Chen, and H. Liu (Energies, vol. 11, no. 9, September 2018), this problem may be solved
by employing a combined three-phase inverter.
You may find an example of this in [37] D. S. Rao et al., "Gate driver circuit design, PWM signal generation using FEZ
panda III and arduino for inverter," which was published in February 2019 in the Proceedings of the E3S Web of
Conferences.
Articles by A. S. Nurhaida, A. Z. A. Firdaus, K. Kamarudin, S. A. Azmi, M. J. M. Ridzuan, and S. M. Hafis, titled "Design
and development of three- phase voltage source inverter for variable frequency drive," will be published in the Proceedings
of the Institute of Physics' Conference Series on Materials Science and Engineering in December 2019.
A. Prastyo, C. Ekaputri, and M. Reza, "Implementation of power inverter on grid connected photovoltaic generator system,"
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1367, no. 1, November 2019.
Article 40, "Three-phase photovoltaic grid inverter system design based on PIC24FJ256GB110 for distributed generation,"
will appear in the September 2019 issue of the International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems.
Articles by A. K. Singh, N. H. Vardhan, and D. Verma, titled "Simulation and experimentation of a single stage boost
inverter," will be published in the August 2019 edition of the International Journal of Engineering and Advanced
Technology (vol. 8, no. 6).