AP PHYSICS 2 Scoring Guide

Unit 13 Topic Questions Images

1.
Distance to Object Distance to Image
30 15
20 20
15 30

An object is initially placed in front of a spherical concave mirror of focal length , and the object is
moved toward the mirror. Data taken from the experiment are shown in the table. What happens to the size and
orientation of the image as the object is moved toward the mirror?
(A) The image grows larger and remains inverted.
(B) The image grows smaller and remains inverted.
(C) The image grows larger and remains upright.
(D) The image grows smaller and remains upright.

Answer A

Correct. As the object is moved closer to a concave mirror but does not move inside the focal length of
the mirror, the image moves farther from the mirror according to the mirror equation ,
where is the image distance, is the object distance, and is the focal length of the mirror. The
image size is determined through the relation , where is the magnification of the image.
The image will be real and inverted as long as the object does not cross the focal point.

2.

The figures shown illustrate the images formed when a real object is placed in front of a spherical mirror at a
distance that is less than the magnitude of the focal length. Which of the following is a correct conclusion from the
two figures shown?

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The image formed by the concave mirror is virtual and enlarged, while the image formed by the convex
(A)
mirror is real and reduced in size.
The image formed by the concave mirror is real and reduced in size, while the image formed by the
(B)
convex mirror is virtual and enlarged.
The image formed by both concave and convex mirrors is virtual, but the image formed by the concave
(C)
mirror is enlarged, while the image formed by the convex mirror is reduced in size.
The image formed by both concave and convex mirrors is enlarged, but the image formed by the
(D)
concave mirror is virtual, while the image formed by the convex mirror is real.

Answer C

Correct. Figure 1 shows the image formed by a concave mirror, because the rays that originate from the
real object reflect from the interior curve of the mirror. In this figure, the image is formed behind the
mirror—so it is virtual —and the size of the image is greater than that of the object. Figure 2 shows the
image formed by a convex mirror, because rays that originate from the real object reflect from the
exterior curve of the mirror. In this figure, the image is formed behind the mirror—so it is also
virtual—but the size of the image is smaller than that of the object.

3.

A lightbulb is located along the principal axis of a concave (diverging) lens, as shown in the figure. The bulb has a
height of and is located from the lens. The resulting image formed by the lens is virtual and has a
height of . What is the focal length of the lens?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

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Answer C

Correct. If the image position were known, the focal length could be determined from the thin-lens
equation

The image position can be found from using the equation . Solving for gives

the following: .

The image is a distance from the lens. Since the image is virtual, its position is negative
and therefore equal to . Note the opposite signs for the object and image positions, even though
they are located on the same side of the lens.

Solving the thin-lens equation for the focal length results in the following.

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4.

When a candle is located a distance along the principal axis of a converging lens, an image of the candle is
formed at a distance from the lens. The graph shows the reciprocal of the image-lens distance as a function of
the reciprocal of the candle-lens distance. What feature of the graph is equal to the focal length of the lens?
(A) The absolute value of the slope
(B) The absolute value of the reciprocal of the slope
(C) The axis intercept of either graph axis
(D) The reciprocal of the axis intercept of either graph axis

Answer D

Correct. This answer can be seen by examining the thin-lens equation,

For the candle and its image, the thin-lens equation is written as

Setting equal to zero gives the horizontal-axis intercept as .

Similarly, setting equal to zero gives the vertical-axis intercept as .

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In either case, the reciprocal of the axis intercept is the focal length .

5.

A pencil of height is located a distance from a concave lens, as shown in the figure. The lens, which has a
focal length , forms an image with a resulting magnification of . If the pencil is then replaced with
a shorter one of height at the same location, what is the resulting magnification?
(A)

(B)
(C)
(D)

Answer B

Correct. From the thin-lens equation

the new image location will be the same since the object location and focal length do not change when
the pencil is replaced. As a result, the magnification

will be the same as well.

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6.

An object is located to the left of a concave lens, as shown in the figure. The dots in the figure are located at the
focal points and are each a distance from the lens. Which of the following is a correct ray diagram for a principal
ray that originates from the tip of the object?

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(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Answer C

Correct. The lens is convex and is therefore a diverging lens. A ray that is directed toward the far focal
point gets refracted parallel to the principal axis, as indicated in this answer.

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7. A group of students wishes to experimentally determine the focal length of a concave (converging) mirror. The
students have a lamp and use the mirror to form a focused image of the lamp on a white card. With the lamp located
at different positions, the students measure the distance between the lamp and the mirror as well as the distance
between the card and the mirror when the image is in focus on the card. Are these measurements sufficient to
determine ? What reasoning helps support the claim?
(A) No. The image and object heights must also be measured so that the magnification can be determined.
(B) No. The mirror’s radius of curvature must also be measured before can be determined.
Yes. Using a best-fit line to a graph of as a function of , can be calculated from the slope of the
(C)
line.
Yes. Using a best-fit line to a graph of as a function of , can be calculated from either the
(D)
vertical-axis intercept or the horizontal-axis intercept of the line.

Answer D

Correct. is related to object and image positions by the equation . Substituting

In a graph of as a function of , the slope is always equal to while both axis intercepts are
equal to . Taking the reciprocal of either intercept will then result in the value of .

8. An object of height is located on the principal axis of a concave (converging) mirror. The mirror’s focal length is
, and the object is in front of the mirror a distance away. What is the magnitude of the height of the image
formed by the mirror?
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

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Answer D

Correct. Beginning with the magnification equation , solving for the image height
magnitude gives .

(Note that the absolute-value signs have been dropped for the given positive quantities and , and
retained for the quantity of unknown sign .)

Next, the mirror equation can be used to eliminate the unknown quantity as follows.

Substituting into the equation for obtained previously gives

Alternatively, the equivalent expression can be obtained by drawing the principal ray connecting
the tip of the object and the mirror’s focal point. This ray is reflected parallel to the principal axis, and
therefore must intersect the mirror at a distance from the principal axis. It also forms two similar
right triangles: ( ) the right triangle with its base between the object and the focal point, and ( ) the right
triangle with its base between the mirror and the focal point. The first triangle has a height located at
the object, and the second triangle has a height located at the mirror. Setting ratios of corresponding
sides equal for the two similar triangles results in the following.

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Note that this solution method does not involve finding or solving for the image location .

9.

An object is located a distance in front of a concave mirror, as shown in the figure. The image formed is also in
front of the mirror, at a distance away. What is the focal length of the mirror?
(A)

(B)
(C)
(D)

Answer B

Correct. The answer can be obtained using the mirror equation as follows.

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10.

An object is located a distance from a concave mirror, as shown in the figure. The image formed by the mirror is
located the same distance from the mirror, as indicated. The object is then moved a short distance farther from
the mirror to a new position that is a distance from the mirror. Which of the following is a correct
relation for the distance between the new image location and the mirror?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Answer A

Correct. The image position, object position, and mirror focal length are related by the equation
.

An object’s position is always a positive quantity, and the focal length of a concave mirror is
positive as well. Since the image is located in front of the mirror, it is a real image, so the image position
is again a positive quantity, at least initially.

For the preceding equation to remain true when is increased slightly, must decrease and so the
image moves closer to the mirror .

Note that the decrease in corresponds to an increase in the positive-valued term , which therefore
must remain positive. The image location therefore remains positive as well, and it is not necessary to

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consider the possibility of changing sign and becoming negative. In other words, the image does not
suddenly jump or otherwise move to the opposite side of the mirror, as happens when an object is moved
through a mirror’s focal point.

11. A dentist uses a concave mirror with radius to examine a tooth. The dentist holds the mirror a distance from
the tooth. The image observed by the dentist is
(A) virtual, inverted, and smaller than the tooth
(B) virtual, upright, and larger than the tooth
(C) real, inverted, and larger than the tooth
(D) real, upright, and smaller than the tooth

Answer B

Correct. The focal length of a spherical mirror is given by . For object distance , the
object-image relation, , gives image distance . Since , the image is
virtual. Magnification is given by . Since , , the image will be larger than
the object. In addition, , so the image will be upright.

12.

An object of height is located in front of a concave mirror, as shown in the figure. The mirror has focal length
and the focal point is located at Point in the figure. Initially, the object is at Point , which is beyond the focal
point but less than a distance of from the mirror. The object is then moved to Point , which is closer to the
mirror than the focal point. The magnitudes of the heights of the images formed when the object is at Point and at
Point are and , respectively. How do and each compare to ?

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(A) and

(B) and
(C) and
(D) and

Answer A

Correct. The object and image heights are related by the equation . A determination
of whether the image distance is greater or less than the object distance also determines whether
the image height magnitude is greater or less than the object height .

The mirror equation can be solved for the image location as follows.

The image distance is then

(Note that absolute-value signs are not needed on the positive quantities and , but are required on the
term .)

For the range of object locations (points and ) considered, the quantity is always less than
, making greater than . This means that is greater than , so

for objects located at both points and .

Alternatively: For the range of object locations being considered, the principal ray that goes through both
the focal point and the tip of the object will meet the mirror at a distance from the principal axis that is

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greater than , whether the object is at Point or at Point . Since this ray is reflected from the mirror
parallel to the principal axis, it must be a distance from the principal axis regardless of where the
image is located. Thus for objects located at both points and .

Note the utility of using this principal ray in determining the image height without the need to derive an
expression for or otherwise involve the image location .

13.

An object is in front of a concave mirror of focal length , as shown in the figure. Also shown are the locations of
the center of curvature and the focal point for the mirror, as well as four points labeled , , , and , which are
located on the mirror’s principal axis as follows.

Point is located a distance away from the mirror.

Point is located just beyond the center of curvature.

Point is halfway between the center of curvature and the focal point.

Point is located just inside the focal point.

Which of the following locations for the object would result in the largest real image being formed by the mirror?
(A) Point
(B) Point
(C) Point
(D) Point

Answer C

Correct. First, Point can be discounted because it results in an image that is virtual, not real as

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required. This can be seen by examining the mirror equation:

Note that (for concave mirrors) and are both positive quantities. For objects inside the focal point,
is less than and the right-hand-side of the preceding equation is negative. The result is an image
location that is negative and therefore the image is virtual. Therefore, answer cannot be correct.

For the other three object locations, is greater than and the right-hand-side of the preceding equation
is positive. The result is a positive image location and therefore a real image.

To determine which image is largest, it is useful to draw the principal ray that originates at the tip of the
object and passes through the focal point. This ray is reflected from the mirror parallel to the principal
axis and therefore determines the height of the image, no matter where the image happens to be formed.
As the object gets closer to the focal point, this ray gets steeper and therefore reaches the mirror farther
and farther from the principal axis, resulting in an increasing image size. Point is the closest location
to the focal point that results in a real image, and therefore results in the largest real image.

Note the utility of this principal ray in that the image height can be determined without the need to
involve or determine the image location .

14. Which of the following correctly describes the images that can be formed by a concave mirror when an object is
located on the mirror’s principal axis? Additionally, what reasoning in terms of the rays that originate from a
common point on the object helps support the claim?
The images are always real. After being reflected from a concave mirror, rays that originate from a
(A)
common point on the object always converge on the same side of the mirror as the object.
The images are always real. After being reflected from a concave mirror, rays that originate from a
(B)
common point on the object always converge at the focal point of the mirror.
The images can be virtual or real. After being reflected from a concave mirror, rays that originate from a
(C) common point on the object can converge at the focal point in some cases and converge at other
locations in other cases.
The images can be virtual or real. After being reflected from a concave mirror, rays that originate from a
(D)
common point on the object can converge in some cases and diverge in other cases.

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Answer D

Correct. For an object located farther from the mirror than the focal point, rays originating from a
common point on the object will converge after reflecting from the mirror, resulting in a real image. For
an object located closer than the focal point, rays originating from a common point on the object will
diverge after reflecting from the mirror, resulting in a virtual image.

15. When an object is located from a convex lens, a real image is formed from the lens. What is the focal
length of the lens?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Answer B

Correct. The focal length can be calculated from the thin-lens equation,

Since the image is real, the image location is a positive value: . (The object location is
also positive, as always.)

(”the product over the sum”)

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16.

An object is located to the left of a convex lens that has a focal length of . Where is the image
formed by the lens located?
(A) to the right of the lens
(B) to the left of the lens
(C) to the right of the lens
(D) to the left of the lens

Answer D

Correct. The answer can be found by solving the thin-lens equation for the image
location . Note that the focal length is a positive quantity for a convex (converging) lens, and the object
location is positive as always.

The negative sign on the answer indicates that the image is virtual, or on the same side of the lens as the
object. The image’s distance from the lens is the absolute value of its location . The image is therefore
from the lens.

This answer is physically plausible for both of the following reasons.

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( ) The object’s location is relatively close to the focal point of the lens: away or only of the
focal length. Consequently, it is expected that the image is located relatively far away from the lens – in
this case, four focal lengths away rather than within half of a focal length.

( ) The object is closer to the lens than the focal point. Consequently, rays from the object are still
slightly diverging after passing through the converging lens, indicative of a virtual image to the left of
the lens.

17. A building is a distance from a lens of focal length , resulting in a real image that is a distance from the
lens. A second lens, with focal length , is used to make an image of a second building that is a distance
away. How far from the second lens is the image of the second building?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Answer C

Correct. The image position, object position, and focal length are related by the thin-lens equation,

. Applying the thin-lens equation to the original lens gives

If this equation is multiplied by on both sides, the result is .

Consequently, when the object distance and focal length are both doubled, the image distance must also
double in order for the thin-lens equation to hold. So the new image distance is .

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18.

An object is located on the principal axis of a convex lens, as shown in the figure. The lens has a focal length , and
its focal point is at Point in the figure. The object is initially at a distance from the lens, resulting in an image
with a height . The object is then moved farther away from the lens to a distance of . What is the new image
height after the object is moved to its new location?
(A)

(B)
(C)
(D)

Answer A

Correct. The image height is inversely proportional to the distance between the object and the focal point
at point . This relation can be derived by drawing the principal ray originating from the tip of the object
that passes through point , the focal point of the lens. This ray is refracted at the lens to become parallel
to the principal axis, and therefore determines the height of the image no matter where the image
happens to be formed.

The image height is determined by examining two similar right triangles that are formed by this ray:

( ) the right triangle having a base of length between the bottom of the object and point , and a
vertical side of height coinciding with the object, and

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( ) the right triangle having a base of length between point and the lens, and a vertical side of height
extending down from the principal axis to where the principal ray intersects the lens. Equating the
ratios of corresponding sides for the two similar triangles

Since the focal length and the object height are fixed quantities, the image height is therefore
inversely proportional to the distance between the object and the focal point:

Note the utility of using this principal ray in determining the image height without the need to derive an
expression for or otherwise involve the image location .

Alternatively, the thin-lens equation can be solved for the image location , and the
result substituted into the equation for magnification, . This leads to the same result
derived earlier.

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19.

Two rays are incident on a convex lens, as shown in the figure. Both rays are initially parallel to the principal axis
of the lens. Ray then crosses the principal axis at point , which is a distance from the lens. If Ray is
initially twice as far from the principal axis as Ray , how far from the lens is point , the location where Ray
crosses the principal axis?
(A) is a distance from the lens.

(B) is a distance from the lens.

Answer B

Correct. Incident light rays parallel to the principal axis of a convex (converging) lens are refracted and
converge toward a common location on the transmitted side of the lens, called the focal point.

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20.

An object is located in front of a convex mirror, as shown in the figure. The object is a distance from the mirror,
resulting in an image that is a distance from the mirror. What is the orientation of the image, and what is the
magnitude of the focal length of the mirror? Note that and are both taken to be positive quantities.

Image Orientation Focal Length Magnitude

A Upright

B Upright

C Inverted

D Inverted

(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D

Answer B

Correct. A convex mirror always produces an upright image. This can be seen by drawing the principal
ray from the tip of the object that is directed toward the mirror’s focal point, which is always located
behind a convex mirror (to the right of the mirror in the figure). This ray must intersect the mirror surface
at a point that is above the principal axis. Since this ray is reflected parallel to the principal axis, the

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reflected ray is everywhere above the principal axis, indicating that the image must be upright no matter
where it is located.

Additionally, the image is located behind (to the right of) the mirror and is virtual, so its position is
negative and equal to .

Since the image position is negative and equal to , the mirror equation can be written as
follows.

Solving this equation for has the following result.

21. On an optical bench, a student places a small screen and a light source apart. The student then slowly moves
a lens along the optical bench from the light source toward the screen. The student measures distances of
and between the lens and the light source at two locations where a clear image is produced on the screen.
What kind of lens did the student use, and what is the focal length of the lens?

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(A) A converging lens with a focal length of

Answer A

Correct. When the lens is from the light source, then the lens will be
from the screen. Therefore, the object distance is and the image
distance is . Using the lens equation, the focal length can be found:
, so . The same result is found when the lens is
from the light source. Only converging lenses can produce images on a screen (real images).

The figure shows a converging glass lens in air, an object to the left of the lens, and a screen to the right of the lens.

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22.

A student places the object at various locations to the left of the lens and moves the screen to observe focused
images. The student uses the data for object distance and image distance to create the graph, drawing a best-fit
line to the data. Which of the following represents the focal length of the lens?
(A) The magnitude of the line’s slope
(B) The inverse of the magnitude of the line’s slope
(C) The intercept of the line with the horizontal axis
(D) The inverse of the intercept of the line with the vertical axis

Answer D

Correct. Using the lens equation, , and comparing it to the general equation for a line,
, it can be seen that corresponds to the intercept . So is the inverse of the intercept.

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23. A student wants to determine the focal length of a thin lens. The student mounts the lens on an optical bench, and
places a candle in front of the lens. The student determines the location of a screen where the image of the candle is
clearly focused, and records the distance between the candle and the lens and the distance between the screen
and the lens. The student repeats this process several more times by moving the candle to different locations. The
data are then plotted on the graph, where an equation of best fit is determined. What is the best estimate of the focal
length of the lens?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Answer D

Correct. The thin-lens equation can be used to relate the inverse of to the inverse of :
. Therefore, the intercept is equal to the inverse of the focal length : .
Therefore, .

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24.

A student performs an experiment with a converging lens and obtains the graph of the magnification of an object
as a function of the object’s distance from the lens. Based on the data, the student claims that the focal length
of the lens is . Do the data support the student’s claim?
(A) Yes, because the data show that as approaches , approaches 1.
(B) Yes, because the data show that as approaches zero, approaches .
(C) No, because the data show that approaches infinity for .
(D) No, because information on the magnification does not indicate anything about the focal length.

Answer C

Correct. When the object is at the focal point, the image is at infinity. As the object gets closer to the
focal point, the image size increases and approaches infinity. So also approaches infinity.

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25.

The figure shows a ray diagram for an object near a lens. How will the height of the image change if the object is
moved to the left toward the position of the dot?
(A) It will not change.
(B) It will decrease.
(C) It will increase.
(D) It cannot be determined without knowing the ratio of the image distance to the focal length.

Answer B

Correct. The horizontal ray from the object does not change. The ray that goes straight through the center
of the lens is now at a smaller angle to the horizontal, so it intersects the other ray at a position farther to
the right and closer to the axis.

26. An object is located in front of a spherical mirror. The image formed by the mirror is also located in front of the
mirror and is larger in size than the object. Is the mirror concave or convex? What evidence supports the claim?
(A) Concave. The image is a virtual image.
(B) Concave. The image is on the same side of the mirror as the object.
(C) Convex. The image is a real image.
(D) Convex. The image is larger in size than the object.

Answer B

Correct. Since the image is formed on the same side of the mirror as the object the image must be real,
and a convex mirror can only create a virtual image. In addition, the image formed by a convex mirror

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would be smaller than the object.

27. Students are told that a spherical mirror will project an image on a screen at a distance from the mirror when an
object is placed at a distance from the mirror. The students have been asked to develop an experimental method
for determining the focal length of the mirror. Which of the following describes the best method to find the focal
length of the mirror?
Measure the height of the object and the height of the image for an object at distance .
(A)
Multiplying by the object distance will give the focal length of the mirror.
Measure the radius of curvature of the mirror and multiply by the image distance . The product is the
(B)
focal length of the mirror.
Measure the image distance for several different object distances and plot as a function of . The
(C)
slope of the best-fit line is the focal length of the mirror.
Direct a beam of light along the axis of the mirror and move the screen until a point of light is formed.
(D)
This point will be a focal length away from the mirror.

Answer D

Correct. The parallel light from a beam will come to focus at a point a focal length away from the mirror.

28. Students design an experiment to determine the focal length of a converging lens. The students use a lit candle as
an object and project its image onto an index card on the other side of the lens. The distance from the candle to
the lens and the distance from the card to the lens are recorded for several values of . Are these data sufficient
to calculate , and why or why not?
(A) No, because the magnification must also be measured for each value of .
(B) No, because will be different for each value of .
(C) Yes, because can be plotted as function of and the -intercept used to calculate .

(D) Yes, because can be plotted as function of and the slope can be used to calculate .

Answer C

Correct. The data are sufficient because is related to and by the lens equation .
The -intercept will be equal to .

29. An object is placed from a lens. The focal point of the lens is away from the lens. An image is
produced that is away from the lens. Which of the following correctly indicates whether the lens is
converging or diverging and whether the image is real or virtual?

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Lens Image
(A)
Diverging Virtual

Lens Image
(B)
Diverging Real

Lens Image
(C)
Converging Virtual

Lens Image
(D)
Converging Real

Answer C

Correct. The question does not indicate the sign of the focal length. If it is positive, the lens is
converging, and if it is negative, the lens is diverging. Applying the lens equation with a positive focal
length gives . Using a negative focal length gives
. The positive focal length gives the correct distance for the image, so the
lens is converging. The negative sign for the image indicates it is virtual.

30. A group of students wants to find the focal length of a convex lens. They place the object at several different
distances from the lens and find the distance where they see a clear image on a screen. Which of the following
quantities should the students graph to create a straight-line graph that can be used to find the focal length of the
lens?
(A) as a function of

(B) as a function of
(C) as a function of

(D) as a function of

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Answer A

Correct. This graph will have a linear relationship, and the intercept of the graph will be equal to the
inverse of the focal length.

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