SRM

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,

CHENNAI.

21CSS101J – Programming for Problem Solving

Unit II

1
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

UNIT II
Conditional Control -Statements :Simple if, if...else - Conditional
Statements : else if and nested if - Conditional Statements :
Switch case - Un-conditional Control Statements : break,
continue, goto - Looping Control Statements:for, while,
do..while - Looping Control Statements: nested for, nested
while - Introduction to Arrays -One Dimensional (1D) Array
Declaration and initialization - Accessing, Indexing and
operations with 1D Arrays
2
 SRM

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,

CHENNAI.

UNIT II
Array Programs – 1D - Initializing and Accessing 2D Array,
Array Programs – 2D - Pointer and address-of operators -
Pointer Declaration and dereferencing, Void Pointers, Null
pointers, Pointer based Array manipulation

3
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements
 Also called as Conditional Statement
 Decides order of execution based on conditions
 Helps repeat a group of statements
 Modifies control flow of program
 Decision Making
 Branching

4
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

 Types of Branching Statements
a) if statement
i. Simple if
ii. if…else statement
iii. nested if…else statement
iv. else…if statement
b) switch statement
c) goto statement

5
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CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

a) if statement
 Condition “True" - Statement block will be executed
 Condition “False“ - Statement block will not be executed.
 Variations
i. Simple if
ii. if…else statement
iii. nested if…else statement
iv. else…if statement

6
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INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

i. Simple if statement
 Basic if statement
 What is a condition?
 Executes statement block only if condition is true
 Syntax
if (condition)
{
Statements;
}
7
8
 /* Simple if – Program to check whether a number is Odd*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int number;
printf(“Enter the Number:”);
scanf(“%d, &number);
if(number%2==0)
{
printf(“The Number is Even”);
}
return 0;
}

Output
Enter a value : 10342
The number is Even
9
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

 Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) Check whether the given number is Odd

2) To check whether the given number is Greater

3) To check whether the given number is Smaller

4) To check whether the given number is positive

5) To check whether the given number is negative

6) To check whether the given number is zero

7) To check whether two numbers are equal 10

 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

ii. If else statement
 Extension of basic if statement
 Takes care of True and False condition
 Number of Statement Blocks - 2
 Block 1 – True Condition
 Block 2 – False Condition

11
if (condition)
{
Statements;
}
Else
{
Statements;
}

12
 /* if else –To check whether a number is Odd or Even*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int number;
printf(“Enter the Number: ”);
scanf(“%d, &number);
if(number%2==0)
{
printf(“The Number is Even”);
}
else
{
printf(“The Number is Odd”);
}
return 0;
} 13
Output 1
Enter the Number : 10341
The number is Odd

Output 2
Enter the Number : 10342
The number is Even

14
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

 Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) To check whether the given number is Greater or Smaller

2) To check whether the given number is +ve or -ve

3) To check whether two numbers are equal or not

15
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CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

iii. Nested if else statement
 Used when a series of decisions
are involved
 Makes a choice between
several alternatives
 New if else statement block is
used within existing if else
statement block

16
 /*Program for Nested if else */

#include <stdio.h>

void main( )

char username;
int password;

printf("Username:");

scanf("%c",&username);

printf("Password:");

scanf("%d",&password); 17
if(username=='a')
{
if(password==12345)
{
printf("Login successful");
}
else
{
printf("Password is incorrect, Try again.");
}
}
else
{
printf("Username is incorrect, Try again.");
}
return 0;
}
18
Output 1
Username: a
Password: 12345
Login Successful

Output 2
Username: a
Password: 54321
Password is incorrect, Try again.

Output 3
Username: b
Password: 54321
Username is incorrect, Try again. 19
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

 Step 1: First if condition will be true, if the user has typed 'a' as a
username then the program control moves to second if condition
and checks for the password

 if it true it will print 'login successful’

 else it will execute block statement 'Password is Incorrect, Try
again.‘.
 Step 2: If the first if condition is false then it executes last else
block thus printing 'Username is Incorrect, Try again.‘

20
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2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

 Step 3: In this above example we have use username as single
character to use multiple character username we need to use
string data type

21
else if Ladder

22
 /*Program for if else ladder*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
printf("Enter a Number: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a > 0)
{
printf("Given Number is Positive");
}
else if(a == 0)
{
printf("Given Number is Zero");
}
else if(a < 0)
{
printf("Given Number is Negative");
}
getch();
} 23
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

b) Switch statement
 Allows to make decisions from a number of choices
 Also called as Switch-Case-Default Statement
 Faster than nested if else statement
 Easier to understand
 Rules for writing switch ( ) statement
 Expression in switch must be an integer value or a
character constant

 No real numbers used in Expression 24

 SRM
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2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

 Each case block and default block must end with break
statements
 Default is optional
 Case keyword must end with colon ( : )
 Default may be placed anywhere in the switch
 No two case constants are identical

25
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

switch(variable or expression)
{
case constant 1:
statements;
break;
….
case constant N;
statements;
break;
default:
statements;
}
26
 /* Program for Switch Case*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, choice;
printf(“\nEnter Two Numbers: ”);
scanf(“%d%d”, &a,&b);
printf(“\n Enter 1 for Addition”);
printf(“\n Enter 2 for Subtraction”);
printf(“\n Enter 3 for Multiplication”);
printf(“\n Enter 4 for Division”);
printf(“ Enter your Choice”);
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
27
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
printf(“Sum is : %d”, a+b);
break;
case 2:
printf(“Difference is : %d”, a-b);
break;
case 3:
printf(“Multiplication is : %d”, a*b);
break;
case 4:
printf(“Difference is : %d”, a/b);
break;

28
 default:
printf(“Invalid Choice:”);
}
getch( );
}

Enter two numbers

20
10
Enter 1 for Addition
Enter 2 for Subtraction
Enter 3 for Multiplication
Enter 4 for Division
Enter your Choice: 3
Product is : 200
29
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

 Nested Switch statement
 Inner switch( ) can be a part of an outer switch( )
 Inner switch( ) and outer switch( ) case constants may be the
same

30
 /* Program for Nested Switch Case*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int square, i, n, fact = 1,choice;
printf(“\n Enter Any Number: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“ 1. Square \n”);
printf(“ 2. Factorial \n”);
printf(“ 3. Find Odd or Even \n”);
printf(“ 4. Exit \n”);
printf(“ Enter your Choice”);
scanf(“%d”, &choice);
31
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
square = n * n;
printf(“The Square of the Given number is %d\n”,
square);
break;
case 2:
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact = fact * i;
}
printf(“The Factorial of a given number is %d\n”, fact);
break;
32
 case 3:
switch (n%2)
{
case 0:
printf(“Given Number is Even\n”);
case 1:
printf(“Given Number is Odd\n”);
}
case 4:
exit(0);
default:
printf(“Invalid Choice. Please try again\n”);
}
return 0;
33
}
Enter any number
5
1. Square
2. Factorial
3. Find Odd or Even
4. Exit
Enter your choice
2
The factorial of a given number is: 120

34
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 1 Control Statements Contd...

c) The goto statement
 Transfers control from one point to another
 Syntax
goto label;
statements;
……………
label
statements;

35
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TECHNOLOGY,
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2.1 break

The break statement ends the loop

immediately when it is encountered.

Its syntax is: break;

The break statement is almost always

used with if...else statement inside the
loop.

36
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2.1 Continue
The continue statement skips the
current iteration of the loop and
continues with the next iteration.

Its syntax is: continue;

The continue statement is almost

always used with the if...else
statement.

37
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 2 Looping Statements
 Loop – A segment of the program that is executed repeatedly
until a condition is satisfied
 Classification – Entry Controlled & Exit Controlled
 Types
a) while do loop
b) do while loop
c) for loop
i. Nested for loop

38
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

a) The While Loop
 Simplest looping structure in C
 Statements in the program may need to repeat for many
times. e.g., calculate the value of n!
 Loop consists of two segments
 Control Statement
 Body of the Loop
 How while loop works?

39
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

Initialize loop counter variable;

while (condition)
{
Statements;
increment / Decrement loop
counter variable;
}

40
 /* Program to Add 3 Numbers*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, c, sum;
printf(“\n Enter the Three Numbers: ”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”, &a,&b,&c);
sum = a+b+c;
printf(“The sum of 3 Numbers is %d”, sum);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the Three Numbers: 10 20 30
The sum of 3 Numbers is: 60 41
 /* Program to Add n Numbers*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i=1,n, sum=0;
printf(“\n Enter the value for n: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
while (i<=n)
{
sum = sum + i;
i++;
}
printf(“The sum of n Numbers is: %d”, sum);
return 0;
} 42
Output
Enter the value for n: 5
The sum of n Numbers is: 15

43
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

 Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) To print all even numbers from 1 to 100

2) To print all even numbers from 1 to n

3) To print table for any number

4) To calculate the sum of its digits

5) To check whether the entered number is Prime or not

6) To get a number as input and print it in reverse.

7) To check whether the number is Armstrong number 44

 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

b) The Do While Loop
 The body of the loop is executed at least once
 Syntax
do
{
statements;
}
while (condition);

45
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

Initialize loop counter variable;

do
{
Statements;
increment / Decrement loop
counter variable;
}
while (condition)
46
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

While Do Loop Do While Loop
Entry Controlled Loop Exit Controlled Loop

Test condition is checked before Test condition is checked after the

body of the loop is executed body of the loop is executed
Loop will not be executed if Loop will be executed at least once
condition is false even if condition is false
Top tested loop Bottom tested loop

47
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2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

48
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

c) The for loop
 Most commonly and popularly used loop structure
 Structure of the for loop
 Initialize loop counter variable
 Check for condition
 Increment / Decrement the loop counter variable
 Syntax
for(initialization; condition; increment / decrement)

49
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CHENNAI.

2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

50
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INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

 Examples
i. for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
Statements;
}
ii. for(count = 0; count > n; count--)
{
Statements;
}
51
 /* Program to Add n Numbers using for loop */

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, n, sum=0;
printf(“\n Enter the value for n: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for (i =1; i<=n; i++)
{
sum = sum + i;
}
printf(“The sum of n Numbers is: %d”, sum);
return 0;
}

52
Output
Enter the value for n: 5
The sum of n Numbers is: 15

53
 SRM
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CHENNAI.

2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

 nested for syntax

54
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2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

 nested for Example Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
Int row, column;
for(row=1;row<=5;row++)
{
for(column=1;column<=row;column++)
{
55
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

 nested for Example Program
print(“*”);
}
print(“\n”);
}
getch(); }
Output:
*
**
***
****
56
*****
for loop in C
• The for loop in C language is used to iterate
the statements or a part of the program several
times.
• It is frequently used to traverse the data
structures like the array and linked list.

57
 Example for for loop: /* Program to print
/*simple program of for loop
that prints table of 1.*/ table of given
#include<stdio.h> number*/
int main(){ #include<stdio.h>
int i=0;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++) int main(){
{ int i=1,number=0;
printf("%d \n",i);
}
return 0; printf("Enter a num
} ber: ");
scanf("%d",&numb
er);
for(i=1;i<=10;i++){

printf("%d \n",(num
ber*i));
}
return 0; 58
for loop in C
Properties of Expression 1
•The expression represents the initialization of the loop variable.
•We can initialize more than one variable in Expression 1.
•Expression 1 is optional.

59
for loop in C
Properties of Expression 2
• Expression 2 is a conditional expression. It checks for a specific
condition to be satisfied. If it is not, the loop is terminated.
• Expression 2 can have more than one condition. However, the
loop will iterate until the last condition becomes false. Other
conditions will be treated as statements.
• Expression 2 is optional.

60
for loop in C
Properties of Expression 3
•Expression 3 is used to update the loop variable.
•We can update more than one variable at the same
time.
•Expression 3 is optional.

61
Nested Loops in C
• C supports nesting of loops in C.
• Nesting of loops is the feature in C that allows the
looping of statements inside another loop.
• Any number of loops can be defined inside another
loop, i.e., there is no restriction for defining any
number of loops.
• The nesting level can be defined at n times.
• You can define any type of loop inside another loop;
for example, you can define 'while' loop inside a 'for'
loop.

62
Nested for loop
The nested for loop means any type of loop which is
defined inside the 'for' loop.
for (initialization; condition; update)
{
for(initialization; condition; update)
{
// inner loop statements.
}
// outer loop statements.
}

63
Example of nested for loop
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
printf("Enter the value of n :");
scanf(“%d”,&n);
// Displaying the n tables.
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) // outer loop
{
for(int j=1;j<=10;j++) // inner loop
{
printf("%d\t",(i*j)); // printing the value.
}
printf("\n");
}

64
Explanation of the previous code
•First, the 'i' variable is initialized to 1 and then program
control passes to the i<=n.
•The program control checks whether the condition 'i<=n' is
true or not.
•If the condition is true, then the program control passes to
the inner loop.
•The inner loop will get executed until the condition is true.
•After the execution of the inner loop, the control moves
back to the update of the outer loop, i.e., i++.
•After incrementing the value of the loop counter, the
condition is checked again, i.e., i<=n.
•If the condition is true, then the inner loop will be executed
again.
•This process will continue until the condition of the outer
loop is true.
65
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

 nested while loop
• Using while loop within while loop is said to be nested while
loop.
• It is used to execute a set of code for multiple times as long as
the condition is true.
• Once the condition becomes false the code block is no longer
executed.

66
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2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

 Syntax

67
Nested while loop
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=1,j;
while(i<=10){
j=1;
while(j<=10){
printf("*");
j++;
}
printf("\n");
i++;
}
return 0;
}
68
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 2 Looping Statements Contd...

 Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) To print all even numbers from 1 to 100

2) To print all even numbers from 1 to n

3) To print table for any number

4) To calculate the sum of its digits

5) To check whether the entered number is Prime or not

6) To get a number as input and print it in reverse.

7) To check whether the number is Armstrong number 69

 SRM
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2. 3 Arrays
 Definition
An array is defined as finite ordered collection of
homogenous data, stored in contiguous memory locations.
 Array is used to store a collection of data
 Array is a collection of variables of the same type.
First Element Last Element

Numbers[0] Numbers[1] ……. Numbers[n]

70
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2. 3 Arrays Contd...
 Need for Arrays
 Used to represent a list of numbers / names
 Used to represent tabular data in 2, 3 or more dimensions
 Important Data Structure in any programming language
 Definition
 Collection of elements of similar data types
 Each element is located in separate memory locations
 Each Array element share a common name

71
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2. 3 Arrays Contd...
 Characteristics of Arrays
 All elements in the arrays share a common name
 Elements distinguished by index number
Index (or) element number of an array plays vital role for
calling each element
 Specific array elements can be modified
 Value of array element can be assigned to variables
 Array elements stored in continuous memory locations

72
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 3 Arrays Contd...
 Storage space for array depends on its data type and size
Total bytes = sizeof (Data type) x Size of Array
 Example
int a [5];
Total bytes = sizeof (int) x 5 = 2 x 5 = 10 bytes

73
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 3 Arrays Contd...
a) Array Declaration
 Syntax
Datatype arrayname [size/subscript];
 Data Type: int, float, double, char, structure, union
 Array Name: Name given to the Array variable
 Size / Subscript: Number of values an Array can hold
 Examples
int numbers[5]; float marks[50];
char name[20]; double a[i];
74
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2. 3 Arrays Contd...
 Illustration

int a[n];

75
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2. 3 Arrays Contd...
 Static Array: Array size (range) declared in the program
 Dynamic Array: Array size given during execution

STATIC ARRAYS DYNAMIC ARRAYS

Range / Size of an array included Range / Size of an array not

in the Array definition included in the Array definition

Static Arrays cannot be changed Dynamic Arrays can be changed

76
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2. 3 Arrays Contd...
b) Array Initialization
 Initialization: Assigning values to array elements
 Values specified in curly braces separated by commas
 Examples
int a[ 5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
float b[3] = { 40.5, 59.0, 98.5};
char name[6] = ” SRMIST”;
 Array element index start from 0

77
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2. 3 Arrays Contd...
 Array elements are called by array names followed by the
element numbers
 int a[ 5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
a[0] refers to 1st element i.e., 1
a[1] refers to 2nd element i.e., 2
a[2] refers to 3rd element i.e., 3
a[3] refers to 4th element i.e., 4
a[4] refers to 5th element i.e., 5

78
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2. 3 Arrays Contd...
c) Getting Input for Arrays
 Use for loops to get input in arrays
 Use for loops with regard to the Array’s dimension
 Input for One Dimensional Arrays – 1 for
loop for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i]);
}

79
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CHENNAI.

2. 3 Arrays Contd...
 Input for Two Dimensional Arrays – 2 for loops
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<5;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}

80
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2. 3 Arrays Contd...
d) Printing Output in Arrays
 Use for loops to print array output
 Use for loops with regard to the Array’s dimension
 Printing One Dimensional Array Output – 1 for
loop for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf(“%d”,a[i]);
}

81
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 3 Arrays Contd...
 Printing Two Dimensional Array Output – 2 for loops
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
for(j=0; j < 5; j++)
{
printff(“%d”, a[i][j]);
}
}

82
 /* Program 1 : Array Declaration & Initialization*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, arr[5];
arr[0] = 10;
arr[1] = 20;
arr[2] = 30;
arr[3] = 40;
arr[4] = 50;
for(i=0; i<=n; i++)
{
printf(“%d”\n, a[i]);
}
return 0;
} 83
Output
10
20
30
40
50

84
 /* Program 2 : Array Declaration & Initialization*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, arr[5];
arr[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for(i=0; i<=n; i++)
{
printf(“%d”, a[i]);
}
return 0;
}

85
Output
10
20
30
40
50

86
 /* Program 3 : Array Declaration & Initialization*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, n, arr[5];
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“Enter the Elements of Array\n”);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i]);
}
printf(“The Elements of the Array are”\n”);
87
 for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf(“%d”, a[i]);
}
return 0;
}

Output
Enter the Elements of the Array
10 20 30 40 50
The Elements of the Array are
10 20 30 40 50

88
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 3 Arrays Contd...
e) Classification of Arrays
i. One-Dimensional Array
ii. Two-Dimensional Array
iii. Multi-Dimensional Array

89
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 3 Arrays Contd...
i. One Dimensional Array
 Data stored under a single variable using one subscript
 1-D Array Declaration – Syntax
datatype arrayname [size/subscript];
 Example: int a [5];
 1-D Array initialization – Syntax
datatype arrayname [size] = { list of values};
Example: int a [5] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

90
 /* Program 1 : One Dimensional Array*/
a [10]
#include<stdio.h> a [0] 40
int main ( ) a [1] 22
{ a [2] 34
int a[10], n, i, sum; a [3] 12
a [4] 64
clrscr( );
a [5]
printf(“Enter the Number of Elements\n”);
a [6]
scanf(“%d”, &n); a [7]
for(i = 0; i < n; i++) a [8]
{ a [9]
scanf(“%d”, & a [i]); n i
} 5 0
sum = 0; sum
for(i = 0; i < n; i++) 0
91
 /* Program 1 : One Dimensional Array*/
{ a [10]
sum = sum + a[i]; a [0] 40
} a [1] 22
a [2] 34
printf(“The Sum is: %d”, sum);
a [3] 12
return 0; a [4] 64
} a [5]
a [6]
Output a [7]
Enter the Number of Elements a [8]
5 a [9]

40 22 34 12 64 n i
The Sum is 182 5 4
sum
182
92
 /* Program 2 : 1-D Array for Sorting*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, j, temp, n, a[10];
printf(“Enter the Number of Elements:”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“Enter the Elements to be Sorted\n”);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf(“%d\n”, &a[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
for(j=i+1; j<n; j++)
{
93
 if(a[i] >a[j])
{
temp = a[i];
a[i] = a[j];
a[j] = temp;
}
}
}
print(“The Sorted Elements are: \n”);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf(“%d\n”, a[i]);
}
return 0;
}

94
Output
Enter the Number of Elements:5
Enter the Elements to be Sorted
25
12
45
68
7
The Sorted Elements are:
7
12
25
45
68

95
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 4 - Initializing and Accessing 2D Array

An array of arrays is known as 2D array. The two dimensional
(2D) array in C programming is also known as matrix. A matrix
can be represented as a table of rows and columns.
The syntax to declare the 2D array is
data_type array_name[rows][columns];

96
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 4 - Initializing and Accessing 2D Array

Initialization of 2D Array in C
In the 1D array, we don't need to specify the size of the array if the
declaration and initialization are being done simultaneously.
However, this will not work with 2D arrays. We will have to define
at least the second dimension of the array. The two-dimensional
array can be declared and defined in the following way.
int arr[4][3]={{1,2,3},{2,3,4},{3,4,5},{4,5,6}};

97
 /* Program 1 : 2-D Array */
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i=0,j=0;
int arr[4][3]={{1,2,3},{2,3,4},{3,4,5},{4,5,6}};
//traversing 2D array
for(i=0;i<4;i++){
for(j=0;j<3;j++){
printf("arr[%d] [%d] = %d \n",i,j,arr[i][j]);
}//end of j
}//end of i
return 0;
}

98
Output
arr[0][0] = 1
arr[0][1] = 2
arr[0][2] = 3
arr[1][0] = 2
arr[1][1] = 3
arr[1][2] = 4
arr[2][0] = 3
arr[2][1] = 4
arr[2][2] = 5
arr[3][0] = 4
arr[3][1] = 5
arr[3][2] = 6

99
/* Program 2 : 2-D Array Storing elements in a matrix and printing it*/
#include <stdio.h>
void main ()
{
int arr[3][3],i,j;
for (i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for (j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("Enter a[%d][%d]: ",i,j);
scanf("%d",&arr[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n printing the elements ....\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for (j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",arr[i][j]);
}
}
} 100
Output
Enter a[0][0]: 56
Enter a[0][1]: 10
Enter a[0][2]: 30
Enter a[1][0]: 34
Enter a[1][1]: 21
Enter a[1][2]: 34
Enter a[2][0]: 45
Enter a[2][1]: 56
Enter a[2][2]: 78

printing the elements ....

56 10 30
34 21 34
45 56 78
101
Pointers in C:
• Pointers in C are used to store the address of variables or a memory
location.
• This variable can be of any data type i.e, int, char, function, array, or any
other pointer.
• The size of the pointer depends on the architecture.
• Syntax:
• datatype *var_name
Uses of pointer
• To pass arguments by reference
• For accessing array elements
• To return multiple values
• Dynamic memory allocation
• To Implement data structures
• To do System-Level Programming where memory addresses are useful 102
Pointers in C:
How to Use Pointers?
To use pointers in C, we must understand below two operators.
1. To access the address of a variable to a pointer, we use the unary
operator & (ampersand) that returns the address of that variable.
• For example &x gives us the address of variable x.

// The output of this program can be different

// in different runs. Note that the program
// prints address of a variable and a variable
// can be assigned different address in different
// runs.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ Output
int x; 0x7fffd60dddfc
// Prints address of x
printf("%d", &x);
return 0;
}
103
Pointers in C:
2. One more operator is unary * (Asterisk) which is used for two things:
2.A. To declare a pointer variable: When a pointer variable is declared
in C/C++, there must be a * before its name.
// C program to demonstrate declaration of pointer
variables.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 10;
// 1) Since there is * in declaration, ptr becomes a
//pointer variable (a variable that stores address of
another variable)
// 2) Since there is int before *, ptr is pointer to
an integer type variable
int* ptr;
// & operator before x is used to get address of x.
//The address of x is assigned to ptr.
ptr = &x;
printf(“%d\n%d”,x,ptr);
return 0; 104
}
Pointers in C:
2.B. To access the value stored in the address we use the unary
operator (*) that returns the value of the variable located at the address
specified by its operand. This is also called Dereferencing.

// C program to demonstrate use of * for pointers

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int Var = 10; // A normal integer variable
int* ptr = &Var; // A pointer variable that holds address of var.
// This line prints value at address stored in ptr.
// Value stored is value of variable "var"
printf("Value of Var = %d\n", *ptr);
// The output of this line may be different in different
// runs even on same machine.
printf("Address of Var = %p\n", ptr);
// We can also use ptr as lvalue (Left hand
// side of assignment)
*ptr = 20; // Value at address is now 20
// This prints 20
printf("After doing *ptr = 20, *ptr is %d\n", *ptr);
return 0; 105
}
Pointers in C:
Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic
A limited set of arithmetic operations can be performed on pointers.
The Pointer Arithmetic is slightly different from the ones that we
generally use for mathematical calculations. The operations are:
• Increment/Decrement of a Pointer
• Addition of integer to a pointer
• Subtraction of integer to a pointer
• Subtracting two pointers of the same type
• Comparison of pointers of the same type.
• Pointer arithmetic is meaningless unless performed on an array.

106
Pointers in C:
Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic
// C program to illustrate Pointer Arithmetic

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{

// Declare an array
int v[3] = { 10, 100, 200 };

// Declare pointer variable

int* ptr;

// Assign the address of v[0] to ptr

ptr = v;

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

printf("Value of *ptr = %d\n", *ptr);
printf("Value of ptr = %p\n\n", ptr);

// Increment pointer ptr by 1

ptr++;
}
return 0;
}
107
Pointers in C:
Pointers with one dimensional Arrays
• An array name acts like a pointer constant. The value of this pointer constant
is the address of the first element.
• In the statement int num[10]; the address of the first array element can be
expressed as either &num[0] or num. Similarly, the address of the second
array element can be written as &num[1] or as num +1, and so on.
• In general, the address of the ith array element can be expressed as
either &num[i] or (num +i).
• The expressions &num[i] and (num + i) both represent the address of the
ith element of num, and num[i] and *(num +i) both represent the value at that
address

108
 Pointers in C:
Pointers with one dimensional Arrays

#include <stdio.h>

void geeks()
{
// Declare an array
int val[3] = { 5, 10, 15 };

// Declare pointer variable

int* ptr;

// Assign address of val[0] to ptr.

// We can use ptr=&val[0];(both are same)
ptr = val;

printf("Elements of the array are: ");

printf("%d, %d, %d",ptr[0],ptr[1],ptr[2]);

return;
}

// Driver program
int main()
{
geeks();
return 0;
}

109
Pointers in C:
Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays
Consider pointer notation for the two-dimensional numeric arrays.
consider the following declaration
int nums[2][3] = { {16, 18, 20}, {25, 26, 27} };

In general, nums[i][j] is equivalent to

*(*(nums+i)+j)

110
Pointers in C:
Dangling pointer
A pointer pointing to a memory location that has been deleted (or freed)
is called dangling pointer. There are several different ways where
Pointer acts as dangling pointer
Example:
// Deallocating a memory pointed by ptr causes
// dangling pointer
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int *ptr = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));

// After below free call, ptr becomes a

// dangling pointer
free(ptr);

// No more a dangling pointer

ptr = NULL;
}
111
Pointers in C:
NULL Pointers
Null pointers can be created by assigning a zero value during pointer
declaration. This method is useful when no address is assigned to the
pointer.

Syntax:

int * ptr = NULL;

// C program to show use of Null Pointer

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
// null pointer
int* ptr = NULL;

printf("The value inside variable ptr is:\n%x", ptr);

return 0;
}
112
Pointers in C:
Wild Pointers
Wild Pointers are pointers that have not been initialized
with something yet. These types of C-pointers can cause
problems in our programs and can eventually cause them
to crash. While working with Wild Pointers Programmer
must be very careful.

// C Program to show use of wild pointers

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
// wild pointer
int* ptr;
printf("\n%d", *ptr);
return 0;
}
113
Pointers in C: void pointer
When a pointer is declared with a void keyword, then it is
called a void pointer. To print the value of this pointer, you
need to typecast it.
Syntax:
void *var;
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=2;
void *ptr;
ptr= &a;
printf("After Typecasting, a = %d", *(int *)ptr);
return 0;
}

114
Scenario based Question:
Chandran has to travel to another place. For this, he can avail any one of two cab
services.
 The first cab service charges X rupees.
 The second cab service charges Y rupees.
He wants to spend the minimum amount of money. Which cab service should
Chef take? Implement the logic using pointers.

Input Format
 The first line will contain T - the number of test cases. Then the test cases
follow.
 The first and only line of each test case contains two integers X and Y- the
prices of first and second cab services respectively.

Output Format
For each test case, output FIRST if the first cab service is cheaper,
output SECOND if the second cab service is cheaper, output ANY if both cab
services have the same price.

115
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n, fcab,scab,*ptr1=&fcab,*ptr2=&scab;
scanf("%d", &n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
scanf("%d", ptr1);
scanf("%d", ptr2);
if(*ptr1<*ptr2)
{
printf("\nFirst");
}
else if(*ptr2<*ptr1)
{
printf("\nSecond");
}
else
printf("\nAny");
}
}

116
THANKYOU

117