Opera ng

System
Windows &
Tools of MS
Office
[Link] Computer, [BA, [Link].
[Link]. General (Voca onal )]

Rayyan Anwar
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UNIT 1 – OPERATING SYSTEM

1. Meaning of Opera ng System

An Opera ng System (OS) is a system so ware that acts as an intermediary between the user and
the computer hardware.
It manages hardware resources and provides services to applica on programs.

Defini on:

An opera ng system is a program that controls the execu on of applica on programs and acts as an
interface between the user and the computer hardware.

Examples: Windows, Linux, macOS, Android, iOS.

2. Func ons of an Opera ng System

Main func ons include:

1. Process Management – Managing processes (programs in execu on), their crea on,
scheduling, and termina on.

2. Memory Management – Alloca ng and dealloca ng memory space as needed by programs.

3. File System Management – Organizing, storing, retrieving, naming, and protec ng data.

4. Device Management – Controlling and coordina ng I/O devices.

5. Security & Access Control – Protec ng data from unauthorized access.

6. User Interface Provision – Providing CLI (Command Line Interface) or GUI (Graphical User
Interface).

3. Need for Opera ng System

 To make the computer easy to use for humans.

 To manage hardware efficiently.

 To allow mul ple programs/users to share resources.

 To provide security and protec on.

 To increase system performance by managing resources op mally.

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4. Monitoring System Performance

An OS monitors:

 CPU u liza on (percentage of me CPU is busy)

 Memory usage

 I/O device usage

 Response me for user requests

 Throughput (number of processes completed per unit me)

Performance tools (e.g., Task Manager in Windows, top command in Linux) help in observa on.

5. Process Management

 Process: A program in execu on.

 OS role:

o Create and terminate processes.

o Schedule processes (decide which runs next).

o Synchronize processes.

o Manage inter-process communica on.

Types of Scheduling:

 Batch scheduling

 Time-sharing scheduling

 Real- me scheduling

6. Mul programming

 Defini on: Mul ple programs are kept in memory at the same me, and the CPU switches
among them to improve u liza on.

 Example: While one program waits for I/O, CPU works on another.

7. Mul tasking

 Defini on: OS allows mul ple tasks (processes) to run concurrently for a single user.

 Example: Edi ng a document while listening to music.

8. Mul processing
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 Defini on: Use of two or more CPUs within a single computer system to perform tasks
simultaneously.

 Advantage: Increases speed, reliability, and parallelism.

9. Time Sharing

 Defini on: Mul ple users can interact with the system at the same me, each ge ng a
small me slice of the CPU.

 Example: Unix systems in universi es for mul ple students.

10. Memory Management

 Role of OS:

o Keep track of memory alloca on.

o Allocate/deallocate memory to processes.

o Avoid fragmenta on.

 Techniques: Con guous alloca on, Paging, Segmenta on.

11. Virtual Memory

 Concept: OS uses part of the hard disk as an extension of RAM.

 Advantage: Allows large programs to run even with limited physical memory.

 Technique: Paging with swap space.

12. User Interface

Two main types:

1. Command Line Interface (CLI) – Text-based commands (e.g., MS-DOS, Unix shell).

2. Graphical User Interface (GUI) – Windows, icons, menus (e.g., Windows, macOS).

13. File Management

OS provides:

 File crea on, reading, wri ng, dele on.

 Directory structure management.

 File access control (permissions).

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14. Security

 Authen ca on (username/password, biometrics).

 Authoriza on (access rights).

 Encryp on of sensi ve data.

 Protec on against malware.

Diagram – OS as an Interface

+-----------------------------+

| User / Applica ons |

+-----------------------------+

| Opera ng System |

| - Process Management

| - Memory Management

| - File Management

| - Security

+-----------------------------+

| Computer Hardware |

+-----------------------------+
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UNIT II – WINDOWS
1. Introduc on to Windows

Windows is a graphical opera ng system developed by Microso , designed to make computer

interac on easier by replacing command-line commands with icons, menus, and visual naviga on.

 First Version: Windows 1.0 (1985)

 Latest Versions: Windows 10, Windows 11

 Key Idea: User-friendly GUI (Graphical User Interface) instead of typing text commands.

Advantages:

1. Easy to use (point-and-click interface)

2. Mul tasking support

3. Wide hardware and so ware compa bility

4. Built-in tools and applica ons

2. Features of Windows

 Graphical User Interface (GUI): Uses windows, icons, menus, and pointers (WIMP concept).

 Mul tasking: Run mul ple applica ons simultaneously.

 Plug and Play: Automa c hardware detec on and installa on.

 Networking Support: Easy connec on to local and internet networks.

 Security Features: User accounts, passwords, firewall, and an virus integra on.

 File Management System: Easy naviga on through drives and folders.

3. Exploring the Desktop

The desktop is the main screen displayed a er the computer boots up into Windows.
Components:

 Icons: Represent programs, files, or folders.

 Taskbar: Displays running applica ons and the Start menu.

 Start Menu: Access programs, se ngs, and files.

 No fica on Area: Shows me, date, and background processes.

 Wallpaper: Customizable background image.

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4. Running Mul ple Programmes

Windows supports mul tasking, meaning:

 You can open and use several applica ons at once.

 Switching between apps is done via:

o Alt + Tab shortcut

o Clicking icons on the taskbar

 Example: You can type in MS Word while listening to music and browsing the internet at the
same me.

5. Accessories

Windows provides built-in tools called accessories:

 Notepad: Basic text edi ng.

 WordPad: Simple document editor.

 Paint: Simple image drawing tool.

 Calculator: Basic and scien fic calcula ons.

 Snipping Tool / Snip & Sketch: Screen capture.

6. Control Panel

The Control Panel is the central place for system se ngs:

 System and Security: Firewall, updates, and system info.

 Network and Internet: Wi-Fi, LAN, and sharing se ngs.

 Hardware and Sound: Printer, mouse, audio, and power op ons.

 Appearance and Personaliza on: Themes, wallpaper, fonts.

 User Accounts: Passwords, user control, account types.

7. Managing Documents and Folders

Windows uses a hierarchical file system:

 Drives → Folders → Subfolders → Files

 Crea ng Folders: Right-click → New → Folder

 Renaming: Right-click → Rename

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 Copy/Move: Drag-and-drop or use Ctrl + C / Ctrl + X / Ctrl + V

 Dele ng: Delete key or Right-click → Delete

8. Windows Explorer (File Explorer)

File Explorer helps you browse, open, copy, and manage files.
Key Parts:

 Naviga on Pane: Shows drives and folders.

 Address Bar: Shows the current folder path.

 Search Bar: Finds files quickly.

 Ribbon Toolbar: Offers file management commands.

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Unit III – MS Word

1. Introduc on to MS Word

MS Word is a word processing applica on developed by Microso , used for crea ng, edi ng,
forma ng, and prin ng text documents. It is a part of the Microso Office Suite.

Key Uses:

 Crea ng professional documents (le ers, reports, resumes, books).

 Edi ng and forma ng text easily.

 Adding graphics, tables, and charts.

 Using templates for fast document crea on.

Advantages:

 User-friendly interface.

 Advanced forma ng op ons.

 Built-in spelling and grammar check.

 Integra on with other MS Office tools (Excel, PowerPoint).

Interface Components:

 Title Bar – Displays the file name.

 Ribbon – Contains tabs like Home, Insert, Layout, etc.

 Quick Access Toolbar – Frequently used commands (Save, Undo, Redo).

 Status Bar – Shows page number, word count, language.

 Document Area – The main area where we type.

2. Crea ng & Forma ng a Document

Steps to Create:

1. Open MS Word.

2. Click File → New.

3. Select Blank Document or a template.

4. Start typing in the document area.

Forma ng Text:

 Bold – Ctrl + B
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 Italic – Ctrl + I

 Underline – Ctrl + U

 Font Style – Change from Home → Font group.

 Font Size – Choose point size from dropdown.

 Text Color – Use font color bu on.

 Paragraph Forma ng – Align le , center, right, or jus fy text.

3. Changing Fonts & Point Size

 Font is the style of text (e.g., Times New Roman, Arial).

 Point Size determines text height (1 point = 1/72 inch).

 Steps: Select text → Home tab → Font group → Choose font & size.

Example:

 Heading → Calibri, 16pt, Bold

 Body Text → Times New Roman, 12pt

4. Table Crea on & Opera ons

Crea ng a Table:

 Go to Insert → Table → Choose rows & columns.

Opera ons:

 Add Row/Column – Right-click inside table → Insert.

 Delete Row/Column – Right-click → Delete.

 Merge Cells – Select cells → Layout → Merge Cells.

 Split Cells – Layout → Split Cells.

 Forma ng Tables – Apply border styles, shading, alignment.

5. AutoCorrect & Spell Check

 AutoCorrect automa cally fixes common typing errors (e.g., “teh” → “the”).

 Spell Check detects misspelled words.

o Shortcut: F7

o Red underline → spelling error

o Blue underline → grammar error

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6. WordArt

 Used to insert decora ve text.

 Steps: Insert → WordArt → Choose style → Type text → Customize (color, shape, size).

7. Inser ng Objects

 Pictures – Insert → Pictures → From device or online.

 Shapes – Insert → Shapes → Choose shape → Draw on document.

 SmartArt – For diagrams like flowcharts.

 Charts – For data visualiza on (requires table input).

 Symbols – Insert → Symbol → Choose special character.

8. Mail Merge

Purpose: Send the same le er to many recipients with personalized details.

Steps:

1. Go to Mailings Tab → Start Mail Merge.

2. Choose document type (Le ers, Labels, etc.).

3. Select Use Exis ng List (Excel file or contacts).

4. Insert merge fields (Name, Address).

5. Preview Results → Finish & Merge → Print or save.

9. Page Setup

 Margins – Space between text and page edges.

 Orienta on – Portrait (ver cal) or Landscape (horizontal).

 Paper Size – A4, Le er, Legal, etc.

 Columns – For newsle er-style layout.

Steps: Layout → Page Setup group.

10. Print Preview & Prin ng

Print Preview:

 File → Print → Preview appears.

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 Check page layout before prin ng.

Prin ng:

 File → Print → Choose printer → Set copies → Print.

MS Word Window Layout

____________________________________________

| Title Bar Quick Access Toolbar |

|------------------------------------------------

| File Home Insert Layout References ... |

|------------------------------------------------

| Ribbon: Tools, Commands, Forma ng bu ons |

|------------------------------------------------

| Document Area (Type here) |

| |

|------------------------------------------------

| Status Bar: Page 1 of 2 | Word Count | Language |

|________________________________________________|

Quick Shortcut Keys in MS Word

Command Shortcut

Save Ctrl + S

Open Ctrl + O

New Document Ctrl + N

Copy Ctrl + C

Paste Ctrl + V

Cut Ctrl + X

Undo Ctrl + Z

Redo Ctrl + Y

Bold Ctrl + B
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Command Shortcut

Italic Ctrl + I

Underline Ctrl + U

Print Ctrl + P

Spell Check F7
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Unit IV – MS Excel

1. Introduc on to MS Excel

Microso Excel is a spreadsheet applica on developed by Microso that allows users to organize,
format, and calculate data using a grid of rows and columns.
It is widely used for:

 Data entry

 Data analysis

 Financial modeling

 Graphical representa on of data

Key features include:

 Worksheets and workbooks

 Powerful formulas and func ons

 Charts and graphs

 Data sor ng and filtering

 Integra on with other MS Office applica ons

2. Star ng MS Excel

Steps to open MS Excel:

1. Click on the Start Menu.

2. Go to All Programs → Microso Office → Microso Excel.

3. Alterna vely, use the Search Bar and type Excel, then press Enter.

When MS Excel opens, you see a blank worksheet.

3. Worksheet and Workbook

 Workbook: A complete Excel file. It may contain mul ple worksheets.

 Worksheet: A single spreadsheet page within a workbook.

 Rows: Horizontal lines iden fied by numbers (1, 2, 3…).

 Columns: Ver cal lines iden fied by le ers (A, B, C…).

 Cell: The intersec on of a row and a column (e.g., A1, C5).

4. Cells – Inser ng and Edi ng

 Inser ng Data: Click a cell → Type data → Press Enter.

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 Edi ng Data: Double-click the cell or click in the formula bar.

 Inser ng Cells:
→ Right-click → Insert → Choose to shi cells right/down.

5. Data Forma ng

Alignment

 Le , Center, or Right alignment for text.

 Top, Middle, or Bo om alignment for ver cal posi oning.

Text Wrapping

 Wraps long text into mul ple lines within the same cell.

 Shortcut: Select cell → Home tab → Wrap Text.

Merging Cells

 Combine mul ple cells into one (useful for headings).

6. Sor ng Data

 Ascending Order: A to Z / Smallest to Largest.

 Descending Order: Z to A / Largest to Smallest.

 Steps:
Select range → Data tab → Sort.

7. AutoSum

 Quickly adds a range of numbers.

 Steps: Select a cell → Click AutoSum (Σ) on Home tab → Press Enter.

8. Using Formulas

 Formulas begin with =

 Example:
=A1+B1 (adds values in cells A1 and B1)

 Basic Func ons:

o SUM() – Adds values

o AVERAGE() – Finds average

o MAX() – Largest value

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o MIN() – Smallest value

o IF() – Condi onal logic

9. Using a Cell in Another Formula

You can use a cell’s value in mul ple formulas:

Example:
If A1 = 10 and B1 = 20,
Formula in C1: =A1+B1
Formula in D1: =C1*2

10. Naming Cells and Ranges

 Naming a Cell: Select cell → Type name in Name Box → Press Enter.

 Naming a Range: Select range → Name Box → Type name.

This makes formulas easier to understand (e.g., =SUM(SalesData)).

11. Genera ng Charts

 Charts provide a visual representa on of data.

 Steps:

1. Select data range.

2. Go to Insert Tab → Choose Chart Type (Bar, Line, Pie, etc.).

3. Customize using Chart Tools.

12. Integra ng Worksheet Data with MS Word

 Select Excel table → Copy.

 Paste into MS Word (as table or linked object).

 Linked Object: Updates automa cally when Excel data changes.

13. Page Setup

 Access from Page Layout Tab.

 Op ons:

o Orienta on (Portrait/Landscape)

o Margins
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o Paper Size

o Print Area

14. Print Preview and Prin ng

 Print Preview: File → Print → Preview how the sheet will look.

 Prin ng Steps:

1. File → Print.

2. Select printer.

3. Set pages and copies.

4. Click Print.

15. Advantages of MS Excel

 Handles large datasets efficiently.

 Automates calcula ons with formulas.

 Easy data visualiza on.

 Integra on with other so ware.

 Strong data sor ng/filtering capabili es.

 File extension for Excel workbooks:

o .xlsx (Excel 2007 and later)

o .xls (older versions)

2. Layout of Excel Window

Main Components:

1. Ribbon – Contains tabs (Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data, Review, View)
with commands grouped logically.

2. Formula Bar – Shows the active cell’s data or formula.

3. Worksheet Tabs – Tabs at the bottom for switching between different sheets.

4. Status Bar – Displays information like sum, average, count, and modes (Ready, Edit).

5. Name Box – Shows the address of the active cell (e.g., A1).
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6. Cells – Intersection of rows and columns where data is entered.

7. Column Headings – Labeled A, B, C, etc.

8. Row Numbers – Labeled 1, 2, 3, etc.

Diagram: Layout of Excel Window

-----------------------------------------------------------

| File | Home | Insert | Page Layout | Formulas | ... | ← Ribbon

-----------------------------------------------------------

| A1 | Formula Bar: =SUM(B2:B6) |

-----------------------------------------------------------

A B C D
1 Name Marks Grade Remarks
2 Alex 85 A Good
3 John 76 B Average
-----------------------------------------------------------

| Sheet1 | Sheet2 | Sheet3 ← Worksheet Tabs |

-----------------------------------------------------------

Status Bar: Ready | Sum=345 | Average=78 |

-----------------------------------------------------------

3. Key Features

 Cells & Ranges – A cell is one data box; a range is multiple cells (e.g., A1:B5).

 Data Types – Text, Numbers, Dates, Formulas.

 Formatting – Bold, Italic, Font size, Colors, Borders, Alignment, Wrap text.

 Formulas – Start with = (e.g., =A1+B1).

 Functions – Predefined formulas like:

o SUM() – Adds values.

o AVERAGE() – Finds mean.

o IF() – Conditional logic.

o VLOOKUP() / HLOOKUP() – Lookup values.

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4. Example Table, Formula & Chart

Sample Data:

Name Marks1 Marks2 Total Average

Alex 85 78 =B2+C2 =D2/2

John 76 88 =B3+C3 =D3/2

Maria 90 92 =B4+C4 =D4/2

Priya 68 74 =B5+C5 =D5/2

Explanation of Formulas:

 Total (D2) → =B2+C2

 Average (E2) → =D2/2

 Copy formulas down using AutoFill.

Chart Example:

1. Select range A1:C5.

2. Go to Insert → Column Chart.

3. Excel creates a chart showing Marks1 and Marks2 comparison.

Tip: Charts auto-update when table data changes.

5. Page Setup & Printing

 Page Layout Tab → Adjust margins, orientation (Portrait/Landscape), scaling.

 Print Preview → Check layout before printing.

 Print → Ctrl + P.
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Unit V – PowerPoint
1. Introduc on to MS PowerPoint

 Defini on: Microso PowerPoint is a presenta on so ware developed by Microso , used to

create professional-looking slideshows containing text, images, charts, anima ons, and
mul media.

 Purpose:

o Presen ng ideas clearly in mee ngs, classrooms, or public events.

o Combining text, images, video, and sound for impac ul presenta ons.

o Suppor ng teaching, marke ng, and corporate training.

2. Star ng MS PowerPoint

 Steps to start:

1. Click on the Start bu on.

2. Search for PowerPoint in the search bar.

3. Click the Microso PowerPoint icon.

 Home Screen Components:

o Ribbon: Contains tabs like Home, Insert, Design, Transi ons, Anima ons, Slide Show,
Review, and View.

o Slides Pane: Shows slide thumbnails.

o Slide Area: Main working area for content.

o Notes Pane: Space to write speaker notes.

3. AutoContent Wizard (Older versions)

 Defini on: A step-by-step guide that helps create a presenta on by choosing a ready-made
style and structure.

 Process:

1. Choose presenta on type (e.g., marke ng, sales, educa on).

2. Select output medium (on-screen, print, overhead).

3. Follow prompts to insert content.

4. Crea ng a Presenta on
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Methods:

1. Using AutoContent Wizard – Pre-designed templates and sugges ons.

2. Blank Presenta on – Start with a clean slate and add your own design.

3. Using a Template – Apply a predefined style with background and fonts.

Steps for a blank presenta on:

 Click File → New → Blank Presenta on.

 Choose a Slide Layout (Title Slide, Title and Content, etc.).

 Type your text in placeholders.

 Add images, charts, or videos using the Insert tab.

5. Saving a Presenta on

 Steps:

1. Click File → Save As.

2. Select loca on (Desktop, Documents, etc.).

3. Enter file name.

4. Click Save.

 Extensions:

o .pptx – Standard PowerPoint file.

o .ppsx – PowerPoint Show (opens directly in slide show mode).

6. Prin ng a Presenta on

Prin ng op ons:

 Full Page Slides – Each slide printed on a separate page.

 Handouts – Mul ple slides per page for audience distribu on.

 Notes Pages – Slides printed with speaker notes.

 Outline View – Prints text without graphics.

7. Adding a Slide

 Steps:

1. Go to Home → New Slide.

2. Choose layout (Title, Content, Two Content, etc.).

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3. Add content.

8. Naviga ng Through a Presenta on

 Using the Slide Pane – Click slide thumbnails.

 Keyboard Shortcuts:

o Page Up / Page Down – Move between slides.

o F5 – Start slide show from beginning.

o Shi + F5 – Start from current slide.

9. Slide Sorter

 Defini on: Displays all slides in miniature form for easy rearrangement.

 Use: Rearrange, duplicate, or delete slides quickly.

 Shortcut: View → Slide Sorter.

10. Slide Layouts

 Common layouts:

o Title Slide

o Title and Content

o Two Content

o Comparison

o Picture with Cap on

11. Edi ng Slides

 Change font, color, size.

 Insert pictures, charts, tables.

 Modify slide background using Design → Format Background.

12. Using ClipArt & WordArt

 ClipArt: Pre-made images from Microso collec on.

 WordArt: Stylized text with effects.

 Insert → Picture → ClipArt / WordArt.

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13. Adding Transi ons & Anima on

 Transi ons: Effects between slides (e.g., Fade, Wipe, Push).

o Apply via Transi ons Tab.

 Anima ons: Effects applied to text or objects.

o Use Anima ons Tab to add entrance, emphasis, or exit effects.

14. Se ng Timings for Slide Show

 Steps:

1. Go to Slide Show → Rehearse Timings.

2. Prac ce and record mings for each slide.

3. Save mings for automa c play.

15. Preparing Notes & Handouts

 Notes: Add speaker notes for each slide (visible only to presenter).

 Handouts: Distribute slides to audience.

16. Example Presenta on Structure

Topic: "Benefits of Solar Energy"

1. Title Slide: Solar Energy – A Sustainable Future.

2. Introduc on Slide: Defini on & importance.

3. Data Slide: Chart showing solar adop on rate.

4. Image Slide: Picture of solar panels.

5. Conclusion Slide: Summary & call to ac on.

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17. Diagram – PowerPoint Window Layout

-------------------------------------------------

| File Tab | Home | Insert | Design | Transi ons |

|-----------------------------------------------|

| Ribbon (Toolbars and Commands) |

|-----------------------------------------------|

| Slides Pane | Slide Area |

| | |

|--------------|--------------------------------|

| Notes Pane |

-------------------------------------------------

Status Bar – Slide Number, View Op ons, Zoom

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Reference
1. General Computer Fundamentals

 Peter Norton’s Introduc on to Computers – Peter Norton, McGraw Hill Educa on.

 Computer Fundamentals – P.K. Sinha & Pri Sinha, BPB Publica ons.

 Fundamentals of Computers – V. Rajaraman, PHI Learning.

 Computer Fundamentals: Concepts, Systems, and Applica ons – Anita Goel, Pearson
Educa on.

2. Opera ng System

 Opera ng System Concepts – Abraham Silberschatz, Peter B. Galvin, Greg Gagne, Wiley.

 Modern Opera ng Systems – Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Pearson Educa on.

 Opera ng Systems: Principles and Prac ce – Thomas Anderson & Michael Dahlin.

3. Microso Windows

 Windows 10 Inside Out – Ed Bo , Microso Press.

 Windows 10 for Dummies – Andy Rathbone, Wiley.

 Step-by-Step Windows – Microso Official Academic Course (MOAC), Wiley.

4. MS Word

 Microso Word 2021 Step by Step – Joan Lambert, Microso Press.

 Microso Office Word 2019/2021 Bible – Lisa A. Bucki.

 MS Office Word Made Easy – Rajiv Mathur, BPB Publica ons.

5. MS Excel

 Excel 2021 Bible – Michael Alexander, Dick Kusleika, John Walkenbach, Wiley.

 Excel Step-by-Step – Cur s Frye, Microso Press.

 Mastering Microso Excel – Ashutosh Sharma, BPB Publica ons.

6. MS PowerPoint

 PowerPoint 2021 Step by Step – Joan Lambert, Microso Press.

 Mastering Microso PowerPoint – Aayush Jain, BPB Publica ons.