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 The Cuerdale Hoard and Related Viking Age Silver and Gold
from Britain and Ireland in the British Museum James Graham-
Campbell

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The Cuerdale Hoard

and related
Viking-Age
silver and gold
from Britain and
Ireland in the
British Museum

James Graham-Campbell
The Cuerdale Hoard
and related Viking-Age
silver and gold from
Britain and Ireland in
the British Museum

James Graham-Campbell

With contributions by
Barry Ager, Marion Archibald, Hero Granger-Taylor,
Susan Kruse, John Sheehan, Egon Wamers, Leslie
Webster, Martin Welch and Gareth Williams

Original drawings by Karen Hughes

British Museum Research Publication no. 185

Supported by the Marc Fitch Fund

For David M. Wilson, mentor and friend

Gratia tibi ego

Publishers
The British Museum
Great Russell Street
London WC1B 3DG

Series Managing Editor: Josephine Turquet

Editor: Carolyn Jones
Assistant layouts: Chihiro Matsuura
Publishing assistant: Sarah Wray

Distributors
The British Museum Press
38 Russell Square
London WC1B 3QQ

The Cuerdale Hoard and related Viking-Age silver and gold

from Britain and Ireland in the British Museum
James Graham-Campbell

Front cover: Selection from the Cuerdale hoard, Lancs

ISBN 978 086159 185 5

ISSN 1747 3640

© The Trustees of the British Museum 2011

Second printing with minor amendments 2013

Note: the British Museum Occasional Papers series is now entitled

British Museum Research Publications. The OP series runs from 1 to
150, and the RP series, keeping the same ISSN and ISBN preliminary
numbers, begins at number 151.

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Contents

The Author and Contributors vi

Illustration Acknowledgements vii

Abbreviations used in the Catalogue and Some Explanatory Notes viii

Preface ix
Leslie Webster

Foreword and Acknowledgements xi

James Graham-Campbell

Chapter 1: The Collection of Viking-Age Gold and Silver from Britain and Ireland
in the British Museum 1
James Graham-Campbell
The scope of the catalogue 1
The history of the collection 2
An evaluation 5
Exclusions 15

Chapter 2: The Discovery and Dispersal of the Cuerdale Hoard 21

James Graham-Campbell
The sources 21
The discovery (15 May 1840) 21
The Treasure Trove claim 24
The ‘Inquisition’ (15 August 1840) 25
‘Treasure Trove at Cuerdale’ 26
Distribution 28
Conclusions 33

Chapter 3: The Cuerdale Coins 39

Gareth Williams, with a contribution by Marion Archibald
Reconstructing the coin contents of the Cuerdale hoard 39
The coin components 42
Testing, Marion Archibald 51
Dating 64
The coins in context 67
Conclusion 71

Chapter 4: Classification and Discussion of the Objects from the Cuerdale Hoard:
Part 1: Ingots 73
Susan Kruse and James Graham-Campbell, with a contribution by Hero Granger-Taylor
Scope 73
Definitions and classifications 73
Textile impressions on five silver ingots, Hero Granger-Taylor 82
Cross-marked ingots in Britain and Ireland 83
Other silver ingots: Goldsborough, Co. Cork, Ballaquayle and Tiree hoards 83
Silver ingot hoards 84
Gold ingot from Co. Cork 84
Casting waste, sheet scrap, etc. 84
Chapter 5: Classification and Discussion of the Objects:
Part 2: Rings 87
James Graham-Campbell, with contributions by John Sheehan
Introduction 87
'Bullion-rings', John Sheehan 87
Spiral-rings 88
Neck-rings 89
Arm-rings, with a contribution on 'Hiberno-Scandinavian broad-band arm-rings' by John Sheehan 91
Finger-rings 104

Chapter 6: Classification and Discussion of the Objects:

Part 3: Brooches and Miscellaneous 111
James Graham-Campbell, with a contribution by Barry Ager
Brooches, pins and buckle(s) 111
Brooches: Group 1 (Irish tradition) 112
Brooches: Group 2 (Scandinavian/Baltic tradition) 119
Brooches: Group 3 (Anglo-Saxon tradition) 119
Brooches: Group 4 (Frankish tradition) 120
Pins 120
Buckle(s) 121
Beads, rings, chains, wires and filigree fragments 121
Pendants 125
The Halton Moor gold discs, Barry Ager 127
Miscellaneous (non-Scandinavian) artefacts 128
Hoard containers 129

Chapter 7: The Halton Moor Cup and the Carolingian Metalwork in the Cuerdale Hoard 133
Egon Wamers
The Halton Moor Cup 133
Carolingian filigree fragments from the Cuerdale hoard 135
Carolingian belt-fittings from the Cuerdale hoard 137

Chapter 8: Manufacture and Decoration 141

James Graham-Campbell
Casting 141
Hammering (forging/smithing) 141
Stamping 141
Brambling 146
Incised decoration 149
Wire-drawing 150

Chapter 9: Contents and Contexts: A Discussion 151

James Graham-Campbell
Reasons for deposition 151
Hoards 151
Single-finds 152
The wider context 153
Envoi 158

Handlists 159
James Graham-Campbell
1. Viking-age and twelfth-century coin hoards found in Britain and Ireland containing non-
numismatic gold and silver 159
2. Viking-age gold rings found in Britain and Ireland 159
3. Gold and silver Thor’s hammer pendants from England 160
Catalogue 161
James Graham-Campbell

Introduction and notes to the catalogue entries 161

Part I: Viking-age Hoards: Mixed and Coinless (1–16) 165

1. Cuerdale, near Preston, Lancs 180
2. Flusco Pike 1, near Penrith, Cumbria 230
3. Goldsborough, near Knaresborough, North Yorks 234
The coins from Goldsborough, by Gareth Williams 236
4. Halton Moor, near Lancaster, Lancs 238
5. Lark Hill, near Worcester, Worcs 241
6. Shotton Hall, near Sunderland, Co. Durham 242
7. Soberton, Hants 243
8. Near Athlone, Co. Westmeath(?) 244
9. Co. Cork 245
10. Scattery Island (Inis Cáthaig), Co. Clare 246
11. Unprovenanced, Ireland 247
12. Ballacamaish, Kirk Andreas 248
13. Ballaquayle (Douglas), Onchan 250
14. Inch Kenneth, Argyll 254
15. Tiree, Argyll 255
16. Unprovenanced, Scotland 256

Part II: Single-finds of Viking-age Gold and Silver (17–41) 257

Appendices 267
James Graham-Campbell, with contributions by Susan Kruse, Martin Welch† and Gareth Williams

Appendix 1 A Thor’s Hammer Pendant, ‘reputedly’ from near Carlisle 267

Appendix 2 The Cuerdale Hoard: Fakes and False Provenances 269

1. Fake Cuerdale ‘mark’ ingot, Susan Kruse 269
2. ‘Cuerdale’ silver cylindrical ingot 270
3. Two ‘Cuerdale’ silver penannular arm-rings 270
4. Hiberno-Scandinavian broad-band silver penannular arm-ring from ‘near Oxford’ 270
5. Viking-age silver penannular finger-ring from Forkhill, Co. Armagh 271
6. Unprovenanced Merovingian silver penannular arm-ring, with a discussion by Martin Welch† 272
7. Four nineteenth-century Indian silver penannular rings 272

Appendix 3 The Cuerdale Hoard: The Duchy of Lancaster’s Distribution-Lists (B8) 275
1. ‘Distribution of … Coins up to the 3rd September 1841’ 275
2. ‘Distribution of the Coins continued from 3rd September 1841 to 6 July 1846’ 278
3. Additional recipients 280
4. The recipients: a note 280

Appendix 4 Summary List of Coins in the Cuerdale Hoard now in the British Museum 282
Gareth Williams

Appendix 5 List of Coins in the Goldsborough Hoard 285

Gareth Williams

Bibliography 287

Plates 299

Index 381
The Author and Contributors

The Author
James Graham-Campbell
Emeritus Professor of Medieval Archaeology, University College London

The Contributors
Barry Ager
Curator of Continental Early Medieval Collection at the British Museum

Marion Archibald
Former Curator of Early Medieval Coinage at the British Museum

Hero Granger-Taylor
Independent Researcher

Susan Kruse
Independent Researcher

John Sheehan
Senior Lecturer, Department of Archaeology, University College Cork

Egon Wamers
Director, Archäologisches Museum Frankfurt

Leslie Webster
Former Keeper, Department of Prehistory and Europe, British Museum

Martin Welch†
Formerly, Senior Lecturer in Medieval Archaeology, University College London

Gareth Williams
Curator of Early Medieval Coinage at the British Museum

vi | The Cuerdale Hoard

Illustration Acknowledgements

Figures Chapter 8
Photographs and illustrations are © Trustees of the British Museum Figure 8.1 Karen Hughes, © Trustees of the British Museum; except
unless otherwise stated. nos 13, 34, 45 and 52 by the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and no. 30 by
National Museums Liverpool
Chapter 1 Figure 8.2 Karen Hughes, © Trustees of the British Museum; except
Figure 1.3 National Museums of Scotland nos 19, 39, 91 and 105 by the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and no. 113
Figure 1.4 Society of Antiquaries of London by National Museums Liverpool
Figure 1.5 Robert Philpott Figure 8.3 Karen Hughes, © Trustees of the British Museum; except for
Figure 1.6 Nos 1–6 Ashmolean Museum; 7–8 National Museums nos 15 and 41 by the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Liverpool Figure 8.4 Karen Hughes, © Trustees of the British Museum; except
Figure 1.7 Yorkshire Museum for no. 7 (= App. Fig. 2.4,b) by National Museums Liverpool
Figure 1.9 Society of Antiquaries of London Figures 8.5, 8.6 Karen Hughes, © Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 1.10 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Figure 1.11 National Museums Liverpool Chapter 9
Figure 1.12 Grosvenor Museum, Chester Figure 9.1 David Goodyer, © Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 1.14 Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History Figures 9.2, 9.3 Robert Philpott
Figure 1.15 David Williams
Figure 1.16 Manx Museum Catalogue
Figures 1.17, 1.18, 1.19 National Museum of Wales Unless otherwise attributed, the original drawings are by Karen
Hughes (British Museum) and are © Trustees of the British Museum,
except for those objects noted as being in the Ashmolean Museum,
Chapter 2 Oxford.
Figure 2.1 Duchy of Lancaster Cat. Figures 1, 2 James Graham-Campbell
Figure 2.2 Private collection Cat. Figures 5, 8, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Figure 2.3 Manchester Archives and Local Studies Cat. Figure 35 Society of Antiquaries of London
Figure 2.5 Private collection; photo © Trustees of the British Museum Cat. Figure 38 Jim Farrant, © Trustees of the British Museum
Cat. Figure 39 Liverpool City Reference Library and Record Office
Chapter 4 Cat. Figure 42 Royal Irish Academy
Figure 4.7 Photo Nigel Meeks, © Trustees of the British Museum Cat. Figure 44 Eva Wilson
Cat. Figure 45 Royal Irish Academy
Cat. Figure 46 Bodleian Library, Oxford
Chapter 5
Figures 5.2, 5.5, 5.10 National Museum of Denmark Appendices
Figure 5.13 Karen Hughes, © Trustees of the British Museum App. Figure 1.2 David Mallott
App. Figure 2.1 National Museums Liverpool
Chapter 6 App. Figure 2.2 Ulster Museum
Figure 6.3 B.J.N. Edwards
App. Figure 2.3 Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Staatlichen
Figure 6.4 Bergen Museum
Museen zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz (SM-PK/MVF); photo:
Figure 6.5 Eva Wilson
Claudia Plamp
Figure 6.10 Trondheim Museum
App. Figures 2.4,a, 2.4,b, 2.5,a, 2.5,b, 2.6, 2.7,a, 2.7,b National
Figure 6.14 SEM photo Nigel Meeks, © Trustees of the British
Museums Liverpool
Museum; schematic drawing, Eva Wilson
Figure 6.15 Illustrations Karen Hughes, © Trustees of the British
Museum; SEM photo Nigel Meeks, © Trustees of the British Museum Plates
Figure 6.17 Sue White Photographs are © The Trustees of the British Museum unless
Figure 6.19 Jim Farrant, © Trustees of the British Museum otherwise stated.
Figure 6.20 Karen Hughes, © Trustees of the British Museum Plate 65 Society of Antiquaries of London
Figure 6.21 Extended drawing Karen Hughes, © Trustees of the British Plate 66 © National Museum of Denmark
Museum Plate 70 © National Museum of Ireland
Figure 6.22 Karen Hughes, © Trustees of the British Museum Plates 74, 75, 76 © Manx Museum
Figure 6.23 James Graham-Campbell Plate 78 © National Museums of Scotland

Chapter 7
Figures 7.3, 7.4 Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart
Figure 7.5 Karen Hughes, © Trustees of the British Museum
Figure 7.6 National Museum of Denmark
Figure 7.7 Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart
Figure 7.8 Karen Hughes, © Trustees of the British Museum

The Cuerdale Hoard | vii

Abbreviations used in the Catalogue and
Explanatory Notes

Measurements Abbreviations used in connection with other museums/

D diameter collections
H height AC Assheton Collection (on loan to the British Museum)
T thickness AM Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Evans Collection)
W width B Historisk Museum, Bergen
Wt weight C Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen
Note: measurements in the catalogue are given in centimetres (cm), CAA University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology,
except where quoted from historical documents (including the British Cambridge
Museum Register for 1840). CM Grosvenor Museum, Chester
CalM Carlisle Museum
Imperial measurements (and metric equivalents) CamM Campbeltown Museum
in(s) inch(es) CanM Canterbury Museum
ft foot/feet (1ft = 12ins) ChM Chichester Museum
yds yards (3ft = 1yd) ColM Colchester Museum
1 in = 2.54cm; 1ft = 30.48cm; 1yd = 91.44m DM Derby Museum
FM Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
HM Hastings Museum
Troy weights (and metric equivalents in grams)
HWM Hereford and Worcester Museum
gr grain
LM National Museums Liverpool (Liverpool World Museum:
dwt pennyweight (24gr)
Nelson Collection)
oz ounce (20dwts)
LUHM Lunds universitets historiska museum
lb pound (12oz)
MM Manx Museum, Douglas
1gr = 0.0648g; 1 dwt = 1.56g; 1oz = 31.1g; 1lb = 373.24g
MoL Museum of London
(1g = 0.032oz)
NCM Norwich Castle Museum
Avoirdupois weights (and metric equivalents in grams) NMI National Museum of Ireland, Dublin
oz ounce NMS National Museums of Scotland (Museum of Scotland),
lb pound (16oz) Edinburgh
1oz = 28.35g; 1lb = 453.59g PP Private possession
(1g = 0.04oz) RM Rotherham Museum
SAL Society of Antiquaries of London
UM Ulster Museum (National Museums and Galleries of Northern
Other abbreviations Ireland)
c. circa VA Victoria and Albert Museum, London
SEM Scanning electron microscope YM Yorkshire Museum, York
taq terminus ante quem
tpq terminus post quem
XRF X-ray fluorescence Explanatory Notes
Throughout this volume, the hoards and single-finds that constitute
the main catalogue are numbered in bold (1–41). In the case of hoards,
Abbreviations used in connection with registration nos in the the individual items are identified after a colon; e.g. 1:120 is a ‘silver
British Museum oblong ingot’ (120) in the Cuerdale hoard (1). For further details, see
AF Franks Bequest (in MME/PE) the ‘Introduction’ to the ‘Catalogue’ itself (pp. 161–3).
CM Department of Coins and Medals There are four series of illustrations, with the ‘Plates’ section (Pls
MME Medieval and Modern Europe (now PE) 1–80) consisting exclusively of the catalogued material, as is also the
OA Old Acquisition (in MME/PE) case with the series of ‘Cat. Figs’ which are integrated into the
PE Department of Prehistory and Europe catalogue entries. The illustrations accompanying the main text are
PEE Prehistory and Early Europe (now PE) numbered by chapter (e.g. Figs 1.1–19, 2.1–5, etc). Finally, Appendices 1
Note: on its acquisition in 1840, the contents of the Cuerdale hoard and 2 have their own series of ‘App. Figs’. In addition, there are some
were divided between the then Department of Antiquities and the Tables, which are numbered in the same manner.
Department of Coins and Medals (where the coins were mistakenly Given that the majority of the catalogued material was discovered
registered under the year 1838). during the mid-nineteenth century (cf. Table 9.1), the historic counties
of England and Scotland have been retained in the text for their find-
places, being those in use until the local government reforms of the
1960s and 1970s, although they have been updated in the catalogue
entries (and in the case of recent finds).

viii | The Cuerdale Hoard

Preface

The Cuerdale Hoard – the largest known silver hoard from the as a donation by HM Queen Victoria, through the Duchy of
western Viking world – was discovered in 1840 by workmen Lancaster, which was the holder of an ancient Treasure Trove
who were engaged in repairing a bank of the River Ribble, near franchise. In accordance with mid-nineteenth-century
Preston, in Lancashire. Though it had been discussed to greater practice, however, the Duchy dispersed part of this great
or lesser extent in many publications since, and the coins had treasure to collectors across Britain and Europe, some with
been the subject of separate studies, no attempt had been made little, if any, record. A major part of the research that lies
to untangle its complex collecting history, or to provide a behind this volume has thus been Graham-Campbell’s
definitive account of the find, including a full catalogue, until reconstruction, in so far as is now possible, of the original
the Museum invited James Graham-Campbell, as the leading extent of the contents of the Cuerdale hoard, which here
authority on Insular Viking hoards, to undertake such a study amounts to 1,153 individual catalogue entries for its bullion
on its behalf. The publication of this volume, The Cuerdale contents. In addition, since it is necessary to put the hoard into
Hoard and related Viking-Age silver and gold from Britain and the wider context of precious metal hoards, bullion, and the
Ireland in the British Museum, by Professor Graham-Campbell, control of wealth in the Viking period, it was clear from the
with numerous contributions from fellow scholars, from the outset that it would be necessary to include the Museum’s other
British Museum and from both home and abroad, is at last important holdings of Viking gold and silver from Britain and
published in celebration of the 170th-anniversary of the Ireland in this study, as well as providing selected handlists of
discovery of the hoard itself. other directly relevant metalwork. The terminus for inclusion
This publication also represents, in a sense, the of this material is 2000. The resulting volume is a work of
continuation of an earlier tradition. When Anglo-Saxon meticulous and dedicated scholarship which reflects the
Ornamental Metalwork, 700–1100, in the British Museum, author’s lifetime expertise in the field. It provides an
Catalogue of the Antiquities of the Later Saxon period, vol. 1, by authoritative overview of not only its immediate subject, but of
David M. Wilson, was published in 1964, it was announced in the wider, ever-mobile, world of Viking trade, raiding, and
its Preface by Rupert Bruce-Mitford, the then Keeper of British manufacture of precious metalwork across the whole of Europe
and Medieval Antiquities, that ‘the present volume is the first to Russia and Arabia.
in a series of six or seven planned to cover the antiquities of the The British Museum is greatly in Professor Graham-
later Saxon period, including the Celtic antiquities’. In fact, this Campbell’s debt for his whole-hearted commitment to this
perhaps over-ambitious idea of an entire series devoted to the long-running project, despite all the intermittent disruptions
non-numismatic collections from some 400 to 500 years of and set-backs that usually attend such a major undertaking.
British and Irish history faded from view almost as soon as it The Museum would like to express its thanks to him, to his
was announced; and though some subjects were subsumed in co-authors, and to others who have contributed in many
other projects, such as Bruce-Mitford’s own independently different ways both from within the Museum and outside; the
published Corpus of Late Celtic Hanging-Bowls, the present appearance of this volume is a most significant achievement.
volume may be said to represent the only other publication
which reflects the original grand design. Leslie Webster
The British Museum acquired the greater part of the Former Keeper, Department of Prehistory and Europe
Cuerdale hoard under the now obsolete law of Treasure Trove The British Museum

The Cuerdale Hoard | ix

Foreword and Acknowledgements

For the last thirty years, a catalogue of the Viking silver hoard discovery (in the USA) by Manville and Robertson, during the
found at Cuerdale, in Lancashire (in 1840), has appeared on my research for their invaluable publication, British Numismatic
list of forthcoming publications, given that the research project Auction Catalogues (1986), of some unique sale-catalogues of
from which this publication arises commenced in the mid- the mid-nineteenth-century Preston auctioneer, John Burton.
1970s, although my first encounter with the hoard had taken We studied copies during a couple of congenial week-ends at
place sometime earlier, during postgraduate research on Christopher’s home in Ramsbury – week-ends of the scholarly
Viking-age brooches supervised by David Wilson, at University and entertaining kind described by Ian Stewart (Lord
College London. My introduction to the Cuerdale hoard at the Stewartby) in Blunt’s obituary for the British Academy (1991).
British Museum, in what was then the Department of Medieval We both presented papers on our researches at the ‘Tenth
and Later Antiquities, was guided by Leslie Webster who has Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History’ (1985).
since remained engaged in my research at the British Museum My ‘archaeological reflections’ on this occasion have survived
– even to the extent of contributing the Preface to this volume. more or less unchanged (Graham-Campbell 1987a), even if
There need, therefore, be no surprise that the greatest debt requiring modification in detail as a result of subsequent work
accumulated by me during these decades is to these two (most notably that by John Sheehan on the Irish material).
scholars, for their academic support and expertise, together Christopher’s paper went unpublished, regarded by him as
with advice on numerous drafts – and, not least, for their being just a summary of ‘work in progress’. In the event, he was
continuous friendship, hospitality and general encouragement. unable to achieve little more with it before his death in 1987;
My initial examination of the non-numismatic contents of however, his Oxford paper and related notes have been put to
the Cuerdale hoard was accompanied by a preliminary survey the best possible use by Gareth Williams in his own account
of the Duchy of Lancaster’s archive concerning the events and discussion of ‘The Cuerdale coins’ (Chapter 3). This work
surrounding the hoard’s discovery, the subsequent Treasure was kindly taken over by Gareth from Marion Archibald, when
Trove ‘Inquisition’, and the distribution of its contents. Also, she realised that her other commitments were going to make it
through the kindness of Lord Assheton, the late Ben Edwards impossible for her to find time to undertake the task that she
and myself undertook (in 1972) the first modern appraisal of had so willingly accepted after Christopher’s death. This
the Assheton collection of Cuerdale silver (other than the volume has, however, greatly benefited from the inclusion (in
coins), when it was still kept at Downham House in the Chapter 3) of the results of her own Cuerdale research – on the
rosewood cabinet commissioned by the Duchy for presentation ‘testing’ of the coins.
(with its contents) to William Assheton, the owner of the land The next significant advance in Cuerdale studies was the
on which the hoard was discovered. It is a matter of great outcome of Susan Kruse’s PhD research, at UCL, on ‘Viking-age
sadness that Ben has not lived to see the completion of this silver ingots from England and Wales and their economic
project of which he was a great supporter, with a fervent desire implications’, which was completed in 1988; her results form
to see its results in print, not least for the medieval archaeology the basis of Chapter 4. After which (in 1990), the 150th-
of Lancashire. anniversary of the discovery of the Cuerdale hoard was
During the 1970s, my research came increasingly to focus celebrated in Liverpool, by the (then) National Museums and
on cataloguing the non-numismatic contents of the Cuerdale Galleries on Merseyside, with an international exhibition
hoard; however, work on the international exhibition The entitled ‘A Silver Saga’, with the treasure forming its
Vikings, during David Wilson’s directorship of the British centrepiece, reconstructed as fully as possible (Philpott 1990).
Museum, brought this work to a halt. Indeed, the Cuerdale The associated conference resulted in the publication of a
hoard was one of its principal exhibits in London, New York collection of papers on the theme of the Cuerdale hoard ‘in its
and Minneapolis, during 1980–81 (Graham-Campbell 1980, no. context’ (Graham-Campbell (ed.) 1992).
301). When work on the hoard re-commenced, it was together A ‘Research Leave’ grant was awarded by AHRB (for 2000–
with the late Christopher Blunt who had agreed to contribute a 2001), to enable completion of the project – and their funding is
chapter to the volume on the Cuerdale coins. This necessitated hereby gratefully acknowledged. This period was, however,
a more thorough examination of the Duchy archive (in 1985), interrupted by illness – and a further decade was to prove
with the assistance of the then Clerk of the Council, Sir Robert necessary for this volume finally to reach completion.
Somerville. I am particularly grateful to the Chancellor and After so many years, it would be an impossible task to try
Council of the Duchy of Lancaster for having granted me and name all those who assisted me with this project, at one
unrestricted access to their records, together with permission time or another – in numerous museums and libraries in
to quote extensively from them here. several countries – for so many generous individuals (not all,
Our work on the antiquarian sources relating to the early alas, still alive) have provided me with extensive assistance
history of the hoard took a major step forward with the and much generous hospitality during this long period.

The Cuerdale Hoard | xi

Graham-Campbell

Specific academic debts are individually acknowledged in the British Museum, I am additionally grateful to Karen Hughes for
notes to the text, but it is a particular pleasure to thank here the care with which she undertook the original drawings, to
three people in England who have assisted me in my research Nigel Meeks for his SEM photographs, and to Craig Williams
without appearing as contributors to this volume: the for his completion of the Cuerdale location-map, originated by
numismatists Hugh Pagan and the late Mark Blackburn, whose David Goodyear.
great learning – and generosity with his knowledge of the Inevitably, changing technology has overtaken the
material – is sadly missed. Sonja Marzinzik, who succeeded to production of this volume and my particular thanks are due to
the curatorship of the Cuerdale hoard in the Department of Martin Comey, whose ability to scan and manipulate
Prehistory and Europe at the British Museum, was unfailingly illustrations, and to organise my files, has ultimately made this
helpful with my last minute queries. publication possible, together with the skills of both Carolyn
Those who have made direct contributions to this volume Jones, as copy-editor, and Josephine Turquet, in its production
include some scholars already mentioned: Gareth Williams and for the British Museum Research Publications series. In
Marion Archibald (Chapter 3), Susan Kruse (in Chapter 4), and addition, I am grateful to Jane Kershaw for her assistance with
John Sheehan (in Chapter 5). Marion’s support for the project proofreading and to Anna Bennett for the index .
over the years included important numismatic contributions to It is, finally, my pleasure to acknowledge a generous grant
both the 1980 and 1990 exhibitions (Archibald 1980; 1992). The from the Marc Fitch Fund towards the cost of the publication of
other specialist contributors, who have also most generously this volume.
contributed their time and expertise, are Egon Wamers (for
Chapter 7), Hero Granger-Taylor (in Chapter 4), Barry Ager (in James Graham-Campbell
Chapter 6), and the late Martin Welch (in Appendix 2.6). At the London and Chauzanaud, March/September 2011

xii | The Cuerdale Hoard

CHAPTER 1
The Collection of Viking-Age Gold and Silver
from Britain and Ireland in the British Museum

The scope of the catalogue those objects of precious metal that are of Anglo-Saxon, Insular
This catalogue describes and discusses all the objects of Viking- and continental manufacture which form part of hoards of
age gold and silver in the British Museum, other than coins ‘Viking character’ (as defined below). In addition, the
(with the exception of those in the Cuerdale and Goldsborough opportunity has been taken to include all the dispersed non-
hoards, which are reviewed by Gareth Williams), that were numismatic material now known from the great hoard found at
made either in Scandinavia or in a Scandinavian tradition and Cuerdale in Lancashire, in 1840 (Fig. 1.1), so that its contents
which have been found in Britain and Ireland. It also includes may, for the first time, be reconstructed as fully as possible.

Figure 1.1 Selection from the Viking silver hoard found at Cuerdale, Lancs

The Cuerdale Hoard | 1

Graham-Campbell

The following items have also been catalogued, for main text are separately identified as Figures, by Chapter (as
completeness: a gold foil from the Halton Moor (1815) hoard, Fig. 1.1, etc.).
Lancs, now in the National Museum, Copenhagen; a silver
pendant from the Goldsborough (1859) hoard, North Yorks, in The history of the collection
the ownership of the church there, together with two lost The collection of Sir Hans Sloane, which comprised the nucleus
ingots (known from drawings); that part of the Ballaquayle around which the British Museum has been formed, contained
(1895) hoard, from the Isle of Man, which was allocated to the no objects of Viking-age gold and silver from Britain and
Manx Museum, Douglas; and a silver arm-ring from near Ireland when it passed into the hands of the nation in 1753,2 and
Athlone, Co. Westmeath, in the National Museum of Ireland, nearly a century was to pass before the British Museum was
Dublin, which was probably found together with two similar officially to collect British antiquities, although coins were a
Irish arm-rings acquired by the British Museum in 1854. different matter.3 So, it was not until 1807 that the Museum
It is intended, therefore, that this catalogue should acquired its first such object when Lord Frederick Campbell
complement both that by David M. Wilson on the Anglo-Saxon donated a silver ingot from a mixed hoard which had been
Ornamental Metalwork, 700–1100, in the British Museum found in 1780 on the island of Tiree, in western Scotland (15).
(London, 1964) and that by James Graham-Campbell on The This was, however, only so that it might join the coins from this
Viking-Age Gold and Silver of Scotland (ad 850–1100) hoard (deposited c. 970), which had previously been donated to
(Edinburgh, 1995), in both of which a small number of the the British Museum in 1789, ‘by his Grace the Duke of Argyle by
objects included below may also be found. the hands of the Rt Honble Ld Frederick Campbell’ (as
For the purposes of this catalogue, the ‘Viking Age’ is described in Graham-Campbell 1995, 97, no. 4). Then, when a
defined as the ninth to eleventh centuries ad, except that all the late Viking-age hoard was discovered in 1815 at Halton Moor,
Museum’s medieval finger-rings made from twisted rods of Lancs (deposited c. 1025), consisting of a silver-gilt Carolingian
gold or silver have been included, even if of twelfth-century cup containing 860 coins of Cnut, a silver neck-ring and six
date (corresponding to those of the ‘Late Norse’ period in impressed gold foils, it was only eighty-five of the coins that
Scotland), given that they are of ‘Viking character’, by which is were ‘taken by the Trustees of the British Museum as also one
meant ‘manufactured in a Scandinavian tradition’ (whether or of the gold pieces’ (Whitaker 1823, 242), presumably because of
not imported from Scandinavia); indeed, if found singly, they its bracteate-like character (4:3). The Halton Moor cup and
are not in any case readily distinguishable from those of known neck-ring remained in private possession and were not to be
Viking-age date (see pp. 107–8). Hoards of ‘Viking character’ acquired by the Museum until 1897, as part of the Franks
comprise both those that consist exclusively of non-numismatic bequest (4:1–2), although the cup had previously been
material (or bullion), in the form of ingots, ornaments and/or displayed, on loan, as part of Augustus Wollaston Franks’
hack-silver, otherwise known as ‘coinless’ hoards, and those personal collection of drinking vessels. The Museum’s lack of
that contain ornaments, etc., of Viking character, together with such Viking-age silver was, however, to change dramatically in
coins, such being known here as ‘mixed’ hoards, to be 1841.
contrasted with those that consist exclusively of coins (with or In the meantime, early in 1838, as described by Wilson
without a container).1 (2002, 104):
All judgements concerning the identification of objects are The Trustees tackled one of the most important problems of coin
discussed in the introductory chapters. The catalogue proper is collecting – Treasure Trove. This was one of the regalities of the
intended to be completely factual; the only other judgements Crown administered in most of England by the Treasury, but
where applicable by the chancellors of the duchies of Cornwall and
normally made in this section (other than the extent of the
Lancaster. Under this ancient law the Crown claimed all precious
secondary ‘nicking’ of an object, which can sometimes be no metal found in the ground having been deposited in the ground
more than an estimate) concern matters of doubtful or animus revertendi (with the intention of retrieval).
disputed provenance. The find-places are indexed to enable
location of the discussion or mention of the object or hoard in The Trustees thus directed the Secretary of the Museum:4
the introductory chapters; they are identified in bold …to draw up a letter to the Lords of the Treasury, to the Chancellor
throughout (as nos 1–41). The catalogue is divided into two of the Duchy of Lancaster and the Lord Warden of the Duchy of
parts: Part I for mixed and coinless hoards (1–16, with each Cornwall, expressing the anxious wish of the Trustees to be
permitted, upon all occasions of Treasure Trove, the selection of
item being separately numbered, as 1:1, etc.); and the second
such Coins and other Antiquities as are desirable for the National
for single-finds (17–41). Both are arranged alphabetically by Museum.
country (England, Ireland, Isle of Man and Scotland; there
being no Viking-age gold or silver from Wales in the British According to Wilson, however (ibid., 104):
Museum). In Part II, the single-finds are further divided up by The Duchy of Cornwall appears not to have replied to this appeal,
artefact type, separated into gold and silver. Unprovenanced while the Treasury cautiously acknowledged the Trustees’ right to
objects are placed at the end of each relevant section, arranged be consulted. The Duchy of Lancaster enthusiastically stated that it
would certainly pass all such material to the Museum.
in their order of accession. The catalogue is complete up to the
end of the year 2000. As chance would have it, the Duchy of Lancaster was soon
Almost all the objects listed in the catalogue are illustrated afterwards in a position to carry out its word. For, in July 1841,
by photographs (identified here as Plates = Pls), with line the British Museum received as a donation from Queen
drawings (identified as Catalogue Figures = Cat. Figs), used to Victoria, in her capacity as Duke of Lancaster (following the
amplify and illustrate certain points not immediately obvious Treasure Trove inquest to be described in Chapter 2), the
from the photographs. All photographs and drawings in the greater part of the non-numismatic material and a selection of

2 | The Cuerdale Hoard

 The British Museum Collection of Viking-Age Gold and Silver from Britain and Ireland

antiquarian, the Rev. Dr Neligan, a small assemblage of silver

bullion from Co. Cork (9) was purchased through the dealer,
H.O. Cureton, from whom the British Museum also purchased
two gold finger-rings as part of a newly-discovered mixed
hoard from Soberton, Hants (7); both acquisitions were
registered in March. The Soberton hoard attracted the
attention of Hawkins not only for its 259 Anglo-Saxon and
Norman pennies (deposited c. 1068), but also for the finger-
rings (or rather ‘ear-rings’ as they were then supposed to be)
because, as he stated, ‘this discovery is very interesting as an
evidence of the period to which ornaments of this kind may be
assigned’ (Archaeological Journal viii (1851), 100). In June,
a silver chain was donated by Major Ker McDonald, together
with a selection of coins, from a mixed hoard (deposited
c. 1000) which had been found in about 1830 on the small
island of Inch Kenneth, off Mull (14:1). Finally, in July, the
Museum purchased two silver arm-rings, said to have been
found in Scotland (16:1 and 2), together with other material, at
the Edinburgh sale of the large collection made by Charles
Kirkpatrick Sharpe, through Augustus Wollaston Franks;
Figure 1.2 Edward Hawkins of the British Museum (in 1835) a third silver-arm-ring in the Museum has demonstrable
associations with these two rings (Graham-Campbell and
the coins from the large mixed hoard (deposited c. 905–10) that Sheehan 1995), so that all three have been catalogued together
had been discovered, in May 1840, at Cuerdale, Lancs (1). In here (16). However, given that the Museum has no known
addition, the Museum has since acquired six Cuerdale ingots, records concerning the acquisition of the latter, it has also been
on two separate occasions (by purchase in 1873 and by listed separately (25).
donation in 1906), as will be described below; further coin It was in 1851 that Hawkins appointed A.W. Franks as ‘an
acquisitions are noted by Gareth Williams in Chapter 3. assistant in the British Museum, with special charge of the
During the mid-nineteenth century, there followed a British and Medieval collections for which a new room had just
considerable influx of both Viking-age hoards and single-finds, been completed’ (as quoted in Wilson 1984, 12).5 There
to an extent unequalled for some decades thereafter (see Table followed, during 1853–4, four further acquisitions of relevant
9.1). This resulted partly from a number of further donations, material from both England and Ireland. In 1853, a gold finger-
but more particularly from a series of purchases that would ring from Balmer, in Sussex (26), was purchased from R.T.
seem to have been stimulated by the detailed study of the Mantell, as part of the late Dr Gideon Mantell’s collection
Cuerdale hoard undertaken by Edward Hawkins (Fig. 1.2), (Franks 1854), and a silver arm-ring (22) was one of three
who was the then Keeper of Antiquities (a post he continued to unprovenanced items (MME:1853,1014.1–3) bought from a Mr
hold until 1860, when he retired at the age of eighty). Wilkin of Mullingar during a trip made by Franks to Ireland ‘to
In February 1849, a gold arm-ring recently found at fill up the numerous gaps in the Irish Series in the Museum’
Wendover Dean, Bucks (20), was presented to the Museum by (Caygill 1997, 175).6
the landowner, Robert Fox, following which three gold rings It is not surprising, therefore, to find that three further Irish
from Ireland were among fifty pieces purchased, on the antiquities were also registered in October, purchased from
initiative of Hawkins (Cherry 1997, 196, n. 6), from William James Henry Underwood (MME:1853,1013.1–3), a well-known
Anthony in London: the so-called ‘Virginia’ arm-ring (21), from Dublin dealer of the period (Briggs 1979), and that there
Co. Cavan, and two finger-rings, one from near Drogheda, Co. followed, in November and December, three groups of material
Louth (34), and the other from near Waterford (35). William purchased from the Dublin collector, Joseph Huband Smith
Anthony was the son of the Irish collector and dealer, Redmond (MME:1853,1117.1–15; 1853,1123.1–11; and 1853,1216.1–9), with a
Anthony of Kilkenny (1768–1848), who had exhibited his further group registered in March 1854 (MME:1854,0307.1–4).7
personal collection ‘in his premises in Piltown, which he styled In 1854, the Museum purchased from its finder the contents
“my Museum”.’ (Cahill 1994, 53–4). Although the greater part of a mixed hoard newly discovered at Lark Hill, Worcs
of this collection was auctioned at Sotheby’s on 20 July 1848, ‘a (deposited c. 1175), from which one silver finger-ring of twisted
precious series’ of his gold ornaments from Ireland was not rods is included in this catalogue (5). Also in 1854, two
included in the sale, but was sent instead for display at the unprovenanced silver arm-rings (8:1 and 2) were bought,
temporary ‘Museum’ created, that July, for the Summer together with over one hundred other items, at the sale of
Meeting of the (Royal) Archaeological Institute held at Lincoln; Thomas Crofton Croker’s collection of Irish antiquities,8
these three gold rings formed part of ‘this choice assemblage’ although it has subsequently been suggested that they may be
which was ‘subsequently … added to the collections in the identified with some found near Athlone, in Co. Westmeath,
British Museum’ (Lincoln Museum Catalogue, xxxiii). which are known to have been acquired by Croker in about
Two years later, in 1851, there were four separate 1851, including one (8:3) now in the National Museum of
acquisitions of material from England, Ireland and Scotland. Ireland, Dublin (Graham-Campbell and Briggs 1986, 309–10,
At the January sale in London of the collection of the Cork 313–14, figs 1, 2 and 6).

The Cuerdale Hoard | 3

Graham-Campbell

There was no gold or silver of Viking character from example differs in detail from both of those originally donated
England in the great collection of London antiquities that the to the British Museum, as part of the Duchy’s allocation (1:1
British Museum bought in 1856 from ‘that remarkable and 10).
antiquary Charles Roach Smith’ (Wilson 1964, 2; 1984, 24; In 1895, the British Museum acquired as Treasure Trove a
2002, 132–3), although one of his notebooks, now in the significant part of the important gold and silver ‘Douglas’
Department of Prehistory and Europe, contains drawings of hoard from the Isle of Man, found at Ballaquayle in June 1894
both some extant and some lost objects from the Cuerdale (13:1–8), but the rest of this mixed hoard (deposited c. 970)
hoard (Cat. Fig. 4 and Pl. 10). was, however, allocated to the newly-founded Manx Museum,
In 1859, the Museum purchased most of the small, but Douglas (13:9–21). Indeed, its discovery provided the impetus
important, mixed hoard (deposited c. 925) that had recently for the actual creation of a national museum in the Island, in
been found at Goldsborough, North Yorks (3:1–11), although the form of temporary displays in Castle Rushen. The body of
a silver cruciform pendant (3:12) remains in the possession of Museum Trustees, established in 1886 by Act of Tynwald, had
the church (Wilson 1957), and a contemporary sketch (Pl. 65), been quick to issue a unanimous resolution, in 1894, strongly
preserved in the library of the Society of Antiquaries of deprecating ‘the removal of the recent Treasure Trove in
London, demonstrates the loss of two ingots (3:13 and 14). Douglas from the Island’ (as quoted by A.M. Cubbon, in
During the following decade (after the retirement of Harrison (ed.) 1986, 50). Its partial return was therefore an
Hawkins) the Museum acquired no further gold or silver important victory for them, and the Manx Museum has since
objects of Viking character. On the other hand, this was the benefited from all Treasure Trove discovered in the Island,
period that saw ‘the gradual emergence of the Department of although no significant finds falling into this category did in
British and Medieval Antiquities and Ethnography’, when fact come to light until the 1970s (ibid., 50–1, with figs; Cubbon
Franks (later Sir Wollaston Franks) became Keeper (Wilson 2000).
1964, 2; 1984, 14; 2002, 119–21; Caygill and Cherry 1997). The Museum’s final acquisition of gold or silver of Viking
Franks retired in 1896 and died in 1897, bequeathing many character from Ireland was made a couple of years later, when
objects to the Museum, including 4, 27, 31 and 36 (described three silver arm-rings were purchased, in 1897, from Rollin &
below). Feuardent, one seemingly a single-find (24), whereas the other
The interlude in the acquisition of relevant material came two apparently derive from an otherwise lost hoard (11). These
to an end in 1870 (Table 9.1), with the purchase of a gold had all formed part of the collection of Lord Hastings (Jacob
finger-ring found at West Bergholt, Essex (32), from the Rev. Astley, 16th Baron Hastings), who would appear to have
J.H. Pollexfen, along with 820 other objects from his collection. purchased them on the same occasion, and from the same
Later that same year, the British Museum acquired, as Treasure (unknown) source, given the identical nature of the inscribed
Trove, a silver arm-ring and what was then considered to be a cards on which they were mounted when acquired by the
single silver neck-ring, found together at Ballacamaish on the Museum. Nothing more is known concerning their pedigree,
Isle of Man (12), although the latter has since been however, given that Hastings died in 1859, after which most of
demonstrated to comprise the remains of two such rings his collection seems to have been disposed of anonymously,
(Graham-Campbell 1983a, 77–8). including a large sale at Sotheby’s in November 1880 (Manville
At the beginning of 1871, a gold finger-ring of Viking and Robertson 1986, 146, no. 12, and 377).
character, found at Harwich in Essex (28), was among eight The Franks bequest of 1897 added three gold finger-rings to
rings bought from P. Albert of London. Next, in April, a silver the collection, as well as the Carolingian cup and Scandinavian
arm-ring ‘from the North of Ireland’ (23) was purchased from neck-ring from the Halton Moor hoard, Lancs (4:1–2), joining
Sir Thomas Tobin, of Ballincollig, Co. Cork. At the same time the impressed gold foil (4:3) acquired from this find in 1815 (as
the British Museum also acquired from the Tobin collection noted above). One of Franks’ finger-rings, from Tundergarth in
some Irish Bronze-age gold rings, as well as a single gold ingot Dumfriesshire (36), represents the last relevant find from
found in Co. Cork; the latter is catalogued here as a Viking-age Scotland to have been acquired by the British Museum. The
object (17), for reasons discussed below (p. 84). At the sale of other two rings have English provenances: one being from near
the Purnell collection, in May 1872, the Museum purchased two Lewes, in Sussex (27), and the other from near Thaxted, in
silver pseudo-penannular brooches of Irish workmanship (10), Essex (31).
together with an assortment of other antiquities, including It was, therefore, during the nineteenth century that the
both Roman and Anglo-Saxon material; these brooches were British Museum assembled the greater part of its collection of
by then without provenance, but were subsequently identified gold and silver of Viking character, even allowing for the bulk
as having been found together, in 1836, on Scattery Island (Inis of the Cuerdale hoard, for the twentieth century was to see far
Cáthaig), Co. Clare (Graham-Campbell 1972, 117). Sheehan fewer additions (see Table. 9.1), including only one silver
(2010b) has argued that this island, in the River Shannon (with hoard: that consisting exclusively of silver brooches found near
its important ecclesiastical centre), was involved in ‘a sustained Penrith, in Cumberland (modern Cumbria) (2), which were
relationship’ with the Scandinavian kingdom of Limerick, and acquired on three separate occasions (in 1904, 1909 and 1991).
that these two small brooches, both lacking pins, together The first recorded discovery of one of the seven (or possibly
constitute a coinless bullion hoard of Hiberno-Scandinavian eight) penannular brooches in question, which together most
type. probably constitute what has become known as the Flusco Pike
In 1873, one of the so-called ‘mark’ ingots from the (no. 1) hoard (Edwards 1992, 49; 1998, 33–6), consists of a large
Cuerdale hoard (1:7) was purchased from the dealers Rollin & silver ‘thistle-brooch’ found by a boy harrowing a field, in 1785,
Feuardent. The opportunity was probably taken because this on what was then known as Fluskew Common, near

4 | The Cuerdale Hoard

 The British Museum Collection of Viking-Age Gold and Silver from Britain and Ireland

Newbiggin, in the vicinity of Penrith (2:1). This remained in Carlisle, but this has since been demonstrated to be a fake (see
private hands (including a period in the Leverian Museum in Appendix 1). Two further purchases made in 1990 were both
London) until sold at auction in 1905, to be purchased from the heirs of earlier finders, each made under very
subsequently by the British Museum in 1909, from Rollin & different circumstances: an unusual gold ‘assemblage’ found in
Feuardent (38). A second silver ‘thistle-brooch’, similar in size 1881 in the garden of Shotton Hall, Co. Durham (6); and a gold
and general decorative scheme to the earlier (1785) brooch, arm-ring ‘fished up in a net by the vendor’s father’, in the 1950s,
was found ‘in a field near Penrith’ in 1830 (2:2); this likewise from the English Channel off the coast of Eastbourne, Sussex
remained in private hands until it was bequeathed to the (18). In 1991, the coinless hoard of silver brooches from Flusco
British Museum in 1904, by William Forster of Carlisle (37). Pike, Cumberland (2:3–12), mentioned above as having been
Finally, as a result of metal-detecting in the same ‘Silver Field’ discovered in 1989 – in the same ‘Silver Field’ as one of the two
as the (1785) brooch had been found, the plough-damaged large ‘thistle-brooches’ (2:1) already in the Museum – was
remains of five (or six?) more silver brooches were discovered, acquired from the finders, having been declared Treasure
in 1989 (2:3–12). Although it cannot be proved that the two Trove.
earlier brooches derived from the Flusco Pike (1989) hoard, for The three artefacts that conclude this catalogue are
which reason they have also been listed separately (as 37 and individual silver pendants, all of which were discovered as a
38), it seems reasonable to suppose that they had originally result of metal-detecting: the silver-gilt coin pendant of Sven
been deposited together. A further hoard, consisting of both Estridsen, King of Denmark (1047–75), found at Mildenhall,
coins and hack-silver (deposited c. 925), and now known as Suffolk (41), mentioned above as having been purchased in
Flusco Pike (no. 2), was found in the vicinity during a metal- 1987; a silver-gilt pendant in the form of a Borre-style animal,
detecting survey in 2005 and has been acquired by the British from Little Snoring, Norfolk (40); and a fragment of a silver
Museum (2009,8027.1–21; see below, pp. 113 and 233). Thor’s hammer from Leconfield, East Yorks (39). The latter two
The opening decade of the twentieth century saw two were acquired in 1999 and 2000 respectively, both through the
further acquisitions of relevant material. The first was a gold new Treasure process, following the Treasure Act 1996 which
finger-ring from Oxford (29), which was privately purchased in replaced the common law of Treasure Trove in England, Wales
1905, and the second, consisting of a parcel of five ingots from and Northern Ireland (Hobbs 2003, 19–21).
the Cuerdale hoard (1:90, 246–8 and 328; Pl. 7), formed part of
a large gift from Dr F. Parkes Weber to the Department of Coins An evaluation
and Medals.9 Two further gold finger-rings from England were The Cuerdale hoard (1) is uniquely important amongst the
added to the collection during the next two decades: a ring British Museum’s collection of Viking-age gold and silver, not
from Saddleworth, in the West Riding of Yorkshire (30), was only because of its great size (weighing c. 42.6kg; see pp. 34–5)
donated to the Museum in 1915; and a ring from Weston and of the complexity of its contents (including over 1,100
Turville, Bucks (33), was privately purchased in 1922. extant items of assorted bullion), but also because of the
There then followed an interlude of nearly sixty years relative precision with which its date of deposition (c. 905–10)
during which the British Museum received no donations and can be determined from the surviving examples of its c. 7,500
made no purchases of any gold or silver artefacts of Viking coins, as discussed in Chapter 3 by Gareth Williams. It thus
character, although it would appear that Thomas Kendrick, as stands pre-eminent not only amongst the Viking-age silver
Keeper of the (then) Department of British and Medieval hoards of Britain and Ireland, but also amongst those from
Antiquities, had contemplated bidding for at least some of the Scandinavia, with the exception of two contemporary hoards
Cuerdale material in the Grantley (1942) sale, only to decide found only 3m apart, within the same building, at Spillings,
against for financial reasons (see p. 174). This hiatus is to be Othem, Gotland, in 1999. These are inevitably not yet fully
explained, in the main, by the allocation of the relevant mixed published, but weigh c. 27kg and c. 40kg respectively, giving a
and coinless hoards found in Britain during this period to the combined weight for them of c. 67kg, including over 14,300
appropriate national and regional museums. On the other (primarily Arabic) coins, of which the latest provides a
hand, only one such find was made in England during the mid- terminus post quem (tpq) of 870/1 for their deposition (Korpås
twentieth century: the mixed hoard discovered in 1950 on the et al. 2000; Östergren 2008). However, the hundreds of ‘arm-
Castle Esplanade, Chester (Fig. 1.12), which was acquired by rings, bars, bracelets and finger-rings’, which this combined
the Grosvenor Museum, Chester (Webster 1953). hoard contains, would appear to lack the variety that
In 1979, the British Museum purchased at auction a gold characterises the contents of the Cuerdale hoard, whilst their
arm-ring found the previous year on the seashore between deposition pre-dates the establishment of a fully-developed
Goodrington and Brixham, Devon (19), but the 1980s saw no hack-silver economy.10
relevant additions to the collection, other than a single coin The Cuerdale and Spillings hoards contrast markedly in
pendant (41) purchased from its finder in 1987, who had metal- size and weight with the next largest silver hoards, from the
detected it at Mildenhall, Suffolk. Indeed, it was the increase in Viking Age, on record both from Britain and Ireland and from
activity by metal-detectorists during the 1990s that was to be Scandinavia, for these do not amount to more than c. 8kg, and
responsible for several of the most recent acquisitions by the their average weight is far lighter. For instance, there are only
Museum of silver objects of Viking character found in England, four tenth-century hoards known from Norway that contain
as also of both gold and silver artefacts by other museums in over 1kg of silver, and of these the heaviest is the coinless hoard
various parts of the country. consisting of four gold and six silver ornaments, all complete,
In 1990, the British Museum purchased, at auction, a silver from Vulu, Nord-Trøndelag, which weighs 2.5kg (Grieg 1929,
Thor’s hammer pendant which had reputedly been found near 254–6, no. 104). The heaviest Viking-age hoard known from

The Cuerdale Hoard | 5

Graham-Campbell

Figure 1.3 Selection from the silver hoard found at Skaill, Orkney

mainland Scandinavia is that from Äspinge, in Skåne, with a 364). In both form and weight, these ingots are far larger than
tpq of 1047, weighing c. 8.75kg; it consists of over 8,700 coins, those normally found in Viking-age hoards of Scandinavian
together with only twenty-six pieces of non-numismatic silver character from the Irish Sea region – or, indeed, from
(Hårdh 1976, 52–4, no. 71). From present-day Denmark, the two Scandinavia. The Carrick treasure:
heaviest Viking-age hoards on record both weigh c. 6.5kg: In consisting exclusively of these ingots, is self-evidently a hoard of
Terslev, Sjælland, with a tpq of 944; and Vålse, Falster, which native Irish wealth, even if the silver itself would have reached
was deposited ‘shortly after 1000’ (Skovmand 1942, 111–13, no. Irish hands as a result of Viking activity. (Graham-Campbell and
Sheehan 2009, 83).
45, and 95–9, no. 37).11 The heaviest hoard that was previously
known from Gotland (pre-1999) was found at Burge, The same may be said of the next largest hoard, that from a
Lummelunda; it weighs 10.4kg (including c. 3,100 coins), but submerged crannog called Rocky Island, on the other side of
post-dates the Viking Age, having been deposited c. 1140 the lake from Carrick (previously known as Dysart no. 2); this
(Berghaus et al. 1969). consists of five massive ingots, each weighing c. 3.1kg (Ryan et
As far as Britain and Ireland are concerned, the largest al. 1984, 337–8; Kelly 1991, 87, n. 44).
hoard of Viking character after that from Cuerdale was found The largest Viking-age coin hoard from Ireland appears to
at Skaill, Orkney, in 1858 (Fig. 1.3); this has a minimum total be that found at Drogheda, Co. Louth, in about June 1846,
weight of 8.11kg, but even so it consisted of only 115(+) items of which it has been suggested was deposited c. 905 (Blackburn
silver bullion and 21 coins, deposited c. 960–80 (Graham- and Pagan 1986, no. 88); it seems, however, to have been
Campbell 1995, 34).12 In turn, the Skaill hoard is four times rapidly disposed of. Indeed, Dr Aquilla Smith is said to have
heavier than the next largest hoard from Scotland, that from seen only four fragments: one Viking coin of York (a ‘Cunnetti’),
the island of Burray, Orkney, which weighed c. 2kg, comprising and three Arabic (Croker 1848). On reporting this discovery to
140 items of bullion and about a dozen coins, deposited c. 997– the British Archaeological Association in November 1847,
1010 (ibid., 141). Crofton Croker stated that ‘Mr. Sainthill, of Cork, had informed
The largest Viking-age hoard known from Ireland is the him’ that the hoard was ‘nearly two gallons in quantity’ (Croker
coinless hoard from Carrick, on the shore of Lough Ennell, Co. 1848; Thompson 1956, 50, no. 129; Hall 1974, 73). Dolley has
Westmeath, consisting of some sixty massive ingots, with an estimated (1966, 27, note 1) that this ‘should amount to
estimated weight of c. 31.8kg (Ryan et al. 1984, 335–6, 338 and something like 5,000 coins, and this figure would be increased

6 | The Cuerdale Hoard

 The British Museum Collection of Viking-Age Gold and Silver from Britain and Ireland

Figure 1.4 Gold arm-ring (or ‘ribbon-bracelet’), from the destroyed hoard found on Hare Island, Co. Westmeath

very substantially if there were any significant admixture of Conquest. This is the London (Walbrook) hoard found in 1872,
the much lighter Western penny’ in with the Arabic coins (with which was deposited c. 1066/74 (to be discussed further below,
their larger flans). Dolley found this claim ‘very difficult to p. 13). The ‘Annotated Catalogue of the Guildhall Museum’
swallow’, although he did not dismiss it out of hand (Dolley (Museum of London MS) records that this consisted of:
1966, 27). Alternatively, given that the deposition of the A coarse earthen urn with a pair of gold mounted Saxon spurs
Drogheda hoard appears to have been more or less [lost], fragments of a silver ferrule of a walking-staff engraved
contemporary with that of Cuerdale, with its c. 7,500 coins, its with runic ornament [Fig. 1.13], and about 17 lbs of Saxon coins.
reported size could well be taken at face value as a further
measure of the wealth accumulated by the Irish Sea Vikings This weight of eleventh-century coins (c. 7.8kg) would have
around the beginning of the tenth century. been the equivalent to some 5,000 in number.
What would appear to have been the two largest hoards of In addition to its great size and complexity, the Cuerdale
Viking character from Ireland are both lost, although that hoard is of exceptional importance for its relatively early date
found in 1802 on Hare Island in Lough Ree, Co. Westmeath, of deposition (c. 905–10), given that there are rather few coin-
consisting of ten gold arm-rings (Fig. 1.4), with a total weight dated hoards containing ornaments of Viking character known
of c. 5kg, is by far the largest such gold hoard known from the from the ninth century (cf. Graham-Campbell 2006, 74–6). The
Viking Age (Graham-Campbell 1974; 1976b, 50). What is small number of the latter from Britain will be considered in
possibly Ireland’s largest hack-silver hoard was found in 1851 at the following sections, which comprise the evaluation of the
Derrynahinch, Co. Kilkenny; this was said to have ‘consisted of Museum’s collection of Viking-age gold and silver on a country-
about a quart full of rings and pieces of silver’ (Graham- by-country basis (Fig. 1.5), with the emphasis being placed on
Campbell 1976b, 50 and 68, n. 3). The (surviving) Irish hoard its greater quantity of material from England.
nearest in character to that from Cuerdale is Dysart (no. 4),
deposited c. 910 (Blackburn and Pagan 1986, no. 93; Blackburn England
2007b, no. 22);13 however, this weighs only c. 850g, with 114 The British Museum contains ornaments, ingots and hack-
pieces of bullion and 45 complete and fragmentary coins (Ryan silver from eight silver and gold hoards of Viking character
et al. 1984, 339–56). A further Irish hoard with ‘Cuerdale found in England, of which six are mixed (with coins) and two
characteristics’, although coinless, is that from Ballywillan, a are coinless (one each of gold and silver). There are also
crannog in Lough Kinale, Co. Longford, consisting of twenty- fourteen single-finds of gold and silver ornaments (rings and
eight ingots (whole and fragmentary) and ten other pieces of pendants), excluding the two old finds of ‘thistle-brooches’
hack-silver, including brooch fragments (Sheehan 1998a, 200; from Cumbria (37 and 38) that are attributed here to the Flusco
Graham-Campbell and Sheehan 2009, 85, fig. 6). Pike (no. 1) coinless hoard (2:1 and 2).
The next largest Viking-age hoard to Cuerdale known from Five of the nine mixed hoards from England which are
England is not, however, in any way comparable to it, being coin-dated to the second half of the ninth century, as listed in
from the south-east and dating to the period of the Norman Handlist 1, do not in fact contain objects of Viking character

The Cuerdale Hoard | 7

Graham-Campbell

hoards (1–8, 10, 12–15)

unlocalized (9, 11, 16)
single finds (18–21, 26–36, 39–41)
unlocalized (17, 22–24)

Figure 1.5 Distribution map of the Viking-age hoards (1–16) and single-finds of silver and gold (17–41; except 25 and 37–8), in the British Museum

and, given that they are all in the Museum, their omission from Two of the other three mixed hoards may both be
this catalogue is considered below, under ‘Exclusions’ (pp. considered to be of national significance, although neither of
15–18). In addition, the one hoard from Scotland on this list, them is in the British Museum, because they can be associated
that from Talnotry, Kircudbrightshire, is best interpreted as with the movements of the Danish ‘Great Army’ during the
having been deposited (c. 875?) by a Northumbrian 870s, as are the recently metal-detected finds of coins, and
metalworker (Graham-Campbell 2001a). both hack-silver and gold, from its 872/3 winter-base at
The mixed hoard, and associated material, from the North Torksey, Lincs (Graham-Campbell 2002a, 55–6; Blackburn
Yorks ‘productive site’, deposited c. 875, was (in 2008) in the 2002; 2004; 2009, 48–50; 2011).16 One of these hoards was
process of being acquired by the Museum, but it had anyway excavated (in 1985) from a male grave at Repton, Derbys
been discovered too late (2003) for inclusion in this catalogue, (Grave 529), which was the army’s winter-base in 873/4, but
although its contents are described briefly below by Gareth this consists only of a single gold finger-ring, with stamped
Williams (p. 68).14 There is also an assemblage of hack-silver decoration (Fig. 5.16), and five coins with a deposition date of
and gold from across this site,15 similar – if on a smaller scale – c. 874 (Biddle and Kjølbye-Biddle 1986, 24–6; 2001, 65, fig.
to that from Torksey, Lincs (see below). 4,16). The deposition of the other hoard, found at Croydon,

8 | The Cuerdale Hoard

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