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(Etextbook PDF) For Worlds Together, Worlds Apart With Sources (Concise Second Edition) (Vol. 2) Concise Second Edition 2025 PDF Download

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BRIEF CONTENTS

10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 ce 443

11 Crisis and Recovery in Afro-Eurasia, 1300–1500 497

12 Contact, Commerce, and Colonization, 1450–1600 545

13 Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 591

14 Cultures of Splendor and Power, 1500–1780 645

15 Reordering the World, 1750–1850 693

16 Alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century 739

17 Nations and Empires, 1850–1914 787

18 An Unsettled World, 1890–1914 835

19 Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910–1939 883

20 The Three-World Order, 1940–1975 933

21 Globalization, 1970–2000 985

EPILOGUE 2001–The Present 1035

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CONTENTS

Current Trends in World History xx


Global Themes and Sources xxi
Maps xxiv
Preface xxvi
The New Concise Second Edition xxvi
Our Major Themes xxix
Overview of Volume One xxx
Overview of Volume Two xxxv
Media Ancillaries xxxix
For Students xl
For Instructors xl
Acknowledgments xlii
About the Authors xlv
The Geography of the Ancient and Modern Worlds xlviii

10
Becoming “The World,”
1000–1300 ce 443

Development of Maritime Trade 445

The Islamic World in a Time of Political Fragmentation 448


Environmental Challenges and Political Divisions 449
The Spread of Sufism 450
What Was Islam? 452

India as a Cultural Mosaic 452


Shifting Political Structures 453
What Was India? 454

viii |

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Song China: Insiders versus Outsiders 456
Economic and Political Developments 456
China’s Neighbors: Nomads, Japan, and Southeast Asia 459
What Was China? 461

Christian Europe 463


Localization of Power 463
What Was Christian Europe? 465
Relations with the Islamic World 466

Worlds Coming Together: Sub-Saharan Africa and


the Americas 467
Sub-Saharan Africa Comes Together 467
The Americas 471

The Mongol Transformation of Afro-Eurasia 475


Who Were the Mongols? 478
Conquest and Empire 478

Conclusion 483

Global Themes and Sources: Comparing “World”


Travelers Over Time 486

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Imagining the World 494

11
Crisis and Recovery in
Afro-Eurasia, 1300–1500 497

Collapse and Consolidation 499


The Black Death 499
Rebuilding States 505

The Islamic Heartland 506


The Ottoman Empire 506

Western Christendom 512


The Catholic Church, State Building, and Economic Recovery 512
Political Consolidation and Trade in the Iberian Peninsula 515
The Renaissance 517

Contents | ix

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Ming China 520
Restoring Order 520
Centralization under the Ming 521
Ming Rulership 525
Trade and Exploration under the Ming 527

Conclusion 530

Global Themes and Sources: Causes and Effects


of the Black Death 534
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Marking Boundaries,
Inspiring Loyalty 542

12
Contact, Commerce, and
Colonization, 1450–1600 545

Ottoman Expansion and World Trade 547


The Revival of Asian Economies 547
Ottoman Expansion 549
European Exploration and Expansion 550

The Atlantic World 554


First Encounters 555
First Conquests 556
The Iberian Empires in the Americas 563

The Transformation of Europe 569


The Reformation 569
Religious Warfare in Europe 572

Prosperity in Asia 573


Mughal India and Commerce 573
Prosperity in Ming China 575
Asian Relations with Europe 576

Conclusion 578

Global Themes and Sources: Cultural Contexts in the


Age of Exploration 582

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Conflict and Consent 588

x | Contents

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13
Worlds Entangled, 1600–1750 591

Global Commerce and Climate Change 593


Extracting Wealth: Mercantilism 593
The Little Ice Age 595

Exchanges and Expansions in North America 599


Expanding Mainland Colonies 599

The Plantation Complex in the Caribbean 602

The Slave Trade and Africa 603


Capturing and Shipping Slaves 605
Slavery’s Gender Imbalance 608
Africa’s New Slave-Supplying States 609

Asia in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 610


The Dutch in Southeast Asia 611
Transformations in the Islamic Heartland 611
From Ming to Qing in China 615
Tokugawa Japan 620

Transformations in Europe 623


Expansion and Dynastic Change in Russia 623
Economic and Political Fluctuations in Central and
Western Europe 626

Conclusion 632

Global Themes and Sources: Comparing Perceptions on


Slavery in the Atlantic World 636

Interpreting Visual Evidence: A World of Goods 642

14
Cultures of Splendor and
Power, 1500–1780 645

Contents | xi

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Trade and Culture 647

Culture in the Islamic World 647


The Ottoman Cultural Synthesis 648
Safavid Culture, Shiite State 650
Power and Culture under the Mughals 651

Culture and Politics in East Asia 652


China: The Challenge of Expansion and Diversity 653
Cultural Identity and Tokugawa Japan 658

African Cultural Flourishing 660


The Asante, Oyo, and Benin Cultural Traditions 660

The Enlightenment in Europe 662


The New Science 662
Enlightenment Thinkers 664
Consequences of the Enlightenment 666
The European Enlightenment in Global Perspective 669

Creating Hybrid Cultures in the Americas 671


Spiritual Encounters 671
Intermarriage and Cultural Mixing 672
Forming American Identities 673

The Influence of European Culture in Oceania 675


The Scientific Voyages of Captain Cook 675
Ecological and Cultural Effects 677

Conclusion 678

Global Themes and Sources: Comparing Change to


Commerce and Society 682
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Envisioning the World 690

15
Reordering the World,
1750–1850 693

Revolutionary Transformations and New Languages


of Freedom 695

xii | Contents

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Political Reorderings 695
The North American War of Independence, 1776–1783 698
The French Revolution, 1789–1799 701
The Napoleonic Era, 1799–1815 703
Revolution in Saint-Domingue (Haiti) 704
Revolutions in Spanish and Portuguese America 706

Change and Trade in Africa 711


Abolition of the Slave Trade 711
New Trade with Africa 711

Economic Reordering 712


An Industrious Revolution 713
The Industrial Revolution 714
Working and Living 717

Persistence and Change in Afro-Eurasia 718


Revamping the Russian Monarchy 719
Reforming Egypt and the Ottoman Empire 719
Colonial Reordering in India 721
Persistence of the Qing Empire 723

Conclusion 727

Global Themes and Sources: Revolution for Whom? 730

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Framing the Subject 736

16
Alternative Visions of the
Nineteenth Century 739

Reactions to Social and Political Change 741

Prophecy and Revitalization in the Islamic


World and Africa 741
Islamic Revitalization 742
Charismatic Military Men in Non-Islamic Africa 747

Prophecy and Rebellion in China 749


The Dream of Hong Xiuquan 749
The Rebellion 751

Contents | xiii

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Socialists and Radicals in Europe 752
Restoration and Resistance 752
Radical Visions 754

Insurgencies against Colonizing and Centralizing States 759


Native American Prophets 759
The Caste War of the Yucatán 764
The Rebellion of 1857 in India 767

Conclusion 771

Global Themes and Sources: Comparing Alternatives to


Nineteenth-Century Capitalism 774

Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Gender of Nations 784

17
Nations and Empires,
1850–1914 787

Consolidating Nations and Constructing Empires 789


Building Nationalism 789
Expanding the Empires 789

Expansion and Nation Building in the Americas 790


The United States 790
Canada 793
Latin America 794

Consolidation of Nation-States in Europe 796


Defining “The Nation” 796
Unification in Germany and Italy 797
Nation Building and Ethnic Conflict in the
Austro-Hungarian Empire 797
Domestic Discontents in France and Britain 799

Industry, Science, and Technology 801


New Technologies, Materials, and Business Practices 801
Integration of the World Economy 802

Imperialism and the Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism 803


India and the Imperial Model 804

xiv | Contents

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Colonizing Africa 805
The American Empire 810
Imperialism and Culture 812

Pressures of Expansion in Japan, Russia, and China 814


Japan’s Transformation and Expansion 814
Russian Transformation and Expansion 817
China under Pressure 819

Conclusion 821
Global Themes and Sources: Contextualizing
the Scramble for Empire 824

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Occidentalism:


Representing Western Influence 832

18
An Unsettled World,
1890–1914 835

Progress, Upheaval, and Movement 837


Peoples in Motion 837

Discontent with Imperialism 841


Unrest in Africa 841
The Boxer Uprising in China 843

Worldwide Insecurities 847


Financial, Industrial, and Technological Change 847
The “Woman Question” 849
Class Conflict 851

Cultural Modernism 853


Popular Culture Comes of Age 854
Modernism in European Culture 855
Cultural Modernism in China 857

Rethinking Race and Reimagining Nations 858


Nation and Race in North America and Europe 859
Race-Mixing and the Problem of Nationhood in
Latin America 860

Contents | xv

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Sun Yat-sen and the Making of a Chinese Nation 861
Nationalism and Invented Traditions in India 864
The Pan Movements 866

Conclusion 868

Global Themes and Sources: Global Feminisms 872

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Global Modernism 880

19
Of Masses and Visions of the
Modern, 1910–1939 883

The Quest for the Modern 885

The Great War 886


The Fighting 886
The Peace Settlement and the Impact of the War 892
Broken Promises and Political Turmoil 893

Mass Society: Culture, Production, and Consumption 897


Mass Culture 897
Mass Production and Mass Consumption 898

Mass Politics: Competing Visions for Building Modern States 900


Liberal Democracy under Pressure 901
Authoritarianism and Mass Mobilization 903
The Hybrid Regimes in Latin America 910
Anticolonial Visions of Modern Life 911

Conclusion 920

Global Themes and Sources: Comparing and Contextualizing


Totalitarianism 924

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Men, Machines, and


Mass Production 930

xvi | Contents

01_TIG_63980_FM_pi_lix_Vol 2.indd 16 14/11/18 11:08 AM


20
The Three-World Order,
1940–1975 933

World War II and Its Aftermath 935


The War in Europe 935
The War in the Pacific 938

The Beginning of the Cold War 941


Rebuilding Europe 941
War in the Nuclear Age: The Korean War 943

Decolonization 946
The Chinese Revolution 946
Negotiated Independence in India and Africa 948
Violent and Incomplete Decolonizations 950

Three Worlds 954


The First World 955
The Second World 956
The Third World 960

Tensions within the Three Worlds 963


Tensions within the First World 964
Tensions within World Communism 965
Tensions within the Third World 967

Conclusion 968

Global Themes and Sources: Comparing Independence


and Nation Building 972

Interpreting Visual Evidence: War and Propaganda 982

Contents | xvii

01_TIG_63980_FM_pi_lix_Vol 2.indd 17 14/11/18 11:08 AM


21
Globalization, 1970–2000 985

Removing Obstacles to Globalization 987


Ending the Cold War 987
Africa and the End of White Rule 990

Unleashing Globalization 992


Finance and Trade 993
Migration 995
Global Culture 1000
Communications 1003

Characteristics of the New Global Order 1004


The Demography of Globalization 1004
Inequality and Environmental Degradation 1007

Citizenship in the Global World 1013


Supranational Organizations 1014
Violence 1015
Religious Foundations of Politics 1017
Acceptance of and Resistance to Democracy 1019

Conclusion 1020

Global Themes and Sources: Comparing the Power


of Grassroots Democracies 1024

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Chimerica 1032

Epilogue: 2001–The Present 1035

Global Challenges 1035


War on Terror 1035
Crisis and Inequality in the Global Economy 1036
Climate Change 1039

The United States, the European Union, and Japan 1040


The United States 1041
A Changing Western Europe 1041

xviii | Contents

01_TIG_63980_FM_pi_lix_Vol 2.indd 18 14/11/18 11:08 AM


Demographic Issues 1045
Anti-Immigrant Sentiments 1050

Russia, China, and India 1051


Economic Globalization and Political Effects 1052

The Middle East, Africa, and Latin America 1054


The Arab Spring 1055
Islamic Militancy 1058
The Iranian Nuclear Deal 1059
Poverty, Disease, Genocide 1062
Deepening Inequalities 1063

Populist Politics and Authoritarian Regimes 1068

Conclusion: Globalization and Its Discontents 1071

Further Readings F-1


Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1

Contents | xix

01_TIG_66846_FM_pi_lix_Vol 2.indd 19 29/11/18 12:37 PM


CURRENT TRENDS IN WORLD HISTORY

CHAPTER 10: A Most Unusual Nomad State 480


CHAPTER 11: Ming Fashion 522
CHAPTER 12: Corn and the Rise of Slave-Supplying Kingdoms in West Africa 564
CHAPTER 13: Stimulants, Sociability, and Coffeehouses 594
CHAPTER 14: The Political Uses of Space 656
CHAPTER 15: Two Case Studies in Political Change and Environmental
Degradation 708
CHAPTER 16: Islam: An Enduring Alternative in Algeria 744
CHAPTER 17: Africa’s Newest Hunters and Gatherers: Greed, Environmental
Degradation, and Resistance 810
CHAPTER 18: Adapting to the Environment: Russian Peasants Take
On the Steppe 862
CHAPTER 19: Population Movements: Filling Up the Empty Spaces and
Spreading Capitalism 912
CHAPTER 20: Soviet Ecocide 958
CHAPTER 21: Urbanization as a Global Phenomenon: Transforming
Bombay into Mumbai 1002
CHAPTER 22: Global Capitalism and the Great Contraction of 2008 1038
Has Homo sapiens Entered a New Epoch—the Anthropocene? 1042

xx |

01_TIG_66846_FM_pi_lix_Vol 2.indd 20 29/11/18 12:40 PM


GLOBAL THEMES AND SOURCES

CHAPTER 10 Interpreting Visual Evidence: Conflict


Comparing “World” Travelers Over Time 486 and Consent 588
• Pilgrimage to Jerusalem (c. 1300), Bar Sāwmā • Anonymous Mexican painting of the Spanish
conquest
• The Mongol Capital at Kanbalu (Khan-Balik)
(c. 1300), Marco Polo • The Conquest of the Aztecs, drawn by a converted
Amerindian
• The Holy Sites of Jerusalem (c. 1360), Ibn Battuta
• Akbar Hears a Petition
• The Hajj of Mansa Musa (1324–1325), al-Umari
• The Galle Trilingual Stone Inscription (1411), Zheng He
Interpreting Visual Evidence: CHAPTER 13
Imagining the World 494 Comparing Perceptions on Slavery in
• Al-Idrisi’s Tabula Rogeriana the Atlantic World 636
• Cresques’s Catalan Atlas • The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah
• Fra Mauro’s Mappa Mundi Equiano (1789), Olaudah Equiano
• A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes
CHAPTER 11 (1673), Richard Ligon
Causes and Effects of the Black Death 534 • A Voyage to Saint Domingue (1797), Alexandre-
• Plague in Southwest Asia, Ibn al-Wardi (1349) Stanislaus, Baron de Wimpffen
• The Florentine Chronicle: Rubric 643 • Population Statistics of the Bahia Sugar Plantations,
(late fourteenth century) Brazil (1835)
• Berbers, Arabs, and Plague in the Maghrib, from the Interpreting Visual Evidence: A World of Goods 642
Muqadimmah, Ibn Khaldûn (c. 1375) • Oba with Sacrificial Animals from the Ezomo’s Altar
• Plague in Syria and Egypt (1348–1350), by al-Maqrizi of the Hand
(early fifteenth century) • Chinese porcelain bowl, with painting by Francis
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Marking Hayman
Boundaries, Inspiring Loyalty 542 • Tray (lacquer and mother of pearl), Chinese School,
Qing dynasty
• Spanish painting by Berruguete
• British-manufactured teapot
• The devshirme system
• Chinese painting by Ch’iu Ying
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 12 Comparing Changes to Commerce and Society 682
Cultural Contexts in the Age of Exploration 582 • “Doux Commerce” (1748), Charles de Secondat,
• Mexica Views of the Spaniards (c. sixteenth century), Baron de Montesquieu
Florentine Codex • “The Propensity to Truck, Barter, and Exchange”
• Approaching Tenochtitlán (1520), Hernán Cortés (1776), Adam Smith
• Leo Africanus’s Travels in Africa (1550) • On Inequality (1755), Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• Commentary on Foreigners (c. 1420), Ming Official • Merchant Codes in Tokugawa Japan (1610)
He Ao • An Edict on Trade (1793), the Qianlong Emperor

| xxi

01_TIG_66846_FM_pi_lix_Vol 2.indd 21 29/11/18 12:41 PM


Interpreting Visual Evidence: Envisioning • Fifty Years of New Japan (1909), Count Shigenobu
the World 690 Okuma
• The Huayi tu map, 1136 • Russia’s Imperial Destiny (1896), Prince Esper
• Chinese wheel map, 1760s Ukhtomskii
• Codex Xolotl, early sixteenth century • General Act of the Conference of Berlin concerning
• Iranian map, seventeenth century the Congo (1885)
• Japanese map of the world, 1761 Interpreting Visual Evidence: Occidentalism:
• Waldseemüller map, 1507 Representing Western Influence 832
• Mercator projection, 1569 • Kawanabe Kyosai’s Bake-Bake Gakkō, number
3 of the Kyosai Rakuga series (Kawanabe Kyosai
Memorial Museum)
CHAPTER 15
• The Beating of the (Foreign) Devils and the Burning
Revolution for Whom? 730 of the (Christian) Books
• On the Rights of Women (1792), Mary Wollstonecraft
• The American Mosquito
• An Egyptian Reaction to French Occupation (1798),
Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti
• The Haitian Declaration of Independence (1804) CHAPTER 18
• “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” (1852), Global Feminisms 872
Frederick Douglass • “Ain’t I a Woman?” (1851), Sojourner Truth
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Framing • “The Emancipation of Women” (1876), María Eugenia
the Subject 736 Echenique
• Ingres, Louis-François Bertin • Injustices to Chinese Women (early twentieth
• Gérôme, Bashi-Bazouk century), Qiu Jin
• Girodet-Trioson, Portrait of an Indian • Industrialization and Women’s Freedom in Egypt
• Portrait of the Imperial Bodyguard Zhanyinbao (1909), Bahithat al-Badiya
Interpreting Visual Evidence:
CHAPTER 16 Global Modernism 880
• Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
Comparing Alternatives to Nineteenth-Century
• Ren Xiong, Self-Portrait
Capitalism 774
• Tagore, Bharat Mata
• Visions of the Great Good Spirit (1810), Tenskwatawa
• A Female Muslim Voice in Africa (1838–1839), Nana
Asma’u CHAPTER 19
• The Azamgarh Proclamation (1857), Bahadur Shah Comparing and Contextualizing
• The Principles of the Heavenly Nature (1854), Taiping Totalitarianism 924
Heavenly Kingdom • The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951),
• Bourgeoisie and Proletariat (1848), Karl Marx and Hannah Arendt
Friedrich Engels • Letter to Marfa Gudzia (1930s)
Interpreting Visual Evidence: • Victor Klemperer’s Diary (1938)
The Gender of Nations 784 • Political Graffiti in Imperial Japan
• Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People (1941–1944)
• Sanu’a, cartoon in Abu Naddara
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Men, Machines,
• The Rani of Jhansi and Mass Production 930
• Photographs by Étienne-Jules Marey
CHAPTER 17 • Mural in Detroit by Diego Rivera
Contextualizing the Scramble for Empire 824 • Car assembly line at Ford plant
• “Manifest Destiny” (1845), John L. O’Sullivan • Mitsubishi Electric Factory

xxii | Global Themes and Sources

01_TIG_63980_FM_pi_lix_Vol 2.indd 22 14/11/18 11:08 AM


CHAPTER 20 CHAPTER 21
Comparing Independence and Nation Building 972 Comparing the Power of Grassroots Democracies
• “New Democracy” (1940), Mao Zedong 1024
• “A Note to the Members of the National Planning • “The Power of the Powerless” (1978), Václav Havel
Committee” (1940), Jawaharlal Nehru • Declaration of War against the Mexican Government
• On Negritude (1959), Léopold Sédar Senghor (1993), EZLN
• On Decolonization (1961), Frantz Fanon • Why Gender Matters (2000), World Bank
Interpreting Visual Evidence: War and • “Democracy as a Universal Value” (1999), Amartya
Propaganda 982 Sen
• German poster, “Victory or Bolshevism” Interpreting Visual Evidence: Chimerica 1032
• British poster, “Together” • Modern Beijing
• Free French troops train in Bouar • Foxconn factory with suicide nets
• Japanese poster portraying a villainous President • Retirement community near Phoenix, Arizona
Roosevelt • Walmart Supercenter
• Unofficial Apple Store in Tehran

Global Themes and Sources | xxiii

01_TIG_63980_FM_pi_lix_Vol 2.indd 23 14/11/18 11:08 AM


MAPS

10.1 Afro-Eurasian Trade, 1000–1300 ce 448 13.2 Colonies in North America, 1607–1763 600
10.2 The Islamic World, 900–1200 ce 451 13.3 Caribbean Colonies, 1625–1763 604
10.3 South Asia in 1300 453 13.4 The African Slave Trade, 1440–1867 606
10.4 East Asia in 1000 ce 457 13.5 From Ming to Qing China, 1644–1760 618
10.5 East Asia in 1200 458 13.6 Tokugawa Japan, 1603–1867 621
10.6 Southeast Asia, 1000–1300 ce 462 13.7 Russian Expansion, 1462–1795 625
10.7 Western Christendom in 1300 464
10.8 Sub-Saharan Africa, 1300 469 14.1 The Global View: Cook’s Global
Voyages 676
10.9 Andean States, c. 700–1400 ce 472
10.10 Commercial Hubs in Mesoamerica and North
America, 1000 ce 474 15.1 The Global View: Revolutions and Empires in
the Atlantic World, 1776–1829 696
10.11 Mongol Conquests and Campaigns,
1200–1300 476 15.2 Napoleon’s Empire, 1812 705
15.3 Latin American Nation Building 710
11.1 The Spread of the Black Death 502 15.4 Industrial Europe around 1850 716
11.2 The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1566 507 15.5 The British in India, 1767–1857 722
11.3 Western Christendom, 1400–1500 514 15.6 The Qing Empire and the Opium Wars 726
11.4 Ming China, 1500s 526
16.1 Muslim Revitalization Movements in the Middle
11.5 Voyages of Zheng He, 1405–1433 529
East and Africa and the Mfecane Movement in
Southern Africa 743
12.1 The Global View: European Exploration, 16.2 The Taiping Rebellion in China,
1420–1580 552 1850–1864 750
12.2 The Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the 16.3 Civil Unrest and Revolutions in Europe,
Americas, 1492–1750 566 1819–1848 753
12.3 Religious Divisions in Europe after the 16.4 Native American Revolts in the United States
Reformation, 1590 571 and Mexico 761
12.4 Expansion of the Mughal Empire, 16.5 Indian Rebellion of 1857 768
1556–1707 574
12.5 Trade and Production in Ming China 577 17.1 U.S. and Canadian Westward Expansion,
1803–1912 791
13.1 The Global View: Trade in Silver and Other 17.2 Italian Unification and German Unification,
Commodities, 1650–1750 596 1815–1871 798

xxiv |

01_TIG_66846_FM_pi_lix_Vol 2.indd 24 29/11/18 1:40 PM


17.3 Partition of Africa, 1880–1914 807 20.5 The Long March, 1934–1935 947
17.4 Japanese Expansion, 1870–1910 816 20.6 Decolonization in Africa 950
17.5 Russian Expansion, 1801–1914 818
21.1 Collapse of the Communist Bloc in
18.1 The Global View: Nineteenth-Century Europe 989
Migration 838 21.2 The Breakup of the Soviet Union 991
18.2 Uprisings and Wars in Africa 842 21.3 The Global View: World Migration,
18.3 Foreign Spheres of Influence in China, 1918–1998 996
1842–1907 845 21.4 World Population Increases,
1950–1997 1005
21.5 HIV Infection across the World, 1999 1008
19.1 World War I: The European and Middle Eastern
Theaters 887 21.6 Food Consumption and Famine since the
1940s 1012
19.2 The Global View: World War I: The Global
Theater 890
19.3 Outcomes of World War I in Europe, North E.1 Population Growth, 2017 1046
Africa, and Some of the Middle East 894 E.2 Life Expectancies in Global Perspective,
19.4 The Sykes-Picot Agreement 896 2018 1048
19.5 The Soviet Union 905 E.3 Warring Factions in Iraq and Syria, March 27,
2017 1060
19.6 The Japanese Empire in Asia, 1933 909
E.4 Hunger Is a Global Problem: Undernourishment
by Country, 2014–2016 1064
20.1 World War II: The European Theater 936
E.5 Rich and Poor Countries: Per Capita Annual
20.2 World War II: The Pacific Theater 939 Income (U.S. $), 2018 1066
20.3 NATO and Warsaw Pact Countries 944 E.6 Numbers of HIV-Positive People Worldwide,
20.4 The Korean War 945 2016 1068

Maps | xxv

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PREFACE

Worlds Together, Worlds Apart sets the standard for instructors who want to teach
a globally integrated world history survey course. Building on the success of the
First Concise Edition, co-authors Elizabeth Pollard (San Diego State University)
and Clifford Rosenberg (City University of New York) and general editor Rob-
ert Tignor (Princeton University) have created this dynamic and highly accessi-
ble new Concise Second Edition of Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. A full third
shorter than its parent text, written with clear, accessible prose and explanations,
and with substantially more pedagogy support than any other text in the market-
place to guide students’ reading and develop their historical thinking skills, the
Concise Second Edition continues to offer a coherent, cutting-edge survey of the
field built around world historical stories of significance. This concise, globally
integrated, chronological approach not only makes it easy for students to see
connections and comparisons across time and place, but also makes the teaching
of the course more manageable for instructors compared with more civilizational
and regional approaches. Some of the major stories dealt with in the chapters of
the Concise Second Edition are the spread of humans across the planet, the first
global agricultural revolution, the creation of empires, the building of the Silk
Roads, the spread of the Black Death across Afro-Eurasia, the impact of New
World silver on global trade, alternative ways of organizing societies during the
rise of nineteenth-century capitalism, and the rise of the nation-state.

The New Concise Second Edition


In response to substantive feedback from highly experienced frontline world
history instructors, the new Concise Second Edition has been streamlined and
simplified. With its new handy compact format, engaging design, sharpened
guided-reading pedagogy, and newly revamped end-of-chapter readings—each
highlighting a target historical thinking skill—this edition improves accessibility
while strengthening history skills development. Expanded coverage of environ-
mental history, new online History Skills Tutorials, a new Interactive Instruc-
tor’s Guide, and InQuizitive, Norton’s award-winning adaptive learning tool,
support a state-of-the-art learning experience.

xxvi |

01_TIG_63980_FM_pi_lix_Vol 2.indd 26 14/11/18 11:08 AM


HIGHLIGHTS of the Concise Second Edition
• A more accessible global framework No introductory text does
a better job of helping students make comparisons and connections
across time and place. Co-authors Beth Pollard and Cliff Rosenberg are
experienced teachers who have successfully introduced students to world
history in this global way. This edition is more accessible than ever with
sharpened guided reading pedagogy and a heavily revised and simplified
map program.
• Sharpened guided-reading pedagogy in each chapter helps students make
global connections and comparisons as they read:
ºº A redesigned chapter-opening spread provides a conceptual road map
for the presentation that follows. Revised Chapter Outlines and Core
Objectives identify important global concepts and developments before
students start reading. A (NEW) Global Storylines feature addresses
major chapter themes region by region. And a (NEW) Big Picture fea-
ture poses a question that highlights the chapter’s most important global
core objective.
ºº Throughout the chapter, (NEW) Key Term marginal definitions
expand on boldfaced key terms in the text to make the narrative more
accessible. And the renamed Core Objective flags reference the Core
Objectives throughout the chapter so that students know when to focus
in on the most relevant material.
ºº End-of-chapter features include Tracing the Global Storylines sum-
maries that remind students of the overarching global stories introduced
at the start of each chapter and show their impact on each region, visual
Chronologies that compare—region by region—the dates of key events
covered in the chapter, and simplified Thinking about Global Connec-
tions questions.
• A strengthened focus on global history skills with (NEW) primary
sources In the text and accompanying digital resources, a wealth of fea-
tures engage students in making connections across time and space. These
features promote analysis and interpretation of primary source documents,
images, and maps, helping students develop the skills promoted by the
American Historical Association, the College Board, and various state
guidelines.
• Chapter-ending Global Themes and Sources sections provide an in-text
reader:
ºº These sections, each containing a handful of primary source documents
on a single topic, focus on one of the four major historical thinking skills
promoted by the AHA and the College Board (context, causation, com-
parison, and continuity and change). They replace the shorter “Compet-
ing Perspectives” primary sources from the First Concise Edition.

Preface | xxvii

01_TIG_63980_FM_pi_lix_Vol 2.indd 27 14/11/18 11:08 AM


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Conclusion 1: Experimental procedures and results


Learning Objective 1: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 6: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 8: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Appendix 2: Historical development and evolution
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 17: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 18: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Chapter 3: Current trends and future directions
Practice Problem 20: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 21: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 25: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 29: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 31: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 32: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 35: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 36: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 37: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 5: Study tips and learning strategies
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 42: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 48: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 6: Literature review and discussion
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 55: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 7: Current trends and future directions
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 63: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 66: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 8: Best practices and recommendations
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 72: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 74: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 75: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 76: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 78: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 79: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 9: Fundamental concepts and principles
Example 80: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 85: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 89: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Unit 10: Best practices and recommendations
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 95: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 97: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 98: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 98: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 99: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Chapter 11: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 103: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 109: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 12: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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