Understanding Exponential Functions — Teacher Notes
Introduction
Exponential functions are essential in mathematics, modelling phenomena such as
population growth, radioactive decay, and compound interest. The function y = a^x,
where a > 0 and a ≠ 1, grows or decays depending on the value of a. When a > 1, the
function shows exponential growth; when 0 < a < 1, it demonstrates exponential
decay.
The Base e
The constant e (approximately 2.718) is the base of natural logarithms and appears
frequently in real-world contexts involving continuous change. The function y = e^x
is unique because its rate of change equals its current value, meaning dy/dx = e^x.
Key Features
1. Domain: all real numbers. 2. Range: y > 0. 3. Intercept: (0, 1). 4. The graph passes
through (0,1) and increases rapidly for positive x. The curve never touches the x-
axis but approaches it asymptotically as x → -∞.
Transformations
Teachers can explore how transformations affect the exponential curve. For
instance, y = e^x + 2 shifts the graph up by 2 units, while y = 2e^x stretches it
vertically. These shifts help learners connect algebraic manipulation with visual
representation.
Applications
Exponential functions are vital in science and economics. For example, compound
interest follows A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt), where A is the final amount, P is principal, r is
rate, n is the number of times interest is compounded per year, and t is time in
years.
Practice Example
Example: Solve for y when x = 3 in y = 2^x. Step 1: Substitute x = 3 → y = 2^3 = 8.
Step 2: Interpret — y increases exponentially as x rises.
Teaching Tip
Encourage students to use tables of values and plot points manually before relying
on calculators or software. Visual learning supports conceptual understanding.
