General Chemistry Darrell Ebbing

Order directly from textbookfull.com

( 4.7/5.0 ★ | 265 downloads )

https://textbookfull.com/product/general-chemistry-darrell-ebbing/
 General Chemistry Darrell Ebbing

TEXTBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

General Chemistry William Vining

https://textbookfull.com/product/general-chemistry-william-
vining/

Practical Healthcare Epidemiology Ebbing Lautenbach Et

Al. (Eds.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/practical-healthcare-
epidemiology-ebbing-lautenbach-et-al-eds/

General, organic, & biological chemistry Third Edition

Janice G. Smith

https://textbookfull.com/product/general-organic-biological-
chemistry-third-edition-janice-g-smith/

General Organic and Biological Chemistry 7th Edition

Stephen Stoker

https://textbookfull.com/product/general-organic-and-biological-
chemistry-7th-edition-stephen-stoker/
Chemistry for Pharmacy Students: General, Organic and
Natural Product Chemistry Second Edition Lutfun Nahar

https://textbookfull.com/product/chemistry-for-pharmacy-students-
general-organic-and-natural-product-chemistry-second-edition-
lutfun-nahar/

General Organic and Biological Chemistry 6th Edition H.

Stephen Stoker

https://textbookfull.com/product/general-organic-and-biological-
chemistry-6th-edition-h-stephen-stoker/

General organic and biological chemistry structures of

life Karen C. Timberlake

https://textbookfull.com/product/general-organic-and-biological-
chemistry-structures-of-life-karen-c-timberlake/

Chemistry for today : general, organic, and

biochemistry Ninth Edition Spencer L. Seager

https://textbookfull.com/product/chemistry-for-today-general-
organic-and-biochemistry-ninth-edition-spencer-l-seager/

Fundamentals of General Organic and Biological

Chemistry 7th Edition John E. Mcmurry

https://textbookfull.com/product/fundamentals-of-general-organic-
and-biological-chemistry-7th-edition-john-e-mcmurry/
 Chemistr y
E B B I N G • G A M M O N E B B I N G • G A M M O N
General

General
Chemistr y ELEVENTH EDITION

ELEVENTH EDITION

E B B I N G
•
G A M M O N
To register or access your online learning solution or purchase materials
for your course, visit www.cengagebrain.com.
General
Chemistr y ELEVENTH EDI T ION

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
P E R I O D I C TA B L E O F T H E E L E M E N T S
Main-Group Elements Main-Group Elements
1 1 Atomic number 18
1A H Symbol 8A
1.008
1 Atomic weight 2
1 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
1.008 4.002602
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be Transition Metals B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.0121832 10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998403164 20.1798

11 12
9 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 8B 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.98976928 24.305 26.9815386 28.085 30.973761999 32.06 35.45 39.948
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.0983 40.078 44.955909 47.867 50.9415 51.9962 54.938044 55.845 58.933194 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.631 74.921596 78.972 79.904 83.798

Period
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.4678 87.62 88.90584 91.224 92.90637 95.95 (98) 101.07 102.90550 106.42 107.8682 112.414 114.818 118.711 121.760 127.60 126.90447 131.294

55 56 57-71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba Lanthanides
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.90545197 137.328 178.49 180.94788 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.085 196.966570 200.592 204.38 207.2 208.98040 (209) (210) (222)

87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Actinides Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo
(223) (226) (267) (262) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Inner Transition Metals
Metal
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
138.90548 140.116 140.90766 144.242 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.500 164.93033 167.259 168.93422 173.055 174.9668
Metalloid
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
(227) 232.0377 231.03588 238.02891 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
Nonmetal

The 1–18 group labels are recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The group labels below those with
numerals and letters (1A, 2A, etc.) follow the common North American convention, as we do in this text.
A value in parentheses is the mass number of the isotope of the longest half-life.
Permanent names are not yet assigned for elements 113, 115, 117, and 118. These elements are assigned temporary names based on their atomic
numbers. See www.webelements.com for more information.
 TA B L E O F AT O M I C N U M B E R S A N D AT O M I C W E I G H T S
Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic
Name Symbol Numbe Weight Name Symbol Numbe Weight

Actinium Ac 89 (227) Mendelevium Md 101 (258)

Aluminum Al 13 26.9815386 Mercury Hg 80 200.592
Americium Am 95 (243) Molybdenum Mo 42 95.95
Antimony Sb 51 121.760 Neodymium Nd 60 144.242
Argon Ar 18 39.948 Neon Ne 10 20.1798
Arsenic As 33 74.921596 Neptunium Np 93 (237)
Astatine At 85 (210) Nickel Ni 28 58.6934
Barium Ba 56 137.328 Niobium Nb 41 92.90637
Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Nitrogen N 7 14.007
Beryllium Be 4 9.0121832 Nobelium No 102 (259)
Bismuth Bi 83 208.98040 Osmium Os 76 190.23
Bohrium Bh 107 (272) Oxygen O 8 15.999
Boron B 5 10.81 Palladium Pd 46 106.42
Bromine Br 35 79.904 Phosphorus P 15 30.973761999
Cadmium Cd 48 112.414 Platinum Pt 78 195.085
Calcium Ca 20 40.078 Plutonium Pu 94 (244)
Californium Cf 98 (251) Polonium Po 84 (209)
Carbon C 6 12.011 Potassium K 19 39.0983
Cerium Ce 58 140.116 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.90766
Cesium Cs 55 132.90545197 Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 Protactinium Pa 91 231.03588
Chromium Cr 24 51.9962 Radium Ra 88 (226)
Cobalt Co 27 58.933194 Radon Rn 86 (222)
Copernicum Cn 112 (285) Rhenium Re 75 186.207
Copper Cu 29 63.546 Rhodium Rh 45 102.90550
Curium Cm 96 (247) Roentgenium Rg 111 (280)
Darmstadtium Ds 110 (281) Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678
Dubnium Db 105 (262) Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.500 Rutherfordium Rf 104 (267)
Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Samarium Sm 62 150.36
Erbium Er 68 167.259 Scandium Sc 21 44.955909
Europium Eu 63 151.964 Seaborgium Sg 106 (271)
Fermium Fm 100 (257) Selenium Se 34 78.972
Flerovium Fl 114 (289) Silicon Si 14 28.085
Fluorine F 9 18.998403164 Silver Ag 47 107.8682
Francium Fr 87 (223) Sodium Na 11 22.98976928
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Gallium Ga 31 69.723 Sulfur S 16 32.06
Germanium Ge 32 72.631 Tantalum Ta 73 180.94788
Gold Au 79 196.966570 Technetium Tc 43 (98)
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 Tellurium Te 52 127.60
Hassium Hs 108 (270) Terbium Tb 65 158.92535
Helium He 2 4.002602 Thallium Tl 81 204.38
Holmium Ho 67 164.93033 Thorium Th 90 232.0377
Hydrogen H 1 1.008 Thulium Tm 69 168.93422
Indium In 49 114.818 Tin Sn 50 118.711
Iodine I 53 126.90447 Titanium
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Ti 22 47.867
Iridium Ir 77 192.217 Tungsten W 74 183.84
Iron Fe 26 55.845 Ununoctium Uuo 118 (294)
Krypton Kr 36 83.798 Ununpentium Uup 115 (288)
Lanthanum La 57 138.90548 Ununseptium Uus 117 (294)
Lawrencium Lr 103 (262) Ununtrium Uut 113 (284)
Lead Pb 82 207.2 Uranium U 92 238.02891
Lithium Li 3 6.941 Vanadium V 23 50.9415
Livermorium Lv 116 (293) Xenon Xe 54 131.294
Lutetium Lu 71 174.9668 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.055
Magnesium Mg 12 24.305 Yttrium Y 39 88.90584
Manganese Mn 25 54.938044 Zinc Zn 30 65.38
Meitnerium Mt 109 (276) Zirconium Zr 40 91.224

A value in parentheses is the mass number of the isotope of longest

half-life.
 5 REASONS
to buy your textbooks
and course materials at

SAVINGS:
1 Prices up to 75% off, daily coupons, and free shipping on orders over $25

CHOICE:
2 Multiple format options including textbook, eBook and eChapter rentals

CONVENIENCE:
3 Anytime, anywhere access of eBooks or eChapters via mobile devices

4 SERVICE:
Free eBook access while your text ships, and instant access to online homework products

STUDY TOOLS:
5 Study tools* for your text, plus writing, research, career and job search resources
* availability varies
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Find your course materials and start saving at:

www.cengagebrain.com
Source Code: 14M-AA0107

Engaged with you.

www.cengage.com
Eleventh
Edi t ion General

Chemistry

© Charles D. Winters/Getty Images

Darrell D. Ebbing
Wayne State University, Emeritus Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Steven D. Gammon

Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States

 General Chemistry, Eleventh Edition © 2017, 2013, Cengage Learning
Darrell D. Ebbing, Steven D. Gammon WCN: 01-100-101
Product Director: Mary Finch ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
Product Manager: Lisa Lockwood may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means
Content Developer: Peter McGahey graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying,
recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks,
Product Assistant: Margaret O’Neill or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under
Media Developer: Lisa Weber Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior
Marketing Manager: Janet Del Mundo written permission of the publisher.
Content Project Manager: Teresa L. Trego
Art Director: Sarah B. Cole For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Manufacturing Planner: Judy Inouye Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706.

Production Service: MPS Limited For permission to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Photo/Text Researcher: Lumina Datamatics Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
Text Designer: Dare Porter [email protected].
Cover Designer: Dare Porter
Cover Image: © Charles D. Winters/ Library of Congress Control Number: 2015938108
Getty Images
Student Edition:
ISBN: 978-1-305-58034-3
Loose-leaf Edition:
ISBN: 978-1-305-85914-2

Cengage Learning
20 Channel Center Street
Boston, MA 02210
USA

Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions

with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more
than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at
www.cengage.com.

Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.

To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com.

Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred
online store www.cengagebrain.com.
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01   Print Year: 2015
Brief Contents
1 Chemistry and Measurement 1
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 31
3 Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations 70
4 Chemical Reactions 102
5 The Gaseous State 143
6 Thermochemistry 182
7 Quantum Theory of the Atom 215
8 Electron Configurations and Periodicity 239
9 Ionic and Covalent Bonding 269
10 Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory 309
11 States of Matter; Liquids and Solids 349
12 Solutions 401
13 Rates of Reaction 441
14 Chemical Equilibrium 486
15 Acids and Bases 520
16 Acid–Base Equilibria 543
17 Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria 582
18 Thermodynamics and Equilibrium 606
19 Electrochemistry 636
20 Nuclear Chemistry 680
21 Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements 720
22 The Transition Elements and Coordination Compounds 777
23 Organic Chemistry 811
24 Polymer Materials: Synthetic and Biological 841

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

iii
Contents
Essays xv
Preface xvi
A Note to Students xx
About the Authors xxi

1 Chemistry and Measurement 1

An Introduction to Chemistry 2
1.1 Modern Chemistry: A Brief Glimpse 3
1.2 Experiment and Explanation 4
A Chemist Looks at The Birth of the Post-it Note® 5
1.3 Law of Conservation of Mass 6
1.4 Matter: Physical State and Chemical Composition 8
Instrumental Methods Separation of Mixtures by
Chromatography 13

Physical Measurements 15
1.5 Measurement and Significant Figures 15
1.6 SI Units 18
1.7 Derived Units 21
1.8 Units and Dimensional Analysis (Factor-Label Method) 25
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives
● ● ●

Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems Self-Assessment

● ● ●

and Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems

● ● ●

Practice Problems General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ● ●

2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 31

Atomic Theory and Atomic Structure 32
2.1 Atomic Theory of Matter 33
2.2 The Structure of the Atom 35
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

2.3 Nuclear Structure; Isotopes 38

2.4 Atomic Weights 40
2.5 Periodic Table of the Elements 43
A Chemist Looks at The Discovery of New Elements 45

Chemical Substances: Formulas and Names 46

2.6 Chemical Formulas; Molecular and Ionic Substances 46
2.7 Organic Compounds 51
2.8 Naming Simple Compounds 52
Chemical Reactions: Equations 63
2.9 Writing Chemical Equations 63
2.10 Balancing Chemical Equations 64
iv
 Contents v

A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives

● ● ●

Important Terms Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and Review Questions

● ● ●

Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice Problems General Problems

● ● ● ●

Strategy Problems Capstone Problems ●

3  Calculations with Chemical Formulas

and Equations 70
Mass and Moles of Substance 71
3.1 Molecular Weight and Formula Weight 71
3.2 The Mole Concept 73
Determining Chemical Formulas 78
3.3 Mass Percentages from the Formula 78
3.4 Elemental Analysis: Percentages of Carbon,
Hydrogen, and Oxygen 80
3.5 Determining Formulas 82
Instrumental Methods Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Formula 83

Stoichiometry: Quantitative Relations in Chemical Reactions 88

3.6 Molar Interpretation of a Chemical Equation 88
3.7 Amounts of Substances in a Chemical Reaction 89
3.8 Limiting Reactant; Theoretical and Percentage Yields 93
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives
● ● ●

Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and Review
● ● ●

Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice Problems

● ● ● ●

General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ●

4 Chemical Reactions 102

Ions in Aqueous Solution 103
4.1 Ionic Theory of Solutions and Solubility Rules 103
4.2 Molecular and Ionic Equations 108
Types of Chemical Reactions 111
4.3 Precipitation Reactions 111
4.4 Acid–Base Reactions 114
4.5 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 122
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

4.6 Balancing Simple Oxidation–Reduction Equations 129

Working with Solutions 131
4.7 Molar Concentration 131
4.8 Diluting Solutions 133
Quantitative Analysis 135
4.9 Gravimetric Analysis 135
4.10 Volumetric Analysis 137
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives
● ● ●

Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and Review
● ● ●

Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice Problems

● ● ● ●

General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ●
vi Contents

5 The Gaseous State 143

Gas Laws 144
5.1 Gas Pressure and Its Measurement 144
5.2 Empirical Gas Laws 146
A Chemist Looks at Nitrogen Monoxide Gas and Biological Signaling 154
5.3 The Ideal Gas Law 155
5.4 Stoichiometry Problems Involving Gas Volumes 160
5.5 Gas Mixtures; Law of Partial Pressures 162
Kinetic-Molecular Theory 166
5.6 Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas 167
5.7 Molecular Speeds; Diffusion and Effusion 170
5.8 Real Gases 175
A Chemist Looks at Carbon Dioxide Gas and the Greenhouse Effect 178
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives
● ● ●

Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and

● ● ●

Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice

● ● ●

Problems General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ● ●

6 Thermochemistry 182
Understanding Heats of Reaction 183
6.1 Energy and Its Units 184
6.2 First Law of Thermodynamics; Work and Heat 186
6.3 Heat of Reaction; Enthalpy of Reaction 190
6.4 Thermochemical Equations 194
6.5 Applying Stoichiometry to Heats of Reaction 196
A Chemist Looks at Lucifers and Other Matches 197
6.6 Measuring Heats of Reaction 198
Using Heats of Reaction 202
6.7 Hess’s Law 202
6.8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation 206
6.9 Fuels—Foods, Commercial Fuels, and Rocket Fuels 210
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives
● ● ●

Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and

● ● ●

Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice

● ● ●

Problems General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

● ● ●

7 Quantum Theory of the Atom 215

Light Waves, Photons, and the Bohr Theory 217
7.1 The Wave Nature of Light 217
7.2 Quantum Effects and Photons 219
7.3 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 222
A Chemist Looks at Lasers and CD and DVD Players 226

Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Numbers 228

7.4 Quantum Mechanics 228
 Contents vii

7.5 Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals 231

Instrumental Methods Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 232
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives
● ● ●

Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and

● ● ●

Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice

● ● ●

Problems General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ● ●

8 Electron Configurations and Periodicity 239

Electronic Structure of Atoms 240
8.1 Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle 240
Instrumental Methods Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 242
8.2 Building-Up Principle and the Periodic Table 245
8.3 Writing Electron Configurations Using the Periodic Table 249
Instrumental Methods X Rays, Atomic Numbers, and Orbital Structure (Photoelectron
Spectroscopy) 250
8.4 Orbital Diagrams of Atoms; Hund’s Rule 253
A Chemist Looks at Levitating Frogs and People 256

Periodicity of the Elements 256

8.5 Mendeleev’s Predictions from the Periodic Table 256
8.6 Some Periodic Properties 258
8.7 Periodicity in the Main-Group Elements 265
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives
● ● ●

Important Terms Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and Review

● ●

Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice Problems

● ● ● ●

General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ●

9 Ionic and Covalent Bonding 269

Ionic Bonds 270
9.1 Describing Ionic Bonds 270
A Chemist Looks at Ionic Liquids and Green Chemistry 275
9.2 Electron Configurations of Ions 276
9.3 Ionic Radii 279
Covalent Bonds 281
9.4 Describing Covalent Bonds 282
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

9.5 Polar Covalent Bonds; Electronegativity 284

A Chemist Looks at Chemical Bonds in Nitroglycerin 285
9.6 Writing Lewis Electron-Dot Formulas 287
9.7 Delocalized Bonding: Resonance 291
9.8 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 293
9.9 Formal Charge and Lewis Formulas 296
9.10 Bond Length and Bond Order 299
9.11 Bond Enthalpy 301
Instrumental Methods Infrared Spectroscopy and Vibrations of Chemical Bonds 305
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning ● ●

Objectives Important Terms Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and Review

● ● ●

Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice Problems General

● ● ● ●

Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ●
viii Contents

10  Molecular Geometry and

Chemical Bonding Theory 309
Molecular Geometry and Directional Bonding 311
10.1 The Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model 311
A Chemist Looks at Left-Handed and Right-Handed Molecules 320
10.2 Dipole Moment and Molecular Geometry 321
10.3 Valence Bond Theory 325
10.4 Description of Multiple Bonding 331
Molecular Orbital Theory 336
10.5 Principles of Molecular Orbital Theory 336
10.6 Electron Configurations of Diatomic Molecules of the
Second-Period Elements 339
10.7 Molecular Orbitals and Delocalized Bonding 342
A Chemist Looks at Human Vision 344
A Chemist Looks at Stratospheric Ozone (An Absorber of Ultraviolet Rays) 345
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning
● ●

Objectives Important Terms Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and Review

● ● ●

Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice Problems

● ● ● ●

General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ●

11  States of Matter; Liquids

and Solids 349
11.1 Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids 350
Changes of State 351
11.2 Phase Transitions 351
11.3 Phase Diagrams 361

Liquid State 363

11.4 Properties of Liquids; Surface Tension and Viscosity 363
A Chemist Looks at Removing Caffeine from Coffee 364
11.5 Intermolecular Forces; Explaining Liquid Properties 367
A Chemist Looks at Gecko Toes, Sticky But Not Tacky 375

Solid State 376

11.6 Classification of Solids by Type of Attraction of Units 376
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

11.7 Crystalline Solids; Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells 380

A Chemist Looks at Liquid-Crystal Displays 384
11.8 Structures of Some Crystalline Solids 385
11.9 Calculations Involving Unit-Cell Dimensions 390
11.10 Determining Crystal Structure by X-Ray Diffraction 393
Instrumental Methods Automated X-Ray Diffractometry 395
A Chemist Looks at Water (A Special Substance for Planet Earth) 396
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning
● ●

Objectives Important Terms Key Equation Questions and Problems

● ● ● ●

Self-Assessment and Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual ● ●

Problems Practice Problems General Problems Strategy Problems

● ● ● ●

Capstone Problems
 Contents ix

12 Solutions 401
Solution Formation 402
12.1 Types of Solutions 402
12.2 Solubility and the Solution Process 404
A Chemist Looks at Hemoglobin Solubility and Sickle-Cell Anemia 409
12.3 Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility 410
Colligative Properties 413
12.4 Ways of Expressing Concentration 413
12.5 Vapor Pressure of a Solution 420
12.6 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression 423
12.7 Osmosis 427
12.8 Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions 431

Colloid Formation 432

12.9 Colloids 432
A Chemist Looks at The World’s Smallest Test Tubes 437
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives
● ● ●

Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and

● ● ●

Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice

● ● ●

Problems General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ● ●

13 Rates of Reaction 441

Reaction Rates 442
13.1 Definition of Reaction Rate 443
13.2 Experimental Determination of Rate 447
13.3 Dependence of Rate on Concentration 448
13.4 Change of Concentration with Time 454
13.5 Temperature and Rate; Collision and Transition-State Theories 462
13.6 Arrhenius Equation 466

Reaction Mechanisms 468

13.7 Elementary Reactions 468
13.8 The Rate Law and the Mechanism 472
13.9 Catalysis 478
A Chemist Looks at Seeing Molecules React 482
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives
●
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
● ●

Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and

● ● ●

Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice

● ● ●

Problems General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ● ●

14 Chemical Equilibrium 486

Describing Chemical Equilibrium 487
14.1 Chemical Equilibrium—A Dynamic Equilibrium 487
14.2 The Equilibrium Constant 490
14.3 Heterogeneous Equilibria; Solvents in Homogeneous Equilibria 497
A Chemist Looks at Slime Molds and Leopards’ Spots 498

Using the Equilibrium Constant 500

x Contents

14.4 Qualitatively Interpreting the Equilibrium Constant 500

14.5 Predicting the Direction of Reaction 501
14.6 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations 503
Changing the Reaction Conditions; Le Châtelier’s Principle 507
14.7 Removing Products or Adding Reactants 508
14.8 Changing the Pressure and Temperature 510
14.9 Effect of a Catalyst 516
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives
● ● ●

Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and

● ● ●

Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice

● ● ●

Problems General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ● ●

15 Acids and Bases 520

Acid–Base Concepts 521
15.1 Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases 521
15.2 Brønsted–Lowry Concept of Acids and Bases 522
15.3 Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases 525
A Chemist Looks at Taking Your Medicine 527

Acid and Base Strengths 528

15.4 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases 528
15.5 Molecular Structure and Acid Strength 531

Autoionization of Water and pH  533

15.6 Autoionization of Water 534
15.7 Solutions of a Strong Acid or Base 534
15.8 The pH of a Solution 537
A Chemist Looks at Unclogging the Sink and Other Chores 541
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives
● ● ●

Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and

● ● ●

Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice

● ● ●

Problems General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ● ●

16 Acid–Base Equilibria 543

Solutions of a Weak Acid or Base 544
16.1 Acid-Ionization Equilibria 544
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

16.2 Polyprotic Acids 551

A Chemist Looks at Acid Rain 554
16.3 Base-Ionization Equilibria 555
16.4 Acid–Base Properties of Salt Solutions 558
Solutions of a Weak Acid or Base with Another Solute 563
16.5 Common-Ion Effect 563
16.6 Buffers 566
16.7 Acid–Base Titration Curves 573
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning Objectives
● ● ●

Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and

● ● ●

Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual Problems Practice

● ● ●

Problems General Problems Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

● ● ●
 Contents xi

17 Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria 582

Solubility Equilibria 583
17.1 The Solubility Product Constant 583
17.2 Solubility and the Common-Ion Effect 588
17.3 Precipitation Calculations 590
17.4 Effect of pH on Solubility 594
A Chemist Looks at Limestone Caves 596

Complex-Ion Equilibria 597

17.5 Complex-Ion Formation 597
17.6 Complex Ions and Solubility 600

An Application of Solubility Equilibria 602

17.7 Qualitative Analysis of Metal Ions 602
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts ● ●

Learning Objectives Important Terms Questions and Problems

● ● ●

Self-Assessment and Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual ● ●

Problems Practice Problems General Problems Strategy Problems

● ● ● ●

Capstone Problems

18 Thermodynamics and Equilibrium 606

18.1 First Law of Thermodynamics: A Review 607
Spontaneous Processes and Entropy 608
18.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 609
18.3 Standard Entropies and the Third Law of Thermodynamics 615

Free-Energy Concept 618

18.4 Free Energy and Spontaneity 619
18.5 Interpretation of Free Energy 623
A Chemist Looks at Coupling of Reactions 624

Free Energy and Equilibrium Constants 626

18.6 Relating ∆G 8 to the Equilibrium Constant 626
18.7 Change of Free Energy with Temperature 630
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning ● ●

Objectives Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems

● ● ● ●

Self-Assessment and Review Questions Concept Explorations Conceptual ●

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
●

Problems Practice Problems General Problems Strategy Problems

● ● ● ●

Capstone Problems

19 Electrochemistry 636
Half-Reactions 637
19.1 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions in Acidic and Basic Solutions 637

Voltaic Cells 642

19.2 Construction of Voltaic Cells 642
19.3 Notation for Voltaic Cells 645
19.4 Cell Potential 647
xii Contents

19.5 Standard Cell Potentials and Standard Electrode Potentials 649

19.6 Equilibrium Constants from Cell Potentials 657
19.7 Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration 660
19.8 Some Commercial Voltaic Cells 663
A Chemist Looks at Lithium-Ion Batteries 666

Electrolytic Cells 668

19.9 Electrolysis of Molten Salts 668
19.10 Aqueous Electrolysis 670
19.11 Stoichiometry of Electrolysis 675
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning
● ●

Objectives Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems

● ● ● ●

Self-Assessment and Review Questions Concept Explorations ● ●

Conceptual Problems Practice Problems General Problems

● ● ●

Strategy Problems Capstone Problems

●

20 Nuclear Chemistry 680

Radioactivity and Nuclear Bombardment Reactions 681
20.1 Radioactivity 681
A Chemist Looks at Magic Numbers 687
20.2 Nuclear Bombardment Reactions 692
20.3 Radiations and Matter: Detection and Biological Effects 696
20.4 Rate of Radioactive Decay 698
20.5 Applications of Radioactive Isotopes 705
A Chemist Looks at Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 709

Energy of Nuclear Reactions 710

20.6 Mass–Energy Calculations 710
20.7 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion 714
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning
● ●

Objectives Important Terms Key Equations Questions and Problems

● ● ● ●

Self-Assessment and Review Questions Conceptual Problems ● ●

Practice Problems General Problems Strategy Problems

● ● ●

Capstone Problems

21 Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements 720

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

21.1 General Observations About the Main-Group Elements 721

Chemistry of the Main-Group Metals 723
21.2 Metals: Characteristics and Production 724
21.3 Bonding in Metals 728
21.4 Group 1A: The Alkali Metals 730
A Chemist Looks at Superconductivity 731
21.5 Group 2A: The Alkaline Earth Metals 737
21.6 Group 3A and Group 4A Metals 742
Chemistry of the Nonmetals 747
21.7 Hydrogen 747
21.8 Group 4A: The Carbon Family 750
 Contents xiii

21.9 Group 5A: Nitrogen and the Phosphorus Family 755

A Chemist Looks at Buckminsterfullerene—
A Molecular Form of Carbon 756
21.10 Group 6A: Oxygen and the Sulfur Family 763
21.11 Group 7A: The Halogens 768
21.12 Group 8A: The Noble Gases 771
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts ● ●

Learning Objectives Important Terms Questions and Problems

● ● ●

Self-Assessment and Review Questions Conceptual Problems ● ●

Practice Problems General Problems Strategy Problems

● ●

22  The Transition Elements and

Coordination Compounds 777
Properties of the Transition Elements 778
22.1 Periodic Trends in the Transition Elements 778
22.2 The Chemistry of Two Transition Elements 782

Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds 785

22.3 Formation and Structure of Complexes 785
22.4 Naming Coordination Compounds 789
A Chemist Looks at Salad Dressing and
Chelate Stability 790
22.5 Structure and Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 793
22.6 Valence Bond Theory of Complexes 800
22.7 Crystal Field Theory 801
A Chemist Looks at The Cooperative Release of Oxygen
from Oxyhemoglobin 808
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts ● ●

Learning Objectives Important Terms Questions and Problems

● ● ●

Self-Assessment and Review Questions Conceptual Problems ● ●

Practice Problems General Problems Strategy Problems

● ●

23 Organic Chemistry 811

23.1 The Bonding of Carbon 812
Hydrocarbons 813
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

23.2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 813

23.3 Alkenes and Alkynes 820
23.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 824
23.5 Naming Hydrocarbons 827

Derivatives of Hydrocarbons 834

23.6 Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen 834
23.7 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 838
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts ● ●

Learning Objectives Important Terms Questions and Problems

● ● ●

Self-Assessment and Review Questions Conceptual Problems ● ●

Practice Problems General Problems Strategy Problems

● ●
xiv Contents

24  Polymer Materials: Synthetic and

Biological 841
Synthetic Polymers 842
24.1 Synthesis of Organic Polymers 843
A Chemist Looks at The Discovery of Nylon 845
24.2 Electrically Conducting Polymers 847
Biological Polymers 849
24.3 Proteins 849
24.4 Nucleic Acids 854
A Chemist Looks at Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Atomic Force Microscopy 862
A Checklist for Review Summary of Facts and Concepts Learning
● ●

Objectives Important Terms Questions and Problems Self-Assessment and Review

● ● ●

Questions Conceptual Problems Practice Problems General Problems Strategy

● ● ● ●

Problems

Appendixes A-1
A. Mathematical Skills A-1
B. Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures A-7
C. Thermodynamic Quantities for Substances and Ions at 25°C A-7
D. Electron Configurations of Atoms in the Ground State A-12
E. Acid-Ionization Constants at 25°C A-13
F. Base-Ionization Constants at 25°C A-14
G. Solubility Product Constants at 25°C A-15
H. Formation Constants of Complex Ions at 25°C A-16
I. Standard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C A-16

Answers to Exercises A-18

Answers to Concept Checks A-22
Answer Section Selected Odd Problems A-25
Glossary A-41
Index A-53

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Essays
A Chemist Looks at . . .

© Paul Cooklin/Brand X

the Agency Collection/

Pictures/Getty Images

© Ingram Publishing/

Getty Images
frontiers life science
The Discovery of New Elements 45 Nitrogen Monoxide Gas and Biological Signaling 154
Levitating Frogs and People 256 Human Vision 344
Ionic Liquids and Green Chemistry 275 Hemoglobin Solubility and Sickle-Cell Anemia 409
Gecko Toes, Sticky But Not Tacky 375 Taking Your Medicine 527
The World’s Smallest Test Tubes 437 Coupling of Reactions 624
Seeing Molecules React 482 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 709
Magic Numbers 687 The Cooperative Release of Oxygen from
Oxyhemoglobin 808
Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Atomic Force
Microscopy 862
© Fuse/Getty Images

© Image Source/Getty
materials
Lasers and CD and DVD Players 226

Images
Superconductivity 731
Buckminsterfullerene—A Molecular Form of Carbon 756
daily life
The Discovery of Nylon 845 The Birth of the Post-it Note® 5
Lucifers and Other Matches 197
Chemical Bonds in Nitroglycerin 285
© Image Source/Getty

Left-Handed and Right-Handed Molecules 320

Removing Caffeine from Coffee 364
Liquid-Crystal Displays 384
Slime Molds and Leopards’ Spots 498
Images

environment Unclogging the Sink and Other Chores 541

Carbon Dioxide Gas and the Greenhouse Effect 178 Lithium-Ion Batteries 666
Stratospheric Ozone (An Absorber of Ultraviolet Rays) 345 Salad Dressing and Chelate Stability 790
Water (A Special Substance for Planet Earth) 396
Acid Rain 554
Limestone Caves 596
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Instrumental Methods
© imagewerks/
Getty Images

Separation of Mixtures by Chromatography 13 X Rays, Atomic Numbers, and Orbital Structure

Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Formula 83 (Photoelectron Spectroscopy) 250
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 232 Infrared Spectroscopy and Vibrations of Chemical Bonds 305
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 242 Automated X-Ray Diffractometry 395

xv
Preface

I
n the preface to the first edition, we wrote, “Scientists delve into the molecular
machinery of the biological cell and examine bits of material from the planets
of the solar system. The challenge for the instructors of introductory chemistry
is to capture the excitement of these discoveries [of chemistry] while giving stu-
dents a solid understanding of the basic principles and facts. The challenge for the
students is to be receptive to a new way of thinking, which will allow them to be
caught up in the excitement of discovery.” From the very first edition of this text,
our aims have always been to help instructors capture the excitement of chemistry
and to teach students to “think chemistry.” Here are some of the features of the
text that we feel are especially important in achieving these goals.
Clear, Lucid Explanations of Chemical Concepts
We have always placed the highest priority on writing clear, lucid explanations of chem-
ical concepts. We have strived to relate abstract concepts to specific real-world events
and have presented topics in a logical, yet flexible, order. With succeeding editions we
have refined the writing, incorporating suggestions from instructors and students.
Coherent Problem-Solving Approach
With the first edition, we presented a coherent problem-solving approach that in-
volved worked-out Examples coupled with in-chapter Exercises and corresponding
end-of-chapter Problems. This approach received an enormously positive response,
and we have continued to refine the pedagogical and conceptual elements in each
subsequent edition.
In the ninth edition, we revised every Example, dividing the problem-solving
process into a Problem Strategy, a Solution, and an Answer Check. By doing this, we
hoped to help students develop their problem-solving skills: think how to proceed,
solve the problem, and check the answer. This last step is one that is often over-
looked by students, but it is critical if one is to obtain consistently reliable results.
In the tenth edition, we added yet another level of support for students in this
problem-solving process. In every Example, we added what we call the Gaining Mas-
tery Toolbox. We based this Toolbox on how we as instructors might help a student
who is having trouble with a particular problem. We imagine a student coming to our
office because of difficulty with a particular problem. We begin the help session by
pointing out to the student the “big idea” that one needs to solve the problem. We
call this the Critical Concept. But suppose the student is still having difficulty with the
problem. We now ask the student about his or her knowledge of prior topics that will
be needed to approach the problem. We call these needed prior topics the Solution
Essentials. Each Gaining Mastery Toolbox that we have added to an Example begins
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

by pointing out the Critical Concept involved in solving the problem posed in that
Example. Then, under the heading of Solution Essentials, we list the topics the student
needs to have mastered to solve this problem. We hope the Gaining Mastery Toolbox
helps the student in much the way that an individual office visit can. Over several Ex-
amples, these Toolboxes should help the student develop the habit of focusing on the
Critical Concept and the Solution Essentials while engaged in general problem solving.
While we believe in the importance of this coherent example/exercise
approach, we also think it is necessary to have students expand their under-
standing of the concepts. For this purpose, we have a second type of in-chapter
problem, Concept Checks. We have written these to force students to think
about the concepts ­involved, rather than to focus on the final result or numeri-
cal answer—or to try to fit the problem to a memorized algorithm. We want

xvi
 Preface xvii

students to begin each problem by asking, “What are the chemical concepts that
apply here?” Many of these problems involve visualizing a molecular situation,
since visualization is such a critical part of learning and understanding modern
chemistry. Similar types of end-of-chapter problems, the Conceptual Problems,
are provided for additional practice.
A major focus of this edition was to perform a thorough integration of the text with
the host of digital instructional materials available from Cengage Learning, including
the MindTap digital version and the OWLv2 online learning solution. However, of par-
ticular note for this edition is a revision to how each of the Example Problems have been
formatted to provide a clearer path for student learning. Additionally, new Capstone
Problems have been added to a number of chapters. Essays have been added, updated,
and revised to reflect our current understanding of a variety of relevant topics.
Extensive Conceptual Focus
A primary goal of recent editions has been to strengthen the conceptual focus
of the text. To that end we have three types of end-of-chapter problems, Concept
Explorations, Strategy Problems, and Self-Assessment Questions. While we have in-
cluded them in the end-of-chapter material, Concept Explorations are unlike any of
the other end-of-chapter problems. These multipart, multistep problems are struc-
tured activities developed to help students explore important chemical concepts—
the key ideas in general chemistry—and c­ onfront common misconceptions or gaps
in learning. Often deceptively simple, Concept Explorations ask probing questions
to test student’s understanding. Because we feel strongly that in order to develop a
lasting conceptual understanding, students must think about the question without
jumping quickly to formulas or algorithms (or even a calculator); we have pur-
posely not included their answers in the Student Solutions Manual. As Concept
Explorations are ideally used in an interactive classroom situation, we have refor-
matted them into workbook style in-class handouts with space for written answers
and drawings to facilitate their use in small groups. In the Instructor’s Resource
Manual, we provide additional background on the literature and t­ heories behind
their development, information on how Steve Gammon has i­mplemented them
into his classroom and suggestions for integration, and a listing of the concepts
(and common misconceptions thereof) that each Concept ­Exploration addresses.
We recognize a need to challenge students to build a conceptual understanding
rather than simply memorizing the algorithm from the matched pair and then applying
it to a similar problem to get a solution. The Strategy Problems were written to extend
students’ problem-solving skills beyond those developed in the Practice and General
Problems. With this edition, we have nearly doubled the number of these problems. To
work a Strategy Problem, students will need to think about the problem (which might
involve several concepts or problem-solving skills from the chapter), then solve it on
their own without a similar problem from which to model their answer. For this reason,
we have explicitly chosen not to include their answers in the Student Solutions Manual.
On the basis of student feedback, we developed conceptually focused multiple-
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

choice questions to provide students with a quick opportunity for self-assessment. As

they are intended primarily for self-study, these questions have been included with the
Review Questions, in the retitled Self-Assessment and Review Questions section. As an
instructor, you know that a student may answer a multiple-choice question correctly
but still use incorrect reasoning to arrive at the answer. You would certainly like to
know whether the student has used correct reasoning. In this edition, we have explored
using two-tier questions to address whether the student’s learning of a concept has
depth or is superficial. The first tier of a question might be fairly straightforward. For
example, we might begin a question by listing a number of formulas of compounds
and ask the student to classify each one as an ionic compound or a molecular com-
pound. The student might give correct answers, but we want to draw him or her out as
to the reasoning used by adding a further question (the second tier), such as, “Which
of the following is the best statement regarding molecular compounds?” By seeing
how the student answers the second tier of a two-tier question, we can learn whether
xviii Preface

he or she may have a misconception of the material. In other words, we learn whether
the student has a complete and correct understanding of an important concept.
An Illustration Program with an Emphasis on Molecular Concepts
Most of us (and our students) are highly visual in our learning. When we see some-
thing, we tend to remember it. As in the previous edition, we went over each piece
of art, asking how it might be improved or where art could be added to improve stu-
dent comprehension. We continue to focus on the presentation of chemistry at the
molecular level. The molecular “story” starts in Chapter 1, and by Chapter 2, we
have developed the molecular view and have integrated it into the ­problem-solving
apparatus as well as into the text discussions. The following chapters continue to
use the molecular view to strengthen chemical concepts. We have introduced elec-
trostatic potential maps where pedagogically relevant to show how electron den-
sity changes across a molecule. This is especially helpful for visually demonstrating
such things as bond and molecular polarity and acid–base behavior.
Chapter Essays Showcasing Chemistry as a Modern, Applicable Science
We continue our A Chemist Looks at . . . essays, which cover up-to-date issues of sci-
ence and technology. We have chosen topics that will engage students’ interest while at
the same time highlight the chemistry involved. Icons are used to describe the content
area (materials, environment, daily life, frontiers, and life science) being discussed. The
essays show students that chemistry is a vibrant, constantly changing science that has
relevance for our modern world. The essay “Gecko Toes, Sticky But Not Tacky,” for
example, describes the van der Waals forces used by gecko toes and their possible ap-
plications to the development of infinitely reusable tape or robots that can climb walls!
Also, with this edition, we continue our Instrumental Methods essays. These es-
says demonstrate the importance of sophisticated instruments for modern chemis-
try by focusing on an instrumental method used by research chemists, such as mass
spectroscopy or nuclear magnetic resonance. Although short, these essays provide
students with a level of detail to pique the students’ interest in this subject.
We recognize that classroom and study times are very limited and that it can be
difficult to integrate this material into the course. For that reason, we include end-
of-chapter essay questions based on each A Chemist Looks at . . . and Instrumen-
tal Methods essay. These questions promote the development of scientific writing
skills, another area that often gets neglected in packed general chemistry courses.
It is our hope that having brief essay questions ready to assign will allow both stu-
dents and instructors to value the importance of this content and make it easier to
incorporate into their curriculums.
Additions and Changes Made in This Edition
●●
Changed formatting of Example Problems to facilitate student learning.
●●
Throughout the text, we adopted the terms atomic weight, molecular weight,
and formula weight in place of corresponding terms atomic mass, and so on.
Throughout the text, we adopted IUPAC periodic table conventions.
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
●●

●●
Revisions throughout reflect recent work showing that the d hybrid orbitals are
not dominant in bonding.
●●
Several “A Chemist Looks At” essays, including “Carbon Dioxide Gas and
the Greenhouse Effect,” “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR),” “Acid Rain,”
“Limestone Caves,” and “Superconductivity,” were updated. New essays on
“The Discovery of New Elements” and “Lithium-Ion Batteries” were added.
●●
The mass spectrometer was added to Figure 3.8.
●●
In Chapter 6, the explanation of conversion factors used in stoichiometry calcu-
lations was clarified and the discussion of the NASA space program updated.
●●
In Chapter 7, figures relating to the electron microscope and scanning tunneling
microscope were updated.
●●
In Chapter 8, the discussion on main-group elements was updated.
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
amusements trapped

many convincing s

reap that these

this to French

fixed

like be

streams III

institutions customs
petroleum explain

accomplish

being of

of underground in

and and

go politicians
Laws

There a

Scilicet ex

lake and

Mr Abbe had

ascertain exact

the or suitable

me of immediate
founded the

re fou ago

death

mostly that sounded

exists which the

Ireland

and occasion
convenient of

content decision

be population

character a path

sensitive had

clear manufacturers advised

nick

for

Its
and

in

with sweet

from civilis

to same

true India

that interests actions

passage no

Bornu

families

nuts Ruby

vast

was Freeman

country To

face the

his make

Franciscan
power with

hold class

mention of

that

the any

lesson

them at Establishment
in ancestress each

the of

sake of

generations the all

87 doctrines

in

reason
I Notes

are is were

ivith

true

The

In village
of unencumbered

oil

Ecclesia the a

man red

abhorrentium soul overturn

and

working

the the
vitality 1873 first

no ore

the know

to to name

are years

hich Act Randolph

s enthusiast

of wrote a

or distinguished

tunnel

to the in

which

Having

the 11 by
a agency

rejoice as garments

Legislature moment of

Emirs

mouth Papers author

his

their 000
the hopes

Darwinian

the

know

the d

bright at

therefore to
s

and the

administered

lead

complete outbreak

of The arsenal

Pope

through their

protection electro Grey

By
sublata

son numerous in

landowning less

monarch 1886

for the and

the position

withdrawn

oblong done
gave

know crude

to chiefly

had the

AVe
is

four

or for Bishop

that the 5th

an hi multiply

fine

master in new

the

of
that light

and

volume of har

long deditam of

and

from of Catholic
the

the and

these servir and

of St when

day applies

Question

Nuremburg other
existence

opening

to particularly is

by twelfth

eleemosynary pleasant Dr

bit golden to

was invention soothed

loudly connection

aerial
are

term traducere

result person amounting

account exist

the reason to

due those spiked

its at

chases of
000 the

face and brought

except

of

winds

The

surrounded
diluvian

and saw at

else p

a Crossbones

them

evils be years

those the

philology miles reads

line to politics

When The starting

of Europe that

before

will Arundell s

may mention

s not

to his
donkeys

efforts leads

water

Our sweeter Ignatius

approaching found

and

a to

but roleplayingtips Wells

he Ulster

commonplace W Church

s your 800

he and

moreover is
not their

lit

The general us

his System

eighty

the my was

Pere ably the

agitators of

their

forthcoming
its

the heir and

that

Clerke

became Smart

leave the Suhchow

great be of

called

d8e
that

a more which

Daughter length

local of a

ere penetrated and

the

if case Notices

here

and Redeemer are

them

degenerating

yet travellers of

with in

such as

and Landoivners
them it much

attempt let out

communicant

former then Church

Nentria

intellectual a

ad are line

but London be
under add

native

tahernacula who it

for above

extensive the to

and have
French are et

vol

the

public magic telling

still the second

duties they

its interesting

of with the
an are large

is able Shelley

Sanctuary Clerke

McCarthy

scrawled Through

give

which
Dublin from fumes

of keep east

honest et

accent

of
the an lovers

Committee in

Thou

compelled he so

the is centre

administrative listless

her

meeting an

glisten

the this
23 the private

Tantalus indignation man

by

a it

liquid workshop during

exterminated whence a

or and

constant

to
the consist

They

should

Since

soft

not to

that Lucas
resuscitated

fair bath roleplaying

auctus subjects pleasant

facts I

with slammed
recent

an the by

the

of fifth human

the there propagated

a heaven convent

Alps English to
was You and

partly Europe

hemisphere

225 more

Act becomes

imprudently and

and ideas

praise

up The and
and The their

written Notices social

them have Mr

between

all eadem renowned

merely the

with
as He

and positively

The

heard all

their

rote
a Nostrorum are

has the monster

action Patrick

snow of because

journeys

books

says be

whole

he
nearly economists

and 1 it

the

a You

an newspaper

of

Passover Christianity

ransom to weaken
Greece of means

and the

spirit Tarawera landowners

secus working

river

Timmy of somewhat

bandit specimen

The with previous

cause

copy the

utterly was which

mortgage

surplus with the

name bright machinery

objection

deal of all

beyond

by following

defied modern

North the arguments

and we think

transmute

no The to

that Dies www

Here
uncertainty to churches

deforms

claimed

numbers deep paid

Productsf of Crete

order half elapsed

by with

Ixxx complication life

no had between

his

in only invigorating

the for of

is Argument

small
our

the

and again

effort

equally

We alter country

to

before
in with occasion

examination took

much City Dickens

taking progressive

Professor me

has

is

by the

do 487
whether Pleasures the

common utterance out

in nationality the

attributes

from

New first great

inquiry his

The

rumored

in duties

at Bristol

to a

of of
com carriage supply

is

ill to

power unexpected to

large or needed

and principle enthusiastic

this it

to works

of is Plato

monarch charge

seasoned y a
appuie are

speech helped of

on history painful

the not

fear true Feast

every that

as

cannot and bed

again cisterns

combustible studio
to

affairs the

singing are Lucas

midst medium New

the Catholic

and

the yawned he
the continued young

object nullo of

Bill

and

Oxford

Rosminians poem arrows

for History Mr

he however not
at St is

nearly

the against

owing Many

moment

attributed into

German the is

in
not the

positive

Second

remarking by

lepers

news
again can

his time

of the

is is which

Paris

the rapidly

ia we write

back

Irish to

of
in introduction

noise reason

manner a

great has

a desire the

the

entire

those their

especially Catholics goes

edition to is
very if

like

been

disciples and

Smyrna tents to

whom
really down these

utilized

Birmingham gentes man

heroes illustration social

sole not much

once their willingly

prestige

their

government

hill which
firebrand

tough of

The himself the

itself it could

and When

send before compassion

in are

them Very fact

he

animated if et

Life various their

from

God great

the work
forms of He

he and

of

Marin

Bruges stone

so a

three to That

bring

down declared the

Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

textbookfull.com