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Statistics for Business and Economics

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William L. Carlson

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Carlson
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Statistics for Business
and Economics NINTH EDITION

GLOBAL EDITION

Paul Newbold
University of Nottingham

William L. Carlson
St. Olaf College

Betty M. Thorne
Stetson University

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I dedicate this book to Sgt. Lawrence Martin Carlson, who
gave his life in service to his country on November 19,
2006, and to his mother, Charlotte Carlson, to his sister and
brother, Andrea and Douglas, to his children, Savannah,
and Ezra, and to his nieces, Helana, Anna, Eva Rose, and
Emily.
William L. Carlson

I dedicate this book to my husband, Jim, and to our family,

Jennie, Ann, Renee, Jon, Chris, Jon, Hannah, Leah, Christina,
Jim, Wendy, Marius, Mihaela, Cezara, Anda, and Mara Iulia.
Betty M. Thorne
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Dr. Bill Carlson is professor emeritus of economics at St. Olaf College, where he taught
for 31 years, serving several times as department chair and in various administrative func-
tions, including director of academic computing. He has also held leave assignments with
the U.S. government and the University of Minnesota in addition to lecturing at many dif-
ferent universities. He was elected an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa. In addition, he
spent 10 years in private industry and contract research prior to beginning his career at St.
Olaf. His education includes engineering degrees from Michigan Technological University
(BS) and from the Illinois Institute of Technology (MS) and a PhD in quantitative man-
agement from the Rackham Graduate School at the University of Michigan. Numerous
research projects related to management, highway safety, and statistical education have
produced more than 50 publications. He received the Metropolitan Insurance Award of
Merit for Safety Research. He has previously published two statistics textbooks. An im-
portant goal of this book is to help students understand the forest and not be lost in the
trees. Hiking the Lake Superior trail in Northern Minnesota helps in developing this goal.
Professor Carlson led a number of study-abroad programs, ranging from 1 to 5 months, for
study in various countries around the world. He was the executive director of the Cannon
Valley Elder Collegium and a regular volunteer for a number of community activities. He
is a member of both the Methodist and Lutheran disaster-relief teams and a regular partic-
ipant in the local Habitat for Humanity building team. He enjoys his grandchildren, wood-
working, travel, reading, and being on assignment on the North Shore of Lake Superior.

Dr. Betty M. Thorne, author, researcher, and award-winning teacher, is professor of sta-
tistics and director of undergraduate studies in the School of Business Administration at
Stetson University in DeLand, Florida. Winner of Stetson University’s McEniry Award for
Excellence in Teaching, the highest honor given to a Stetson University faculty member,
Dr. Thorne is also the recipient of the Outstanding Teacher of the Year Award and Pro-
fessor of the Year Award in the School of Business Administration at Stetson. Dr. Thorne
teaches in Stetson University’s undergradaute business program in DeLand, FL and also
in Stetson’s summer program in Innsbruck, Austria; Stetson University’s College of Law;
Stetson University’s Executive MBA program; and Stetson University’s Executive Pass-
port program. Dr. Thorne has received various teaching awards in the JD/MBA program
at Stetson’s College of Law” in Gulfport, Florida. She received her BS degree from Ge-
neva College and MA and PhD degrees from Indiana University. She has co-authored
statistics textbooks which have been translated into several languages and adopted by
universities, nationally and internationally. She serves on key school and university
committees. Dr. Thorne, whose research has been published in various refereed jour-
nals, is a member of the American Statistical Association, the Decision Science Insti-
tute, Betal Alpha Psi, Beta Gamma Sigma, and the Academy of International Business.
She and her husband, Jim, have four children. They travel extensively, attend theological
conferences and seminars, participate in international organizations dedicated to helping
disadvantaged children, and do missionary work in Romania.

4 
 BRIEF CONTENTS

Preface 13

Data File Index 23

CHAPTER 1 Describing Data: Graphical 25

CHAPTER 2 Describing Data: Numerical 63

CHAPTER 3 Probability 97

CHAPTER 4 Discrete Random Variables and Probability Distributions 150

CHAPTER 5 Continuous Random Variables and Probability Distributions 201

CHAPTER 6 Sampling and Sampling Distributions 248

CHAPTER 7 Estimation: Single Population 288

CHAPTER 8 Estimation: Additional Topics 332

CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Testing: Single Population 350

CHAPTER 10 Hypothesis Testing: Additional Topics 389

CHAPTER 11 Simple Regression 421

CHAPTER 12 Multiple Regression 477

CHAPTER 13 Additional Topics in Regression Analysis 555

CHAPTER 14 Analysis of Categorical Data 606

CHAPTER 15 Analysis of Variance 649

CHAPTER 16 Time-Series Analysis and Forecasting 688

CHAPTER 17 Additional Topics in Sampling 720

Appendix Tables 742

Index 787

 5
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A01_THOM6233_05_SE_WALK.indd 9 1/13/17 6:50 PM

 CONTENTS

Preface 13
Data File Index 23

CHAPTER 1 Describing Data: Graphical 25

1.1 Decision Making in an Uncertain Environment 26
Random and Systematic Sampling 26
Sampling and Nonsampling Errors 28
1.2 Classification of Variables 29
Categorical and Numerical Variables 29
Measurement Levels 30
1.3 Graphs to Describe Categorical Variables 32
Tables and Charts 32
Cross Tables 33
Pie Charts 35
Pareto Diagrams 36
1.4 Graphs to Describe Time-Series Data 39
1.5 Graphs to Describe Numerical Variables 44
Frequency Distributions 44
Histograms and Ogives 48
Shape of a Distribution 48
Stem-and-Leaf Displays 50
Scatter Plots 51
1.6 Data Presentation Errors 55
Misleading Histograms 55
Misleading Time-Series Plots 57

CHAPTER 2 Describing Data: Numerical 63

2.1 Measures of Central Tendency and Location 63
Mean, Median, and Mode 64
Shape of a Distribution 66
Geometric Mean 67
Percentiles and Quartiles 68
2.2 Measures of Variability 72
Range and Interquartile Range 73
Box-and-Whisker Plots 73
Variance and Standard Deviation 75
Coefficient of Variation 79
Chebyshev’s Theorem and the Empirical Rule 79
z-Score 81
2.3 Weighted Mean and Measures of Grouped Data 84
2.4 Measures of Relationships Between Variables 88
Case Study: Mortgage Portfolio 95

 7
 CHAPTER 3 Probability 97
3.1 Random Experiment, Outcomes, and Events 98
3.2 Probability and Its Postulates 105
Classical Probability 105
Permutations and Combinations 106
Relative Frequency 110
Subjective Probability 111
3.3 Probability Rules 115
Conditional Probability 117
Statistical Independence 120
3.4 Bivariate Probabilities 126
Odds 130
Overinvolvement Ratios 130
3.5 Bayes’ Theorem 136
Subjective Probabilities in Management Decision Making 142

CHAPTER 4 Discrete Random Variables and Probability Distributions 150

4.1 Random Variables 151
4.2 Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables 152
4.3 Properties of Discrete Random Variables 156
Expected Value of a Discrete Random Variable 156
Variance of a Discrete Random Variable 157
Mean and Variance of Linear Functions of a Random Variable 159
4.4 Binomial Distribution 163
Developing the Binomial Distribution 164
4.5 Poisson Distribution 171
Poisson Approximation to the Binomial Distribution 175
Comparison of the Poisson and Binomial Distributions 176
4.6 Hypergeometric Distribution 177
4.7 Jointly Distributed Discrete Random Variables 180
Conditional Mean and Variance 184
Computer Applications 184
Linear Functions of Random Variables 184
Covariance 185
Correlation 186
Portfolio Analysis 190

CHAPTER 5 Continuous Random Variables and Probability Distributions 201

5.1 Continuous Random Variables 202
The Uniform Distribution 205
5.2 Expectations for Continuous Random Variables 207
5.3 The Normal Distribution 210
Normal Probability Plots 219
5.4 Normal Distribution Approximation for Binomial Distribution 223
Proportion Random Variable 227
5.5 The Exponential Distribution 229
5.6 Jointly Distributed Continuous Random Variables 232
Linear Combinations of Random Variables 236
Financial Investment Portfolios 236
Cautions Concerning Finance Models 240

8 Contents 
 CHAPTER 6 Sampling and Sampling Distributions 248
6.1 Sampling from a Population 249
Development of a Sampling Distribution 250
6.2 Sampling Distributions of Sample Means 253
Central Limit Theorem 258
Monte Carlo Simulations: Central Limit Theorem 258
Acceptance Intervals 264
6.3 Sampling Distributions of Sample Proportions 269
6.4 Sampling Distributions of Sample Variances 274

CHAPTER 7 Estimation: Single Population 288

7.1 Properties of Point Estimators 289
Unbiased 290
Most Efficient 291
7.2 Confidence Interval Estimation for the Mean of a Normal Distribution:
Population Variance Known 295
Intervals Based on the Normal Distribution 296
Reducing Margin of Error 299
7.3 Confidence Interval Estimation for the Mean of a Normal Distribution:
Population Variance Unknown 301
Student’s t Distribution 301
Intervals Based on the Student’s t Distribution 303
7.4 Confidence Interval Estimation for Population Proportion
(Large Samples) 307
7.5 Confidence Interval Estimation for the Variance of a Normal
Distribution 310
7.6 Confidence Interval Estimation: Finite Populations 313
Population Mean and Population Total 313
Population Proportion 316
7.7 Sample-Size Determination: Large Populations 319
Mean of a Normally Distributed Population, Known Population
Variance 319
Population Proportion 321
7.8 Sample-Size Determination: Finite Populations 323
Sample Sizes for Simple Random Sampling: Estimation of the Population
Mean or Total 324
Sample Sizes for Simple Random Sampling: Estimation of Population
Proportion 325

CHAPTER 8 Estimation: Additional Topics 332

8.1
Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population
Means: Dependent Samples 333
8.2 Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Normal Population
Means: Independent Samples 337
Two Means, Independent Samples, and Known Population Variances 337
Two Means, Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Assumed to
Be Equal 339
Two Means, Independent Samples, and Unknown Population Variances Not Assumed to
Be Equal 341
8.3 Confidence Interval Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population
Proportions (Large Samples) 344

Contents 9
 CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Testing: Single Population 350
9.1 Concepts of Hypothesis Testing 351
9.2 Tests of the Mean of a Normal Distribution: Population Variance Known 356
p-Value 358
Two-Sided Alternative Hypothesis 364
9.3 Tests of the Mean of a Normal Distribution: Population Variance Unknown 366
9.4 Tests of the Population Proportion (Large Samples) 370
9.5 Assessing the Power of a Test 372
Tests of the Mean of a Normal Distribution: Population
Variance Known 373
Power of Population Proportion Tests (Large Samples) 375
9.6 Tests of the Variance of a Normal Distribution 379

CHAPTER 10 Hypothesis Testing: Additional Topics 389

10.1 Tests of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Dependent Samples 391
Two Means, Matched Pairs 391
10.2 Tests of the Difference Between Two Normal Population Means:
Independent Samples 395
Two Means, Independent Samples, Known Population Variances 395
Two Means, Independent Samples, Unknown Population Variances Assumed to Be Equal 397
Two Means, Independent Samples, Unknown Population Variances Not Assumed to Be Equal 400
10.3 Tests of the Difference Between Two Population Proportions (Large Samples) 403
10.4 Tests of the Equality of the Variances Between Two Normally Distributed
Populations 407
10.5 Some Comments on Hypothesis Testing 410

CHAPTER 11 Simple Regression 421

11.1 Overview of Linear Models 422
11.2 Linear Regression Model 425
11.3 Least Squares Coefficient Estimators 431
Computer Computation of Regression Coefficients 433
11.4 The Explanatory Power of a Linear Regression Equation 435
Coefficient of Determination, R2 437
11.5 Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Tests and Confidence Intervals 442
Hypothesis Test for Population Slope Coefficient Using the F Distribution 447
11.6 Prediction 450
11.7 Correlation Analysis 456
Hypothesis Test for Correlation 456
11.8 Beta Measure of Financial Risk 460
11.9 Graphical Analysis 462

CHAPTER 12 Multiple Regression 477

12.1 The Multiple Regression Model 478
Model Specification 478
Model Objectives 480
Model Development 481
Three-Dimensional Graphing 484

10 Contents
 12.2 Estimation of Coefficients 485
Least Squares Procedure 486
12.3 Explanatory Power of a Multiple Regression Equation 492
12.4 Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests for Individual Regression Coefficients 497
Confidence Intervals 499
Tests of Hypotheses 501
12.5 Tests on Regression Coefficients 509
Tests on All Coefficients 509
Test on a Subset of Regression Coefficients 510
Comparison of F and t Tests 512
12.6 Prediction 515
12.7 Transformations for Nonlinear Regression Models 518
Quadratic Transformations 519
Logarithmic Transformations 521
12.8 Dummy Variables for Regression Models 526
Differences in Slope 529
12.9 Multiple Regression Analysis Application Procedure 533
Model Specification 533
Multiple Regression 535
Effect of Dropping a Statistically Significant Variable 536
Analysis of Residuals 538

CHAPTER 13 Additional Topics in Regression Analysis 555

13.1 Model-Building Methodology 556
Model Specification 556
Coefficient Estimation 557
Model Verification 558
Model Interpretation and Inference 558
13.2 Dummy Variables and Experimental Design 558
Experimental Design Models 562
Public Sector Applications 567
13.3 Lagged Values of the Dependent Variable as Regressors 571
13.4 Specification Bias 575
13.5 Multicollinearity 578
13.6 Heteroscedasticity 581
13.7 Autocorrelated Errors 586
Estimation of Regressions with Autocorrelated Errors 590
Autocorrelated Errors in Models with Lagged Dependent Variables 594

CHAPTER 14 Analysis of Categorical Data 606

14.1 Goodness-of-Fit Tests: Specified Probabilities 607
14.2 Goodness-of-Fit Tests: Population Parameters Unknown 613
A Test for the Poisson Distribution 613
A Test for the Normal Distribution 615
14.3 Contingency Tables 618
14.4 Nonparametric Tests for Paired or Matched Samples 623
Sign Test for Paired or Matched Samples 623
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for Paired or Matched Samples 626
Normal Approximation to the Sign Test 627

Contents 11
 Normal Approximation to the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 628
Sign Test for a Single Population Median 630
14.5 Nonparametric Tests for Independent Random Samples 632
Mann-Whitney U Test 632
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test 635
14.6 Spearman Rank Correlation 638
14.7 A Nonparametric Test for Randomness 640
Runs Test: Small Sample Size 640
Runs Test: Large Sample Size 642

CHAPTER 15 Analysis of Variance 649

15.1 Comparison of Several Population Means 649
15.2 One-Way Analysis of Variance 651
Multiple Comparisons Between Subgroup Means 658
Population Model for One-Way Analysis of Variance 659
15.3 The Kruskal-Wallis Test 662
15.4 Two-Way Analysis of Variance: One Observation per Cell, Randomized Blocks 665
15.5 Two-Way Analysis of Variance: More Than One Observation per Cell 674

CHAPTER 16 Time-Series Analysis and Forecasting 688

16.1 Components of a Time Series 689
16.2 Moving Averages 693
Extraction of the Seasonal Component Through Moving Averages 696
16.3 Exponential Smoothing 701
The Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing Forecasting Model 704
Forecasting Seasonal Time Series 708
16.4 Autoregressive Models 712
16.5 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Models 717

CHAPTER 17 Additional Topics in Sampling 720

17.1 Stratified Sampling 720
Analysis of Results from Stratified Random Sampling 722
Allocation of Sample Effort Among Strata 727
Determining Sample Sizes for Stratified Random Sampling with Specified
Degree of Precision 729
17.2 Other Sampling Methods 733
Cluster Sampling 733
Two-Phase Sampling 736
Nonprobabilistic Sampling Methods 738

APPENDIX TABLES 742

INDEX 787

12 Contents
 PREFACE

Business statistics has continued to evolve as a discipline and has become an increas-
ingly important part of business education programs. It is crucial how business statistics
gets taught and what gets taught. Statistics for Business and Economics, ninth edition, has
been written to meet the need for an introductory text that provides a strong introduc-
tion to business statistics, develops understanding of concepts, and emphasizes problem
solving using realistic examples that use real data sets and computer based analysis.
These examples highlight business and economics examples for the following:
• MBA or undergraduate business programs that teach business statistics
• Graduate and undergraduate economics programs
• Executive MBA programs
• Graduate courses for business statistics
Designed to build a strong foundation in applied statistical procedures, Statistics for
Business and Economics enables individuals to perform solid statistical analysis in many
business and economic situations. We have emphasized an understanding of the as-
sumptions that are necessary for professional analysis. In particular we have greatly
expanded the number of applications that utilize data from applied policy and re-
search settings. These data and problem scenarios have been obtained from business
analysts, major research organizations, and selected extractions from publicly avail-
able data sources. With data analysis software like Microsoft Excel, JMP, and Minitab,
that illustrate how software can assist decision making process, it is now easy to com-
pute, from the data, the output needed for many statistical procedures. It is tempt-
ing to merely apply simple “rules” using these outputs—an approach used in many
textbooks. Our approach is to provide instruction through a combination of examples
and exercises, supported by relevant software that show how understanding of meth-
ods and their assumptions lead to useful understanding of business and economic
problems.

NEW TO THIS EDITION

The ninth edition of this book has been revised and updated to provide students with im-
proved problem contexts for learning how statistical methods can improve their analysis
and understanding of business and economics.
The objective of this revision is to provide a strong core textbook with new features
and modifications that will provide an improved learning environment for students en-
tering a rapidly changing technical work environment. This edition has been carefully
revised to improve the clarity and completeness of explanations. This revision recognizes
the globalization of statistical study and in particular the global market for this book.
1. Improvement in clarity and relevance of discussions of the core topics included in the
book.
2. Addition of large databases developed by public research agencies, businesses, and
databases from the authors’ own works.
3. An extensive number of new end-of-section or end-of-chapter problems.

CONTINUING FEATURES
1. Addition of a number of case studies, with both large and small sample sizes. Stu-
dents are provided the opportunity to extend their statistical understanding to the
context of research and analysis conducted by professionals. These studies include

 13
 data files obtained from on-going research studies, which reduce for the student, the
extensive work load of data collection and refinement, thus providing an emphasis
on question formulation, analysis, and reporting of results.
2. Careful revision of text and symbolic language to ensure consistent terms and defini-
tions and to remove errors that accumulated from previous revisions and production
problems.
3. Major revision of the discussion of Time Series both in terms of describing historical
patterns and in the focus on identifying the underlying structure and introductory
forecasting methods.
4. Integration of the text material, data sets, and exercises into new online applications
including MyLab Statistics.
5. Expansion of descriptive statistics to include percentiles, z-scores, and alternative for-
mulae to compute the sample variance and sample standard deviation.
6. Addition of a significant number of new examples based on real world data.
7. Greater emphasis on the assumptions being made when conducting various statisti-
cal procedures.
8. Reorganization of sampling concepts.
9. More detailed business-oriented examples and exercises incorporated in the analysis
of statistics.
10. Improved chapter introductions that include business examples discussed in the
chapter.
11. Good range of difficulty in the section ending exercises that permit the professor to
tailor the difficulty level to his or her course.
12. Improved suitability for both introductory and advanced statistics courses for under-
graduate and graduate students.
13. Decision Theory, which is covered in other business classes such as operations man-
agement or strategic management, has been moved to an online location for access by
those who are interested (www.pearsonglobaleditions.com).
This edition devotes considerable effort to providing an understanding of statistical meth-
ods and their applications. We have avoided merely providing rules and canned computer
routines for analyzing and solving statistical problems. This edition contains a complete dis-
cussion of methods and assumptions, including computational details expressed in clear and
complete formulas. Through examples and extended chapter applications, we provide guide-
lines for interpreting results and explain how to determine if additional analysis is required.
The development of the many procedures included under statistical inference and regression
analysis are built on a strong development of probability and random variables, which are a
foundation for the applications presented in this book. The foundation also includes a clear
and complete discussion of descriptive statistics and graphical approaches. These provide im-
portant tools for exploring and describing data that represent a process being studied.
Probability and random variables are presented with a number of important applica-
tions, which are invaluable in management decision making. These include conditional
probability and Bayesian applications that clarify decisions and show counterintuitive
results in a number of decision situations. Linear combinations of random variables are
developed in detail, with a number of applications of importance, including portfolio
applications in finance.
The authors strongly believe that students learn best when they work with challeng-
ing and relevant applications that apply the concepts presented by dedicated teachers and
the textbook. Thus the textbook has always included a number of data sets obtained from
various applications in the public and private sectors. In the eighth edition we have added
a number of large data sets obtained from major research projects and other sources.
These data sets are used in chapter examples, exercises, and case studies located at the
end of analysis chapters. A number of exercises consider individual analyses that are typi-
cally part of larger research projects. With this structure, students can deal with important
detailed questions and can also work with case studies that require them to identify the
detailed questions that are logically part of a larger research project. These large data sets

14 Preface 
can also be used by the teacher to develop additional research and case study projects that
are custom designed for local course environments. The opportunity to custom design
new research questions for students is a unique part of this textbook.
A number of major data sets containing Taiwan’s real estate measures, automobile
fuel consumption, health data, the HEI Cost Data Variable Subset (which Includes the
Healthy Eating Index, a measure of diet quality developed by the Economic Research Ser-
vice and computed for each individual in the survey), New York’s air quality index, and
more are described in detail at the end of the chapters where they are used in exercises
and case studies. A complete list of the data files and where they are used is located at the
end of this preface. Data files are also shown by chapter at the end of each chapter.
The book provides a complete and in-depth presentation of major applied topics. An
initial read of the discussion and application examples enables a student to begin work-
ing on simple exercises, followed by challenging exercises that provide the opportunity
to learn by doing relevant analysis applications. Chapters also include summary sec-
tions, which clearly present the key components of application tools. Many analysts and
teachers have used this book as a reference for reviewing specific applications. Once you
have used this book to help learn statistical applications, you will also find it to be a useful
resource as you use statistical analysis procedures in your future career.
A number of special applications of major procedures are included in various sec-
tions. Clearly there are more than can be used in a single course. But careful selection of
topics from the various chapters enables the teacher to design a course that provides for
the specific needs of students in the local academic program. Special examples that can
be left out or included provide a breadth of opportunities. The initial probability chapter,
Chapter 3, provides topics such as decision trees, overinvolvement ratios, and expanded
coverage of Bayesian applications, any of which might provide important material for
local courses. Confidence interval and hypothesis tests include procedures for variances
and for categorical and ordinal data. Random-variable chapters include linear combina-
tion of correlated random variables with applications to financial portfolios. Regression
applications include estimation of beta ratios in finance, dummy variables in experimen-
tal design, nonlinear regression, and many more.
As indicated here, the book has the capability of being used in a variety of courses
that provide applications for a variety of academic programs. The other benefit to the stu-
dent is that this textbook can be an ideal resource for the student’s future professional
career. The design of the book makes it possible for a student to come back to topics after
several years and quickly renew his or her understanding. With all the additional special
topics, that may not have been included in a first course, the book is a reference for learn-
ing important new applications. And the presentation of those new applications follows
a presentation style and uses understandings that are familiar. This reduces the time re-
quired to master new application topics.

APPLYING CONCEPTS
We understand how important it is for students to know statistical concepts and apply
those to different situations they face everyday or will face as managers of the future. Al-
most all sections include examples that illustrate the application of the concepts or meth-
ods of that section to a real-world context (even though the company or organization may
be hypothetical). Problems are structured to present the perspective of a decision maker
and the analysis provided is to help understand the use of statistics in a practical way.

PROMOTING PROBLEM ANALYSIS

This book includes section Exercises and chapter Exercises and Applications. The sec-
tion exercises for each chapter begin with straightforward exercises targeted at the top-
ics in each section. These are designed to check understanding of specific topics. Because
they appear after each section, it is easy to turn back to the chapter to clarify a concept or

Preface  15
 review a method. The Chapter Exercises and Applications are designed to lead to con-
clusions about the real world and are more application-based. They usually combine con-
cepts and methods from different sections.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We appreciate the following colleagues who provided feedback about the book to guide our
thoughts on this revision: Valerie R. Bencivenga, University of Texas at Austin; Burak Dolar,
Augustana College; Zhimin Huang, Adelphi University; Stephen Lich-Tyler, University of
North Carolina; Tung Liu, Ball State University; Leonard Presby, William Paterson Univer-
sity; Subarna K. Samanta, The College of New Jersey; Shane Sanders, Nicholls State Univer-
sity; Harold Schneider, Rider University; Sean Simpson, Westchester Community College.
The authors thank Dr. Andrea Carlson, Economic Research Service (ERS), U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, for her assistance in providing several major data files and for guid-
ance in developing appropriate research questions for exercises and case studies. We also
thank Paula Dutko and Empharim Leibtag for providing an example of complex statisti-
cal analysis in the public sector. We also recognize the excellent work by Annie Puciloski
in finding our errors and improving the professional quality of this book.
We extend appreciation to two Stetson alumni, Richard Butcher (RELEVANT Maga-
zine) and Lisbeth Mendez (mortgage company), for providing real data from their compa-
nies that we used for new examples, exercises, and case studies.
In addition, we express special thanks for continuing support from our families. Bill
Carlson especially acknowledges his best friend and wife, Charlotte, their adult children,
Andrea and Doug, and grandchildren, Ezra, Savannah, Helena, Anna, Eva Rose, and Emily.
Betty Thorne extends special thanks to her best friend and husband, Jim, and to their
family Jennie, Ann, Renee, Jon, Chris, Jon, Hannah, Leah, Christina, Jim, Wendy, Marius,
Mihaela, Cezara, Anda, and Mara Iulia. In addition, Betty acknowledges (in memory)
the support of her parents, Westley and Jennie Moore.
The authors acknowledge the strong foundation and tradition created by the origi-
nal author, Paul Newbold. Paul understood the importance of rigorous statistical analysis
and its foundations. He realized that there are some complex ideas that need to be de-
veloped, and he worked to provide clear explanations of difficult ideas. In addition, he
realized that these ideas become useful only when used in realistic problem-solving situ-
ations. Thus, many examples and many applied student exercises were included in the
early editions. We have worked to continue and expand this tradition in preparing a book
that meets the needs of future business leaders in the information age.

GLOBAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the people who have contributed towards developing this book
for the global markets and who have put in effort to update this global edition for stu-
dents across the world.
Roland Baczur, PhD student at the University of Pécs
Alicia Tan Yiing Fei, Taylor’s University Malaysia
Višnja Juric, Zagreb School of Economics and Management
Daniel Kehl, University of Pecs
Patricia Ramos, Nova School of Business and Economics

We would also like to thank the individuals who reviewed the text and whose feedback
has made this a better book.
Dogan Serel, Bilkent University
Manfred Soeffky, Berlin School of Economics and Law

16 Preface
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