GURU ACADEMY MEHSANA

STD 10 Social Science Total Marks : 80

HALF YEARLY EXAM 2025

Section A

* Answer The Following Questions : [24]

* Match The Following [3 Marks] [6]

A B
1. Tribal dance a. Merayo dance
2. The dance of the centuries b. Let's dance
3. Dance of waav area of
c. Koli dance
Banaskantha
d. Dhamaal dance

Ans. : (1-b),(2-d),(3-a)
‘A’ ‘B’
4. Narmada valley project (a) River Satluj
5. Chambal valley project (b) River Damodar
6. Damodar valley project (c) River Chambal
(d) River Narmada

Ans. : (1-d),(2-c),(3-b)

* State Whether The Sentences Are True Or False.[1 Marks Each] [5]

7. Negritoit tribe is of Africa origin.

Ans. : True
8. The Manipuri dance form is divided into two types: Lasya and Tandav.
Ans. : true
9. The Pandya Kings took the Dravid style to its highest level.
Ans. : false
10. Soil means minute particles of hard parental rock which is made up of biotic
elements.
Ans. : false
11. Family living below poverty line in rural and urban area is called antyodaya
family.

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 Ans. : True

* Answer The Following Questions In One Sentence.[1 Marks Each] [4]

12. I am considered as main place for Bhavnath fair.

Ans. : Junagadh
13. What was the unique feature of Lothal?
Ans. : A huge dockyard was constructed to facililate ships at the time of high tides
at the lower eastern part of Lothal.This is the unique feature of Lothal.
14. What is meant by soil?
Ans. : Generally soil means the upper layer of the surface of the earth where the
vegetation grows. Soil means thin layer composed of various elements on the
surface of the earth.
15. My water is used maximum for irrigation.
Ans. : Ground water.

* Fill In The Blanks With Correct Alternative.[1 Marks Each] [4]

16. In the Post-Stone Age metal age ________________ Evolved (Carpentry, Agronomy,
Metallurgy)
Ans. : Metallurgy
17. There were ________________ groups of caves in Junagadh. (Two, Three, Four)
Ans. : Three
18. The Kadana-Vanakbori multi-purpose project is on ________________ river.
(Sabarmati, Mahisagar, Tapi)
Ans. : Mahisagar
19. State the another name by which modern development age called?
Ans. : Modern Age is called Mineral Age.

* Choose The Right Answer From The Given Options.[1 Marks Each] [5]

20. Generation after generation, whatever is received in life is……

(A) culture (B) gift
(C) heritage (D) invaluable treasure
Ans. : heritage
21. Read the dialogue and determine which place they are talking about. Tina : it
is situated two km away at khadirbet. Mita : it was excavated by ravindrasingh
bisht Gita : the walls of the town were painted in white.
(A) Dholaveera (B) Mohen-jo-daro (C) Harappa (D) Lothal

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 Ans. : Dholaveera
22. There are……..bio-reserves, ………………national park and ………..sanctuaries in
india.
(A) 18, 113, 351 (B) 18, 103 531 (C) 18, 301, 135 (D) 18, 013, 153

Ans. : 18, 103 531

23. Coal, mineral oil and natural gas are obtained from ………….rocks.
(A) Igneous (B) Sedimentary (C) Lavaic (D) Metamorphic

Ans. : Sedimentary
24. In social system, there is no scope for……………..
(A) Individual ownership (B) Capital
(C) Labour (D) Traders
Ans. : Individual ownership

Section B

* Answer The Following Questions In Short.[2 Marks Each] ( Write any 9 ) [18]

25. What are the characteristics of Indian culture?

Ans. : The characteristics of Indian culture are:
>Culture is the sum total of habits, values, customs, fine arts, drawings,
architecture, traditions and conduct of life-style of man.
>lCulture and Civilization are the distinguishing features of mankind.
>Man has made a great progress right from the primitive era to the modern day
sky scrapers, jet planes and Satellite.
>The development of different branches of philosophical thinking, fine arts,
religious customs and traditional paintings, sculptures and the economic
development are also a part of culture, which is not found in animal world.
26. How were the foreign tribes India'nised?
Ans. :
Different tribes settled in India and has their specific style of living.
The foreigner tribes over a period of time lost their individual identity and
became Indians.
Things like inter-caste marriages, religion, language and script played a
vital role in Indianisng the foreigners.
There was a fine amalgamation of all the tribes and a harmonious
composite culture was formed, which gave India a glorious and prosperous
heritage.
The amalgamation of various cultures enriched Indian culture by making it
variegated and prosperous.'
27. Give information about Kathakali dance.

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 Ans. : Kathakali is an ancient dance form of India from Kerala.
It means to tell a story in a very pompous and artistic style.
The characters wear beautiful pleated attires and artistically coloured
crowns.
The main subjects of the dance are from Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Poet Valiathod of Kerala founded the Kaiamandal Kathakali.
Kalamandalam, Krishnaprasad and Shivaraman have earned great fame in
for Kathakali.
28. Write a short note on 'Bhavai art'.
Ans. : >Bhavai is an ancient 700 years old special art form.
>"Bhavai represent special facial eapression based dramas.
>'Asait Thaker' has started this form of art in Gujarat.
>This art form provides cheap entertainment and is very popular among the
common people.
> It is mostly performed on open stages without curtains. It is presented in light
method using a musical instrument and music. This remains the speciality of
Bhavai.
> Bhavai specially projects the bad traditions aspects of the society.
>In today's time also, people perform Bhavai with Bhungal (Single intrument) and
sing hymns.
>Topic like saving girl child, grooming girl child and other social related problems
are expressed by characters like Rangla-Ranglee.
> Bhavai was encouraged very well during the Solanki era.
29. Write a note on the Stupa of Sanchi.
Ans. : The Sanchi stupa was built during the Mauryan Period.
It is situated at Madhya Pradesh.
The original stupa was made of bricks.
It was half the size of the present Stupa.
The stupa is an important specimen of the art of ancient architecture.
30. What is a Stupa? Which Mauryan Stupas were very famods?
Ans. :
An oval shaped construction under which the remains of Lord Buddha’s
body were kept in a box is known as Stupa.
There are five famous stupas of king Ashoka's time:
Stupas of Sanchi
Stupa of Sarnath
Stupa of Berat
Stupa of Nandangadh
Stupa of Devanimori in Gujarat.

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 Besides, Chaityas, Viharas and Maths were constructed.
The period of king Ashoka was the golden period of prosperity for
Buddhist religion and age of sculpture and architecture.
Buddhist religion has gifted caves, Viharas, chaityas and stupas to
the field of architecture.
31. What are chariot temples? Enlist famous chariot temples of the south.
Ans. : People of Pallava Dynasty of south India were quite skillful in carving a single
rock into the shape of chariot temple.
These chariots are named after the names of Pandavas .
Among them, chariot temple of Dharmaraja is the biggest whereas the
chariot temple of Draupadi is the smallest.
Kailashnath temple of Kanchi and temple of Vaikuntha Perumal are the
best examples of architectural art.
Moreover. mandapas and chariot temple of Mahabalipuram are world
famous.
32. Write a note on Fatehpur Sikri.
Ans. : Fatehpur Sikri:
Fatehpur sikri is a small place 20 miles away from Agra in Uttar Pradesh.
Akbar shifted his capital from Agra to Siuri in 1572 AD in the memory of
sufi saint Shaikh Salim chisti .
The building construction of Sikri started in 1569 A.D and got completed in
1572 A.D
the best buildings of Sikri includes the palace of Birbal, Golden palace of
Bibi Mariam, palace of

Turkey Sultan, Jama Masjid and Buland Darwaza.

Buland Darwaza (Meaning : Very Huge Gate) is 50 m high and 41 m wide.
The other well-known and remarkable buildings of Sikri are palace of Jodha
bai, Panch Mahal, Tomb

of Saikh Salim Chisti, Diwan-e-aam, Diwan-e-khas and Jyotish Mahal.

33. Write a note on Desert Soil.
Ans. : This type of soil is seen in the area where the climate is arid or semi-arid.
The soil is sandy and infertile.
It contains salt and lacks humus.
Rajasthan, parts of Haryana and Southern Punjab have this type of soil.
In Gujarat it is found in Kutch and some parts of Saurashtra.
With irrigation facilities, crops like millet and jowar can be cultivated in this
soil.
34. Soil erosion comes in the way of growing crops. –Explain.

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 Ans. : Removal of soil from one place to another by some natural agent is called
soil erosion.
It is caused by running water and wind.
It takes many years for the formation of soil in which crops grow.
If this soil is eroded the agricultural production decreases.
This will affect the economic condition of farmers, food production and
agro-based industries.
35. What is a Mineral? Give examples.
Ans. : Minerals are formed under the crust of the earth due to an ongoing
inorganic process.
They are natural chemical compounds, uniform in composition and
structure and are usually found in rocks in the form of ores.
They can be in solid, liquid or gaseous state.
They are mostly Non-Renewable.
36. The scientist are concentrating upon the development of solar energy.
Ans. : The sun is a primary energy resource.
It generates excessive energy out of which only one thousand million part is
received on earth.
It is at 1 KW per square metre per annum.
The sun supplies one lakh times more energy than the total electricity produced in
the world.
The scientists concentrate upon solar energy development. 4
It is more reliable and pollution free energy.
Solar energy can be converted into electrical energy.
37. Why has the standard of income per head been set up higher in urban area?
Ans. :
Compared to rural areas, the prices of consumer goods are higher In
urban areas.
Moreover, rural people spend more on food grains to get more
calories as they do physical work whereas urban people spend
more on food, fruits, vegetables, milk, milk products,
entertainment, education and services.
Thus compared to the rural areas, people of urban areas spend
more, so per capita income standard for urban areas is kept
higher.

Section C

* Answer The Following Questions In Brief.[3 Marks Each] ( Write any 6 ) [18]

38. The Gupta age is known as "The Golden Period of architecture".

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 Ans. : During the Gupta period, architecture, sculpture, painting, dancing, music
and carving flourished.
Stone sculpture of Buddhism, Vaishnavism, Shivisam were perfectly developed. The
use of metal in making idols started in this period.
Among the Gupta sculptors Buddha statue at Sarnath, Nalanda and Sultanganj,
Natraja statue of South India, Jain sculptors of Madurai, etc are excellent examples.
The Gupta Age architecture consists of Ajanta Ellora caves, Elephanta caves near
Mumbai, caves of Udaygiri and Bagh, Larkhan Temple of Bijapur district, Bhoomara
shiv temple of Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh.
Iron pillar by Emperor Vikramaditya is the best example of contemporary
development of chemistry and metallurgy.
39. State the architectures developed during the Medieval India.
Ans. : Qutb-ud-din Aibak built Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque in the year 1195. The
mosque "Adhai-Din-Ka-Jhopara is built in Ajmer.
" Sultan Ahmed Shah built famous Jama Masjid in 1423.
The Shaking towers of Sarangpur in Ahmedabad are also world famous.
The Sidi Saiyed Jali (grill) of Ahmedabad was made in 1414. It is considered as the
identity of Ahmedabad. >Babar, the founder of Mughal dynasty, built mosque of
Kabali Baugh in Panipat in 1526 and mosque of Sambhal in Rohilkhand.
The structure of Fatehpur Sikri is an example of Akbar's love of art and
architecture.
Shah Jahan period is known as golden period of Indian architecture. He built the
Diwan-e-Aam. Diwan-e-Khas, Moti Masjid and the Taj Mahal at Agra.
40. Why is planning and conservation of resources necessary?
Ans. : >It is a known fact that resources are limited.
> They are unevenly distributed in our country. So their planning is essential. It
Reduces wastage, keeps the environment pollution free and takes care of future
needs.
> Conservation is the judicious and planned use of natural resources.
> Resources are limited and can get exhausted fast.
> In the past, many of us used resources greatly for the present need and cared
less for their conservation.
> It also maintains a potential to meet the needs and aspirations of the future
generations.
> It aims at sustainable benefit to the present generation.
41. State the types of resources and name the renewable and non-renewable
resources.
Ans. : Resources can be classified in different ways, namely natural and man-made,
renewable and non-renewable, and individual, community and national resources.
Renewable and Non-renewable Resources: Some resources have the ability to

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 renew themselves in a given periods of time. Plants and animals have the natural
ability to regenerate themselves. Forests and wildlife are renewable resources.
Minerals are non-renewable resources. Once they exhaust, they can't be
reproduced. Water, forests, solar, wind and tidal energy are some of the important
renewable resources.
42. What is meant by Resources? Describe its useage.
Ans. : >Human needs can be satisfied partially or completely through resources. In
other words, the things on which the man is dependent, human needs can be
fulfilled by them and man has the physical and intellectual capacity to utilise them
can be called as resources. .
•Uses of resources:
(1) Resource as food: Various food requirements of man are complied by various
resources.
> Fruits grown naturally, various crops obtained through agriculture, milk and its
products and meat obtained through domestic animals, fish and other aquatic
animals from reservoirs, honey prepared by honey-bees etc. are used as food
items. RA
(2) Resource as a source of raw material:
> Various goods obtained from forests, agro-products, wool, hides and meat
available from animals, mineral ores etc. form the raw material for many
industries.
3) Resources as energy resources: 4 We use coal, petroleum, natural gas etc, as
fuel in industries as well as domestic fuel. Besides, energy can be generated
through solar insolation, wind, sea waves, tides and ebbs and waterfalls etc.
43. Wind energy is a a non-conventional source of energy.-Explain.
Ans. :
Wind energy is a non-conventional source of energy.
It is pollution free, cheap and natural.
It demand less labour and time period in establishment.
It is obtained where the speed of wind is 16-20 km/hr.
This kind of wind is found on the tops of the mountains and on the
seacoast.
There are two types of wind mills: a. Windmill with vertical axis b.
Windmill with horizontal axis. In India the first wind farm was set
up at Tuticorin and the largest one is in Gucche in Tamilnadu.
It produces 150 MW of electricity.
In India there are wind farms in Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat, Tamilnadu, Orissa,
Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

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 In Gujarat the wind farms have been set up at Okha, Lambha and
Mandvi.
The wind farm at Lambha in Jamnagar has been set up with
financial help from the Danish International Development Agency
(DANIDA).
The wind energy produced at Marina Beach in Chennai is used for
filling water in tanks and for charging batteries.
44. State the effects of Globalization on Indian economy.
Ans. : Effects of Globalization on Indian economy: It has been more than one and a
half decade since the implementation of Globalization policy in 1991. The following
are its effects:
• Advantages:
> A high raise in exports, a high raise in growth- rate.
4 A high raise in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) etc.
> Thus, there is an increase in the rate of economic development leading to an
increase in income and high standard of living.
• Disadvantages:
> A high raise in imports.
> Raise in foreign debts.
> Raise in poverty and a raise în inequality.
45. Which steps have been taken to conserve the environment?
Ans. :
In order to ensure environment protection an 'Earth Conference' was
organised in 1972 at Stockholm in Sweden.
Thereafter from time to time conventions and camps have been
organised for protection of the environment at the global level and
steps have been taken for environment protection.
India is also involved in these global efforts.
The Government is also making different efforts at the national
level like:
1. Information about pollution levels in different cities should be
given.
2. Central and state pollution control boards have been established.
3. 5 June is celebrated as 'Environment day'.
4. The government passed the 'Air Pollution Control Act' in 1981.
5. International agreements have been signed for halting the
depletion of the ozone layer, disposal of nuclear waste and
maintenance of bio-diversity.
Thus, conservation of environment is everyone's responsibility.
If we do not control pollution, life on the earth will be doomed
soon.
46. State the advantages of Privatization.

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 Ans. : Definition:
Privatization means the process in which ownership and management of industrial
units, under state control is handed over or transferred to the private sector is
called Privatization.
Advantages of Privatization:
> There is increase in number of production units in industrial sector.
> Production has been increased in capital intensive and consumable commodities
due to privatization.
>Working capacity of public sector has improved due to privatization of public
sector enterprise.
Disadvantages of Privatization:
>Economic power has centralized as a result of privatization. Because of which evil
of monopoly has increased.
> Cottage industries have not developed properly due to privatization. Only large
industries have been benefitted.
> Prices have not remained under control due to privatization this has led to
problem of price rise.

Section D

* Answer The Following Questions To The Point.[4 Marks Each] ( Write any 5 ) [20]

47. Give information about the most-ancient people belonging to the Aryan and
Dravidian races.
Ans. : (A) The Aryan culture The people belonging to the Nordic — Aryan were the
creators of the Aryan culture-civilization in India. The Aryans were more developed
people than their contemporaries. They adopted the good ways of life of the other
tribals in India and formed a harmonious culture. They were nature lovers. They
worshipped trees, rivers, the mountains, the sun, the wind and rain and composed
Richas — hymns for seeking their blessings. Recitation of vedas, performing Yagna
became a part of their religious rituals. Initially they lived in the densely populated
Sapta-Sindhu, region in north-west India. Which was called Aryavrata’.
Subsequently Aryavrata extended upto Mithila and Vlndhyanchal in the post-vedic
period. Their vast area was recognised by names: such as Bharatbhumi,
Bharatkhand and Bharatvarsha after the name of the King Bharat. The rich
composite culture of India is the heritage of the Aryans. (B ) The Dravidian culture :
The people belonging to the Dravidian race were the original inhabitants of India.
They were the direct decendants of the Stone Age civilization and the creator of
Mohen-Jo-Daro culture. After the invasion of the Aryans, they shifted to and settled
down in the southern part of India. Thereby their language and culture have
survived. They gave the concept of mother as “Goddess’ and father as ‘God’.
Thereby the religious belief of Parvati as the mother and Shiva as the father

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 evolved. They evolved the tradition of worshipping with Dhup, Deep and Aartt.
They also undertook nature and animal worship. The Aryan culture was
internalised by the Dravidians. They had matriarchal family systems and permitted
inter-caste marriage. They made progress in the crafts like boat and raft making,
weaving, spinning and dyeing cotton. Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malyalam are the
Dravidian family languages spoken by the people in the South India. Rich literature
in Tamil and other Dravidian languages was developed.
48. Give detailed information about the roads and drainage system in Mohen-jo-
Daro.
Ans. :
Mohen-Jo-Daro
In 1922, archaeologists Rakhal Das Banerji and Dayaram Sahni
found the remains ofa town during excavation work which was
being carried out under the guidance of Sir John Marsha! and
Colonel Mackey, in Larkhan district (now in Pakistan).
Mohen-jo-Daro means ‘the heap of the dead'.
Construction of the town
Houses
Mohen-jo-Daro had the best town planning.
The houses here were built on a high plinth to protect them from
dampness or floods.
The houses of the rich were double storeyed with five to seven
rooms, while those of the poor were single-storeyed with two to
three rooms.
The main entrance of the houses opened in the side lanes and not
on the main roads.
The remains of a kitchen, store-house and bathroom were found in
every house.
There was proper arrangement for doors and windows to keep the
houses well ventilated.
The town was fortified.
Roads
Roads were the main features of this town planning.
The main roads were 9.75 metres wide.
There were two main roads one going from North to South and the
other from East to West.
Both crossed each other at right angle.
The small link roads crossed the major ones at right angles.
The roads were.wide enough for a number of vehicles to pass at a
time.
 Pits on the road side suggest that there might have been lamp
posts there.
Roads of the town were straight and the main roads had no turns,
this was a speciality of ancient time.
Drainage System
Drainage system is a unique feature of this town planning.
The town had an underground drainage system.
Each house had a cesspit and the dirty water was drained out of
the town.
Such a drainage system was only found in the island of Crete in the
Mediterranean Sea.
This proves how careful those people were for their health and
hygiene.
Public Baths
A huge bath was excavated at Mohen-Jo-Daro.
There was an arrangement to supply fresh water and throw out
the dirty water.
There might have been facility for hot water and small rooms for
changing clothes.
The public baths might have been used on festivals and religious
ceremonies.
Public Buildings
The ruins of two huge buildings have been found at Mohen-Jo-
Daro.
They might have been used as a town hall or a theatre or an
administrative office or a granary.
A barrack of such buildings was found out and this must have been
used to accommodate soldiers.
49. State the water resources and thefr uses in India.
Ans. : The water resources of India and their uses are as follows: There are many
uses of the water resources of India. Irrigation Is the main use. Water is being
used for Irrigation in India since ancient times. The ‘Grand Anicut’ (Grand dam)
Dam built over Kaveri river In second century is a classic example of this. Today,
about 84 % of the total water used in India is used for irrigation. For example,
about 1500 litres of water is necessary to produce one kilogram wheat. More
industries are also on rise now. It is like to affect the irrigation. Rain comes hardly
for two to four months during the year in India and that Is also Irregular and
uncertain. It affects the crop production. The crops like paddy, sugarcane, jute, etc.
need much of water. This problem can be solved only through irrigation. There are
three main sources of In India: (1) Wells and tube-wells, and (3) Ponds. Of these,
maximum Irrigation (2) Canals Irrigation Is carried out through wells and tube-
wells. Canals and ponds come second and third respectively. Canal irrigation is
 carried out In the vast plains of Satluj, Ganga and Yamuna rivers, in the east coast
plains of Mahanadi, Godavarl and Krishna rivers and in the Kaveri delta. The ferifie
alluvial plains are Irrigated through wells and tube-wells. Irrigation is carried out in
the eastern and southern states through ponds.
50. State the remedies to conserve the water resources.
Ans. : The remedies to conserve the water resources are as follows: The first
necessity to conserve the water resources Is Its judicious use. Second necessity Is
Its conservation. Construction of more reservoirs for water conservation,
transferring the water from the river basin containing more water to the river
basin having less water and the attempts to raise the ground water level, etc. are
necessary for water conservation. Water Is a national property It Is the duty of the
Government to see that it Is distributed judiciously for entire country. If there Is
any interstate water dispute, it should be solved at the earliest, so that the
construction of reservoirs by building the dams across the rivers Is not delayed.
Development of ‘Watershed regions’ and ‘Rain water harvesting’ are very
Important remedies for the conservation of water resources.
51. Explain self employment programme.
Ans. : Under this programme, a person doesn't get employment directly but he is
trained so that he may be self- employed in future. Various programmes at village
level like providing equipments to rural youth for self-employment, programmes of
child and woman development, rural coordinational programme have been
implemented.
(1) Suvarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY): The objective of this programme
is to provide training, bank loans, subsidy, market, self- employment and thereby
increase their employment capacity and lift them above poverty line. The District
Rural Development Agency and Taluka Panchayat are implementing the above
programmes.
(2) Survarna Jayanti Shaheri Rojgar Yojna (SJSRY): Under this programme, efforts
have been made to benefit the literate unemployed in the age group of 18 to 35
years, to develop the urban women and children, The economic backward people
of society are prioritized under the programmes. With the objective of self-
employment, women are given subsidy.
52. describe national and international Institutions for quality standard.
Ans. :
(I) National institutions for quality standard:
Government has set up many legal institutions to
see that the health and safety of consumers lives is
not compromised through the goods and services
they use
 The main task of these institutions is to check the
quality, quantity and purity of produced goods and
certify them.
(D) ISI and BIS:
In this regard, the Government of India established
'Indian Standards Instituto (ISI) in 1947 to regulate
quality of industrial products produced in India
In 1986, the institute was renamed as Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS).
The producers whose goods meet the quality
standards prescribed by the institute can put ISI or
"BIS' mark on their goods. Putting such mark
assures the consumer that the product he is buying
is of good quality.
BIS allows textile, chemical, insecticides, products of
rubber, cement, electronic gadgets to use ISI Mark
BIS on gold and silver:
BIS mark is used even in gold and silver. The mark
made on gold and silver is called BIS Hallmark It is
provided by the central government.
BIS hallmark is a group of five different marks.
Three of them are:
(4) The BIS mark (5) Purity number. For example, 916' which
means the ornament is made of 22 carat gold. (6) An
alphabet depicting the year of marking. For example,
alphabet ' means the marking on gold was made in the
year 2008. (E) AGMARK:
For agriculture products like forest products,
horticulture and animal products, the government
has - developed certain standards. If any such
product follows these standards then the logo of
AGMARK can be put on those products.
AGMARK was implemented under Agriculture
Product Act, 1937.
(F) Other marks: (1) Fruit Products Order (FPO): FPO mark
is used on products made from fruits such as jam, fruit
juice,squash fruits or vegetables that are packed in tin. (2)
Woolmark: Woolmark logo is marked on woolen products
and garments. (3) MPO: MPO logo is marked on products
made from meat and mutton. (4) HACCP (Hazard Analysis
and Critical Control Point): This logo is put on processed
food. (5) Ecomark: Ecomark is a certification mark issued by
the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) to those products that
aim at causing least impact on the ecosystem
Ecomark is given to soap, detergent, paper,
lubricating oil, packing material, colour chemicals
 Powder coating, battery, cosmetics goods used in
place of wood, leather and plastic products, etc.
(II) Inter-national institutions for quality standard: (3) ISO
(International Organization for Standardization):
ISO was established in 1947. Its headquarters is in
Geneva, Switzerland.
The main function of ISO is to provide certification
of standardization at par with international
ISO provides several types of certifications. One of
them is 'ISO 14000' certificate which is an
"Environment Management' certificate.
ISO 14000 is given to those organizations which
want to follow international standards in reducing
the negative impact of their production processes
on the environment.
(4) CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission):
Codex Alimentarius (Latin: Food code) Commission
is an international organization for food and food
products.
Its main function is to develop and provide
internationally recognized food standards,
certificates and guidelines for international trade to
organization producing food products.
For example, it helps organizations producing milk,
milk products, meat, fish, etc.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World
Health Organization (WHO) established CÁC in 1963.

53. what are the reasons of origination of poverty ?

Ans. : The reasons for the emergence of poverty in India are as follows:
• Irregular rainfall and inadequate irrigation facilities are responsible for the
decline in income from agriculture.
• Seasonal nature of employment and absence of alternative employment in the
rural area.
• The illiterate people are engaged in agriculture for ages. They do not possess
required knowledge, skills or training for the high-paying professions. Sway of
customs, traditions and (blind) religious beliefs force people to indulge in huge
unproductive expenditure. They borrow money from the village moneylenders at
exorbitant rate of interest by mortgaging their land. As a result, more than 90%
villagers are caught in the debt trap.
• The illiterate villages are exploited by the landlords and moneylenders.
• The illiterate villagers are unable to derive their benefits as they do not possess
information of the welfare schemes of the government.
• The British rulers encouraged cultivation of cash
• The British rulers imposed exorbitant land revenue and made it compulsory to
make its payment in cash. They did not grant relief even in time of natural
calamities. The farmers had no other alternative but to approach money-lenders to
raise funds for the payment of the land revenue. The exploitative British rule was
mainly responsible for the rural poverty crops. This reduced the land under
cultivation of the food- grains. As a result, production of foodgrains declined. This
triggered scarcity of food grains and increase in the prices.
• Development of agriculture was neglected during the era of planning. Benefits of
development did not reach the poor and they continued to live in poverty.
• Economic reforms introduced in 1991 have adverse effect on agriculture, small
scale and cottage industries. The poor in the rural areas migrated to the urban
areas in search of employment. This resulted in the collapse of agriculture as an
economic activity.
• Malnutrition and starvation are common among the poor. They suffered form
many ailments. Expensive medical treatment cause further hardship.
• Technological change have led to the closure of many traditional crafts and
industries. The workers have been rendered jobless.
• Progress in medical science has increased the expectancy of life. Population has
increased due to low death rate.
• The supply of labour has increased manifold. However, employment
opportunities are insufficient. This led to unemployment and unemployment has
further triggered poverty.
• The purchasing power of the people has declined. As, a result, the standard of
living deteriorated. This is a reflection on the state of poverty in India.
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