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Eyewitness
Soldier
 First-aid kit

Military bugle

Photo of a loved one Jungle camouflage jacket

Roman armor
Poppy
US Army colonel’s badge

AK47 assault rifle

POW glasses
 Eyewitness
Service medals
Soldier
Written by
SIMON ADAMS Siege tower

Early Chinese rockets

AS90 self-propelled artillery

Zulu shield Civil War ambulance

DK Publishing
 King’s shilling

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centurion’s
helmet

Night-vision
LONDON, NEW YORK, goggles
MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI

Consultant Andrew Robertshaw

Senior editor Rob Houston

Senior art editor Alison Gardner
Managing editor Camilla Hallinan
Managing art editor Owen Peyton Jones
Art director Martin Wilson
Sword fighting positions
Associate Publisher Andrew Macintyre
Beretta Model Picture researcher Louise Thomas
92FS pistol Production editor Andy Hilliard
Senior production controller Pip Tinsley

Tall Tree Ltd.

Editors Rob Colson, David John,
Claudia Martin, and Jon Richards
Designers Ben Ruocco, Ed Simkins,
and Jonathan Vipond
Indexer Chris Bernstein
US Marine
Corps badge First published in the United States in 2009 by
DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014

Copyright © 2009 Dorling Kindersley Limited

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All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No

part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-0-7566-4539-7 (HC); 978-0-7566-4540-3 (ALB)

Color reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore. Portable fuel and matches

Printed and bound by Toppan Printing Co. (Shenzen) Ltd., China

Discover more at
Rigid raider
Wood alcohol

4
 Contents
6
The soldier Hand grenades

8
Joining up
10 42
Into the army The medical corps
12 44
First days Feeding the troops
14 46
Drill Morale
16 48
Training The end of a campaign
18 50
Rising through the ranks Honoring the soldier
20 52
Signals and intelligence Prisoners of war
22 54
The engineers Guerrilla fighters
24 56
Battle dress Women in uniform
26 58
Weaponry Child soldiers
28 60
Artillery Soldiers for peace
30 62
Ready for battle Tomorrow’s soldier
32 64
The battle Timeline
34 66
Airborne troops Portraying the soldier
36 68
Tank troops Find out more
38 70
The marines Glossary
40 72
Special troops Index

5
 The soldier
A   a professional fighter: a man—or woman—who is
paid to fight for a country or a cause. A soldier is drawn from among
the civilian, or unarmed, population, and is specially trained to fight.
PATRIOTISM
He joins an army, wears a uniform, and serves for anything from a
A soldier’s first loyalty is often to his couple of years to a lifetime. Soldiers have existed throughout human
country and its flag, such as the flag
of the Russian Federation, above.
history, ever since peoples first began to fight one another for food,
The Chinese People’s Liberation land, status, or superiority. A soldier’s life is hard, since he must be fit
Army is currently the largest army in
the world, with 2.3 million troops. and ready to fight at a moment’s notice in difficult and often dangerous
Twenty-one of 193 countries in the circumstances. Yet a soldier’s life may also be
world have no army, including
Iceland, Costa Rica, and many small extraordinarily varied and exciting.
Caribbean and Pacific island states. Kabuto (helmet)
carries warrior’s
personal crest

Japanese samurai
warrior

Kote (armored
sleeve) and sode
Banner of the (shoulder guard)
warrior’s lord protect the arm

SELFDEFENSE PERSONAL LOYALTY

Soldiers are often used to defend their nation Soldiers can sometimes fight out of personal
from attack. In medieval times, European soldiers loyalty to a local lord or political master,
often defended walled towns or castles that were particularly in a country where there is civil war
under threat. These English soldiers were in and central authority has broken down. In the
action in 1204 when Rouen in Normandy was medieval world, the samurai warriors of Japan
besieged by French forces. and the knights of western Europe owed their
loyalty to the lords who employed them rather
than to the emperor or king who ruled them.

Soldiers of
the People’s
Liberation Army

Haidate (lower
thigh) and suneate
(shin) armor
protect the leg

DISCIPLINE
The most important lesson a soldier must learn is
discipline. Without discipline, a soldier might disobey
or ignore orders and endanger his own life or those of
his comrades. These Chinese soldiers are learning the
essential discipline of marching in straight ranks with
their rifles held out in front of them. One wrong step,
and the bayonet attached to the rifle behind you could
stab you in the back.

6
 INFANTRY AND CAVALRY A horse gave its rider
Historically, soldiers have been divided speed and impetus
between infantry (those who fight on foot)
and cavalry (those who fight on horseback).
The two often fought alongside or against
each other. The Russian Imperial Guard
cavalry and French infantry met in this
engagement at Austerlitz, in the present-
day Czech Republic, in 1805. Today, horses
have been replaced by armored vehicles,
but the distinction between foot and
mounted soldiers remains.

Heavy machine-gun
protects troops from attack

Pakistani armored
personnel carrier
MODERN WARFARE
The modern soldier no longer walks or marches to the
battlefield or scene of engagement but is taken there in an
Armor protects armored personnel carrier (APC) or perhaps even flown
crew from small- in by helicopter. Once in action, he is
arms fire armed with the latest hi-tech weaponry
and is protected by tanks and other
short- and long-range artillery. A
soldier’s life is precious and every
effort is made to protect him on and
off the battlefield.

Caterpillar tracks help APC to

maneuver on rough ground

WHO IS IN CHARGE?
An army owes its ultimate
loyalty to the head of state,
such as the president or
king. In practice, the head
of state is usually only the
honorary head of the army,
which is controlled by the
government. The army
sometimes takes control
of the country itself, as
NONMILITARY TASKS has happened in Burma,
Soldiers are often called upon to carry out non-military tasks. These Chinese where the head of the
soldiers are preparing to dig out survivors from the rubble after an earthquake army, General Than
decimated Sichuan province in 2008. Their fitness, discipline, and readiness for Shwe (right), is also
action make the armed forces ideal for helping civilians caught up in natural head of state.
disasters and other emergencies.

7
 Joining up
E   young recruits to replace those killed
or injured in combat and older men who are retiring from
active service. Now recruits enlist, or join up, in two ways:
either as volunteers or as conscripts. Volunteering
is the preferred option, since the recruits want to join the
armed services and are willing to fight. Sometimes, however,
particularly during wartime, the number of recruits is too
THE DRAFT
low for the army’s needs, and so young men are drafted, or
When World War II broke out in forced to serve. This is done by compiling a list of all
Europe in 1939, the US remained
neutral at first. It did, however, young men across the country who are fit and able,
register men between and then picking groups to fight, choosing them
the ages of 21 and 36,
and conscript, or draft, either by age or by the day on
some of them to serve in
the army. Among those
which they were born.
drafted were these men
from New York, who were
assigned to the US Army Air
Corps. This was the first time
the Corps had opened up its PROPAGANDA
ranks to black recruits. One of the most effective ways to encourage
young men to join the army is through a
large-scale propaganda campaign. At the
outbreak of World War I in 1914, the British
British World War I used the well-known face of Lord
recruiting poster Kitchener—a famous war hero—to persuade
young men to enlist. Three years later, when the US
entered the war, the figure of Uncle Sam—a symbol of
the US—was used for the same purpose.

Army logo is prominently

displayed on hood and World War I US
sides of car recruiting poster

ATTRACTING ATTENTION
Today’s armed services have come up with novel ways to
attract possible recruits. The US Army sponsors a car and
driver in the NASCAR stock car racing championship and THE KING’S SHILLING
takes an interactive recruiting exhibition to most races, During the 18th and 19th centuries, the daily
attracting up to 1,200 potential recruits to the 1 million- pay in the British army or navy was 1/- (one
strong army at each event. The exhibition also travels to shilling). Men who agreed to serve in the forces
hot rod races and rodeos. In addition, recruiting officers were said to “take the king’s (or queen’s) shilling.”
visit schools and set up stands in shopping malls. Recruiting officers used tricks to enlist young men,
such as dropping a shilling into a pint of beer.
By drinking the beer, the unwilling recruit had
accepted the shilling and was now in the forces.

8
 NATIONAL SERVICE
Some countries maintain conscription in order to keep their armed forces
up to strength. These Russian men, for example, are some of those
aged between 18 and 27 required by law to undertake one year’s
national service. Such service is also compulsory in
Germany, Israel, and Switzerland. Most countries,
however, have moved away from national
service toward a totally
volunteer army.

Ceremonial
Landsknecht
broadsword

Extra-wide
quillons
to protect
hands

MERCENARIES IN HISTORY
Landsknecht Most men fight for their country, but some fight just for money.
pike Known as mercenaries, they serve whichever side will pay them.
Mercenaries flourished when national rulers could not raise enough
troops from home. The Landsknechts from Germany fought for
various European rulers in the 15th and 16th centuries and were
renowned for their brutality on and off the battlefield.

Uniform distinguishes a
Landsknecht contractor from a regular
halberd army member

Steel ax
head

Long wooden
shaft
Steel frame MODERN MERCENARIES
protects shaft Today’s mercenaries, often called “private security contractors,”
work for private companies. These mercenaries work in
Afghanistan as security guards. The largest number of
private contractors—some 30,000—are found in
Iraq, forming the second-largest occupation force
there after US regular troops.

RESERVE FORCES
Most countries maintain a reserve force that
can be called upon in times of emergency.
The 350,000-strong Army National Guard,
formed in 1903 out of various state forces, is
the reserve force for the US army. Its motto,
“Always ready, always there,” sums up its role.
Britain’s Territorial Army, formed in 1908,
performs a similar function.

9
 Into the army
EVEN THE LARGEST ARMIES CONSIST of small groups of
fighting men that combine in different ways according
to the task in hand. A major military expedition will
Company:
require an entire army corps, while simple guard duty
Four platoons will involve no more than a single section. Specialized
120 soldiers armored, aliillery, and engineering units operate
alongside regular infantry units in this structure. Some
national armies also maintain a regimental structure, in
which each regiment is responsible for recruiting and
training soldiers. It is often a historic organization,
with its own traditions and local connections, and
commands great loyalty from its members.
Battalion
Eight companies
900 soldiers

COLORS AN D STA N DARDS

Alt hough used today only for
ceremonial purposes, colors and
standards (flags) once had immense
importance to soldiers. They helped
them to recognize their unit and rally
to it in t he confusion of battle. Empero r
Napoleon I adopted th e eagle-the
symbol used by ancient Romans-
as France's natio nal sym bol, and all
regiments carried one into battle.

French imperial eagle on a

standard of Empero r Napoleon

T H E M ASCOT
Many army uni ts have t heir own mascot,
an animal or object thought to bring
them good luck. The US Marine Corps
has had a bu lldog as its mascot since
1922. The cwTen t dog, Ches ty, is their
12th mascot and li ves in the Marine
Barracks at Washi ngton, o.c. In the
Biitish Aun y, wolfhounds, goats,
and rams, among others,
all serve as mascots
to a regiment.

Com mand: US Maline

Two to three corps Corps bulldog
100,000- 150,000 soldiers mascot

ARMY STRU CTURE

No two armies have exactly the same size or structure, but most armies
arc structu red much like the India n army (left). A section of ten or so
men is the smalles t fighting group. Sections are then organized into
platoons, companies, and battalions, which are the main fighting tulits
of any army. Above this level are brigades, divisions, corps, and regional
and national comma nds. Toget her, they all make up a modem army.

10
(c) 201 1 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved.
 Capercaillie feathers
Cap badge is usually decorate this
positioned over left eye combat helmet

Side view of a British army Soldier from Italian

Glengarry cap Bersaglieri corps

IDENTIFYING BADGES
It is often fairly difficult to tell which
army unit a soldier is from. All soldiers
wear the same battle uniform when not on
ceremonial parade. One way is to check the
badge sewn on to his cap or to the sleeve of his
uniform, since each unit has a different badge.

The Hat Terrai Gurkha

is a piece of ceremonial
headgear worn on parades

REGIONAL UNITS
Soldiers from a particular
region are often grouped
together in regiments, if they
share the same background
and local language as their
comrades. The Gurkhas of Nepal
fight in both the British and
Indian armies and are renowned HEADGEAR
for their bravery and strength. Some regiments wear distinctive headgear to identify themselves.
The Italian Bersaglieri (“sharpshooters”) wear a ceremonial wide-
brimmed hat decorated with capercaillie (wood grouse) feathers,
and sometimes even add the feathers on their combat helmets.

Combat
medals Distinctive red and
green epaulettes White peaked kepi

WEAR IT WITH PRIDE

Belt buckle A military uniform is not only a practical form of clothing, but also an
with badge expression of pride. The French Foreign Legion has a seven-point code
of honor, which includes taking pride in wearing the uniform of a
legionnaire with its distinctive white kepi hat.

11
 First days
T   of being a soldier are just like the
first days at a new school. There is a new
building—the barracks—to find your way
around, new rules and regulations to learn and
obey, a new daily timetable to get used to, and
a vast amount of information to absorb and
use. The biggest difference from life as a
civilian is that a soldier is no longer free to
come and go as he pleases. His life is now
totally controlled by the army, and
almost every minute of the day is filled
with education, training exercises, and
a tough regime of physical fitness.
There is little time to relax, and even
less time to enjoy oneself.
Hair clippers

APPEARANCE
New recruits are given a
military haircut—short
back and sides—and
instructed to remove all BARRACKS
jewelry except a wedding Every new soldier is
ring if married. They are assigned to a barracks or
given a basic uniform and military camp. This will be
told to keep this clean and his home while he is being
neat at all times. By now a trained. The barracks contains
recruit has lost his old accommodation, a parade
identity and begun to take ground for drill (see pp.14–
on the appearance of a 15), and a wide range of
young soldier. training, physical exercise, and
sports facilities. The barracks
is well guarded, and access to
it is strictly controlled for
security reasons.

Army food is basic

but nutritional

ARMY MESS
Once in the barracks, soldiers are
expected to eat, sleep, and train
together. The army mess or cafeteria,
such as this one used by US
soldiers in Baghdad, is a good
place to get to know your fellow
soldiers, as well as to obtain
regular meals and refreshments
throughout the day.

12
 5-gallon (23-liter) water
carrier aids fitness

KEEPING FIT
Physical fitness is stressed from a recruit’s very first
day. The British Army, for example, puts recruits
through a three-stage fitness program that at the
final stage requires them to do 65 sit-ups in three
minutes; six “heaves,” or pull-ups (hanging from a
beam and pulling your body up until your chin is
clear of the top); and a 1.5-mile (2.4-km) run to be
completed within 10 minutes and 30 seconds.

Afghan recruits
in training

Handcuffs

CODES OF CONDUCT
Soldiers in every army have to obey military
codes of conduct and laws. Punishment varies
from a verbal rebuke to a reduction in rank. In
extreme cases, an offender is tried by Court
Martial, the court that tries those subject to
military law, and may be imprisoned or even,
in some countries, executed.

Chinese military police

on traffic duty

MILITARY POLICE
Soldiers are typical of the
community they come from
and are just as likely to break
the law as a civilian. The role of
the military police, such as
RELIGIOUS GUIDANCE these Chinese officers, is to
The army chaplain is an ordained minister who investigate soldiers’ breaches of
serves in the army but does not carry weapons. His civilian criminal law and
role is to provide spiritual and moral guidance to military law, arresting and
servicemen and their families, regardless of religion charging offenders and bringing
or belief, and to hold religious services. them before military justice.

13
 Drill
A    discipline and
total obedience in order to fight. Indiscipline
or disobedience could endanger his life and
those of the men around him. This discipline is
taught through drill, the repetitive carrying out of BASIC DRILL
The most basic drill every
orders so that they become second nature. Drill soldier learns is how to
is taught mainly on the parade ground, where salute another soldier,
particularly an officer. A
soldiers march in strict formation under the salute shows respect and
THE TORTOISE watchful eye and loud voice of their commanding trust and is the normal
Roman soldiers drilled greeting between soldiers of
extensively to prepare them for officer. Square-bashing, as this is called, teaches whatever rank. Failure to
combat. They used the testudo, or soldiers how to obey commands. Drill also forms return a salute shows a lack
tortoise formation, to attack the of discipline and courtesy.
walls or gate of a city, holding the basis of all military ceremonies and formal state
their shields to protect them from
above and from all sides. This
occasions, such as the visit of a foreign head of
enabled them to move right up state, when ranks of soldiers parade in colorful
to the city with less risk of
injury from enemy arrows
formation. Last, but not least, drill also teaches a
or other missiles. soldier to take pride in his uniform. Commanding officer
leads his company
from the front

Eyes straight ahead,

chin up, shoulders back Sri Lankan soldiers
on parade

Every soldier ON PARADE

marches in step Every soldier learns how to march in step on a parade ground. This might seem like a
pointless exercise, since it appears to have little to do with fighting an enemy, but it teaches
soldiers discipline and precision. The ability to obey instantly a command barked out on a
parade ground by a commanding officer could well save your life and those of your
comrades if that command were issued in battle.

14
Drill blocks showing a battalion of six Front rank of company Color party (regimental colors Markers and guides help
companies drawn up in two ranks and escort) soldiers keep in straight lines

Rear rank of company Lieutenant colonel

Adjutant (commanding officer’s Sergeant major Captain of Captain of

Junior major commands personal staff officer) shouts commands rear rank front rank
left wing of battalion
Senior major commands
DRILL BLOCKS right wing of battalion
During the 18th and 19th centuries, officers learned Cotton undershirt
to drill large bodies of men so that they could move has wide sleeves
companies (about 100 men) and battalions (800 men)
from a marching column up to the line of
battle without getting them “clubbed,”
or tangled up. They learned this skill
through the use of drill blocks, each CEREMONIAL UNIFORM
one of which represented an Soldiers have a dress uniform that
individual or group of soldiers. they wear on ceremonial parades,
where they may perform special
drills. The outfits of the Greek
evzones (presidential guards)
have evolved from those worn by
the klephts (mountain warriors),
who fought the Ottoman
Turkish rulers of Greece until
independence was won in 1829.

Foot raised high

in ceremonial
marching step

Fustanella, a
kiltlike garment

Brass bar for

KEEPING UP APPEARANCES adjusting size of pace
Keeping boots highly polished and a uniform
clean and well pressed teaches a soldier the
importance of attention to detail. As with drill, an
emphasis on neatness and cleanliness creates the
discipline that makes a soldier obey orders
without question. A sharp uniform also gives
a soldier pride in his appearance and Pace-stick
confidence in himself and his unit.

MEASURING
THE PACE
Soldiers are trained to
THE THIN RED LINE take paces of the same
Hours spent on the parade length, with the same
ground came in handy when soldiers were number each minute, so
required to march in line toward an enemy. that they all move at the
British redcoats—as British soldiers were same speed across a parade
once known—advanced side by side in strict ground and do not bump into
formation so that they could use their muskets one another. The British Army
and bayonets effectively. These Scots Fusilier still uses this pace-stick—in effect,
Guards advanced against the Russians in 1854 at life-size dividers—to measure the
the Battle of Alma during the Crimean War. length of these paces.

15
Training
A , a recruit undergoes training
in the handling and use of weapons. This includes
how to strip down and rebuild a rifle, how to fire it
accurately at a target, and how to use a rifle while
on the move. He learns essential skills such as
radio communications and map reading, and goes
on orienteering exercises to put those skills into
practice. A recruit also undergoes a course of
adventure training, surviving in often wild
terrain by camping out and cooking his own
food. These and other skills are then put to
the ultimate test on full-scale maneuvers
designed to simulate a real battle.

Rifle barrel is
cleaned with a
lightly oiled cloth

TARGET PRACTICE
Learning how to adjust the
sight of your rifle so that
your target is in view, and
then firing accurately at the
center of that target, is an
essential skill. In combat,
that target could be an
enemy soldier aiming a
rifle at you, and you may
only have one chance to
get it right.

Weapon parts laid out on

clean, dry surface

KNOW YOUR WEAPON

Every soldier must learn how to strip down and clean his rifle so that it remains
RIFLE DRILL in good working condition. A dirty rifle that has not been properly maintained
When rifles were equipped with bayonets—blades that might misfire or not fire at all, putting the soldier’s life at risk. There is a proper
stuck out in front of the muzzle (front of the rifle)— order to dismantling and reassembling a rifle that does not damage it, but will
recruits had to learn how to use this stabbing weapon reveal any wear and tear and enable a new part to be installed.
in close combat. These British trainee Royal Marines
from 1942 are practicing lunging at sandbags.

16
 Rifle is pointed down
to prevent an accident

Cut at head St. George

St. George Cut at head

FIRE AND MANEUVER

Once the essential training of handling and firing
a weapon indoors against a static target has been
learned, it is time to apply those skills when
moving around in the open air. These Israeli
soldiers have learned how to advance toward an Feint at leg Shift
enemy when holding a rifle, crouching down at
times to take cover or to aim at a target.

MAP READING
Soldiers learn how to read
and understand a map and its many
St. George Cut at head
signs and symbols. They learn how to
figure out the direction they are
facing using a compass or by
observation, and then how to find
their position on the map. Such
skills are essential when trying to
find your way in foreign or
dangerous territory.

Cut at leg Shift

Maps of Normandy for
World War II D-Day
landings

German Leopard 1 battle

tanks during maneuvers
in Norway
St. George Cut at head

COMBINED MILITARY
EXERCISES Cut at ribs Outside half
All a soldier’s training comes hanger
into use when he is sent on
a full-scale military exercise. TRAINING IN THE PAST
Regiments work together When soldiers carried swords as
as they would in combat weapons, they would practice
and every effort is made to swordfighting for many hours.
simulate, or mock up, a full- These illustrations, from an early
scale military engagement. 19th-century British drill book,
Exercises often take place show some of the many attacking
abroad, in snowy, desert, and defending positions a soldier
or jungle conditions not needed to know. Such skills survive
available at home. today in the sport of fencing.

17
 Rising through the ranks
Private PV2 Private First Class
A      to look after his
men and to lead them in whatever military task he is ordered
to undertake. The higher the rank he holds, the more men he
commands and the more responsibilities he has. Most officers
enter the army as trainees and attend special military academies,
Corporal Sergeant although some are promoted from being ordinary privates. Officers
wear badges called insignia to mark them out as men of authority
whose commands must be obeyed.

Staff Sergeant Sergeant First Class

Second First Lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant Colonel

Lieutenant Colonel

Brigadier General Major General Lieutenant General

Master Sergeant First Sergeant

General General of the Army

US COMMISSIONED OFFICERS’ BADGES
A commissioned officer is a soldier who has been given a commission to hold
authority within the army. In the US army, junior commissioned officers—
Sergeant Major Command Lieutenant and then Captain—command platoons and companies. Senior or
Sergeant Major field officers—Major up to Colonel—command battalions. Generals—who are
awarded stars—command brigades and divisions.

French officer cadets

at École Spéciale
Militaire de Saint-Cyr
Sergeant Major
of the Army

LOWER RANKS IN THE US ARMY

The lowest rank in the US army is a
Private PV1, who wears no insignia on
his uniform. After a few months’ service,
he may advance to PV2, and then to
Private First Class. If he is promoted to a
corporal, he becomes an NCO (non-
commissioned officer) and commands
a section. NCOs can be promoted to
become commissioned officers.

OFFICER TRAINING
Future officers enter special military academies
such as West Point in the US, École Spéciale
Militaire de Saint-Cyr in France, and Sandhurst
in the UK. Here they are trained in the skills
they will need to command large numbers of
troops. These academies are like military
universities. The standards are high and
students are required to learn technical and
managerial as well as military subjects.

18
 OFFICER’S SWORD
Scabbard
The sword was once the main fighting
weapon of an infantry soldier but gradually
lost its role in combat as muskets and then
rifles took over after the 16th century.
Swords are now worn only as part of
an officer’s full dress or ceremonial
uniform at military parades,
official receptions, and
other special occasions.

PROMOTION
Officers are promoted to the next rank according to their
abilities and experience. Most promotions take place
during ceremonial parades at barracks. But occasionally
an officer is promoted in the field to replace an injured
comrade or as a mark of instant recognition of their
bravery or leadership qualities.

Belt to
hold sword

Civil War
Union officer’s
dress sword

Ceremonial
Belt supported by strap
sash
worn diagonally over
right shoulder

SAM BROWNE BELT

The Sam Browne is a wide leather belt
designed originally to carry a sword, a
weapon worn only by officers. Today, its
main function is to carry a pistol. It is mainly
worn by senior military and police officers.
The belt gets its name from an officer with
the British Army in India who lost his arm
fighting in 1858 and found the belt helped
him to continue wearing a sword.

US artillery officer
from World War I

Roman centurion’s helmet Fringe of gold

braid bullions

THE CENTURION’S CREST

Army officers traditionally wore a
brightly colored headpiece so that
their men could see them and follow
their commands in battle. Roman EPAULETTES
centurions in charge of a century An epaulette (a French word meaning
(unit) of about 80 men wore a crest “little shoulder”) is an ornamental piece
or plume of colored horsehair on of braid that is worn on the shoulder of
their helmets. During the Roman an officer’s uniform. Epaulettes indicate
Republic (509–27 ), a centurion’s the rank and regiment of the officer.
crest ran along his helmet from front Officers once wore epaulettes into
to back. Soon after the Roman battle but their visibility made them
Empire was established in 27 , its vulnerable to enemy marksmen.
direction was changed so that it ran They are now worn only on
from side to side. ceremonial occasions.

19
 Signals and intelligence
G  and intelligence (information) are
as important to the modern soldier as reliable weapons and a
supply of ammunition. A soldier needs to keep in regular
contact with his fellow soldiers and with his base in order to
receive orders and signals and pass on important information.
He also needs good intelligence about the enemy: their location,
MILITARY RUNNERS strength, capabilities, and intentions. Without such intelligence,
Before telephones and radios,
messages had to be passed by hand he would be operating blind and could put the lives of himself
or word of mouth. Paul Revere rode and others at risk.
through the night of April 18–19,
1775, warning that the British were
about to seize military stores in
Concord, Massachusetts. The first
shots of the Revolutionary War were
fired the next day.

POSTAL PIGEON
Carrier pigeons make ideal mail carriers
IN COMMUNICATION since they have a homing instinct that
Out on operations, soldiers communicate with each helps them return to base. The pigeons
other and with their base using a VHF (very high- are taken far from base and may be
frequency) transceiver, a radio that transmits and dropped by parachute. Messages are then
receives. These radios are small and light enough tied in tiny canisters to their legs, and the
to be carried in a backpack. They are birds fly back to base. Carrier pigeons
powered by battery and are played a vital role in both world wars. For
effective over a range of up example, they carried Allied messages
to a few miles, although before the D-Day invasion of France in
some also use satellite June 1944, since radios could not be used
technology to communicate for fear of enemy interception.
farther afield or in
mountainous terrain. Postal pigeon
dropped
Satellite phone handset by parachute

Fold-out satellite dish

Cord connecting Vest stops bird from

handset to flying home until
satellite phone message is attached

Backpack contains
communication
equipment

20
OVER THE DIN OF BATTLE
The sounds of rifle, cannon, and artillery Copper and brass bell
fire turn battlefields into extremely noisy broadcasts sound over
places and disrupt communications long distances
between an officer and his men. One
way around this problem was to use
loud musical instruments—a burst of
notes on a bugle, or a roll of drums— Military bugle
to convey orders and signals to the Balloon high in
troops over the noise of battle. sky to avoid
enemy gunfire

Cord for hanging the

bugle over the shoulder
when not in use

Wings can be adapted to Pusher propeller

carry up to four missiles
Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR) spots
moving targets
Warrior UAV

EYES UP ABOVE
Before the days of airplanes, military observers
could watch enemy troop movements from passenger
balloons or even kites. In 1794, French observers on
board the reconnaissance balloon l’Entreprenant passed
on information about Austrian troop movements in
the Battle of Fleurus to their commander, Jean-Baptiste
Multispectral targeting system Jourdan, helping him achieve a notable victory.
(MTS) contains infrared
sensors and laser rangefinder

AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE
The gathering of information on the enemy is
known as reconnaissance. This may be done by land
or by air. Increasing use is now being made of UAVs
(unmanned aerial vehicles), which fly over enemy
territory and send back photos and other data.
UAVs vary in size from handheld models to aircraft
the size of a small plane. They are controlled by radio
and can largely avoid detection by enemy radar.

FOOT PATROL
The best intelligence about enemy
troop positions is often obtained on
foot. Reconnaissance patrols regularly go
out in a combat zone—at great risk to their
own lives—to obtain information at close Antireflection lenses prevent
quarters, sometimes observing the enemy for glare from revealing their
days at a time using powerful binoculars. user’s position

21
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