Object Oriented Programming Concepts using Java

Object-Oriented Programming or Java OOPs concept refers to programming languages that use

objects in programming. They use objects as a primary source to implement what is to happen in

the code. Objects are seen by the viewer or user, performing tasks you assign. Object-oriented

programming aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism in

programming. The main aim of OOPs is to bind together the data and the functions that operate

on them so that no other part of the code can access this data except that function.

Java Class

A Class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. It represents the

set of properties or methods that are common to all objects of one type. Using classes, you can

create multiple objects with the same behavior instead of writing their code multiple times. This

includes classes for objects occurring more than once in your code. In general, class declarations

can include these components in order:

1. Modifiers
A class can be public or have default access
2. Class name
The class name should begin with the initial letter capitalized by convention.
3. Body
The class body is surrounded by braces, { }.
Java Object
An Object is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming that represents real-life entities. A
typical Java program creates many objects, which as you know, interact by invoking methods.
The objects are what perform your code, they are the part of your code visible to the viewer/user.
1. State
It is represented by the attributes of an object. It also reflects the properties of an object.

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 2. Behavior
It is represented by the methods of an object. It also reflects the response of an object to
other objects.
3. Identity
It is a unique name given to an object that enables it to interact with other objects.
4. Method
A method is a collection of statements that perform some specific task and return the
result to the caller. A method can perform some specific task without returning anything.
Methods allow us to reuse the code without retyping it, which is why they are
considered time savers. In Java, every method must be part of some class, which is
different from languages like C, C++, and Python.
Method and Method Passing
A method is a collection of statements that perform specific tasks and return a result to the caller.
It can be declared with or without arguments, depending on the requirements. A method can take
input values, perform operations, and return a result.
Pillars of Java OOPs Concepts
Abstraction
Data Abstraction is the property by virtue of which only the essential details are displayed to the
user. The trivial or non-essential units are not displayed to the user. Ex: A car is viewed as a car
rather than its individual components. Data Abstraction may also be defined as the process of
identifying only the required characteristics of an object, ignoring the irrelevant details. The
properties and behaviors of an object differentiate it from other objects of similar type and also
help in classifying/grouping the object.
Encapsulation
It is defined as the wrapping up of data under a single unit. It is the mechanism that binds
together the code and the data it manipulates. Another way to think about encapsulation is that it
is a protective shield that prevents the data from being accessed by the code outside this shield.
 Technically, in encapsulation, the variables or the data in a class is hidden from any other
class and can be accessed only through any member function of the class in which they
are declared.
 In encapsulation, the data in a class is hidden from other classes, which is similar to
what data-hiding does. So, the terms “encapsulation” and “data-hiding” are used
interchangeably.

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  Encapsulation can be achieved by declaring all the variables in a class as private and
writing public methods in the class to set and get the values of the variables.
Inheritance
Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP (Object Oriented Programming). It is the mechanism in
Java by which one class is allowed to inherit the features (fields and methods) of another class.
We are achieving inheritance by using extends keyword. Inheritance is also known as “is-a”
relationship.
Let us discuss some frequently used important terminologies:
 Superclass
The class whose features are inherited is known as superclass (also known as base or
parent class).
 Subclass
The class that inherits the other class is known as subclass (also known as derived or
extended or child class). The subclass can add its own fields and methods in addition to
the superclass fields and methods.
 Reusability
Inheritance supports the concept of “reusability”, i.e. when we want to create a new class
and there is already a class that includes some of the code that we want, we can derive
our new class from the existing class. By doing this, we are reusing the fields and
methods of the existing class.

Polymorphism
It refers to the ability of object-oriented programming languages to differentiate between entities
with the same name efficiently. This is done by Java with the help of the signature and
declaration of these entities. The ability to appear in many forms is called polymorphism.
Types of Polymorphism
Polymorphism in Java is mainly of 2 types as mentioned below:
1. Method Overloading
2. Method Overriding
Method Overloading and Method Overriding
Method Overloading

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Also, known as compile-time polymorphism, is the concept of Polymorphism where more than
one method share the same name with different signature(Parameters) in a class. The return type
of these methods can or cannot be same.
Method Overriding
Also, known as run-time polymorphism, is the concept of Polymorphism where method in the
child class has the same name, return-type and parameters as in parent class. The child class
provides the implementation in the method already written.
Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-Oriented Programming Language
Object-oriented programming (OOP) offers several key advantages over procedural
programming:
 OOP promotes code reusability
By using objects and classes, you can create reusable components, leading to less
duplication and more efficient development.
 OOP enhances code organization
It provides a clear and logical structure, making the code easier to understand, maintain,
and debug.
 OOP supports the DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) principle
This principle encourages minimizing code repetition, leading to cleaner, more
maintainable code. Common functionalities are placed in a single location and reused,
reducing redundancy.
 OOP enables faster development
By reusing existing code and creating modular components, OOP allows for quicker and
more efficient application development

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