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 MAJOR PROBLEMS IN AMERICAN HISTORY SERIES
TITLES CURRENTLY AVAILABLE

Allitt, Major Problems in American Religious History, 2nd ed., 2012 (ISBN 0-495-91243-3)
Blaszczyk/Scranton, Major Problems in American Business History, 2006
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Block/Alexander/Norton, Major Problems in American Women’s History,
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Boris/Lichtenstein, Major Problems in the History of American Workers, 2nd ed.,
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Brown, Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution, 1760–1791, 3rd ed.,
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Chambers/Piehler, Major Problems in American Military History, 1999
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Chan/Olin, Major Problems in California History, 1997 (ISBN 0-669-27588-3)
Chudacoff/Baldwin, Major Problems in American Urban and Suburban History,
2nd ed., 2005 (ISBN 0-618-43276-0)
Cobbs/Blum, Major Problems in American History, 4th ed., 2017
Volume I: To 1877 (ISBN 1-305-58529-1)
Volume II: Since 1865 (ISBN 1-305-58530-5)
Fink, Major Problems in the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era, 3rd ed., 2015
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Franz/Smulyan, Major Problems in American Popular Culture, 2012
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Gordon, Major Problems in American History, 1920–1945, 2nd ed., 2011
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Griffith/Baker, Major Problems in American History since 1945, 4th ed., 2014
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Haynes/Wintz, Major Problems in Texas History, 2nd ed. 2017
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Holt/Barkley Brown, Major Problems in African American History, 2000
Volume I: From Slavery to Freedom, 1619877 (ISBN 0-669-24991-2)
Volume II: From Freedom to “Freedom Now,” 1865–1990s (ISBN 0-669-46293-4)
Hurtado/Iverson, Major Problems in American Indian History, 3rd ed., 2015
(ISBN 1-133-94419-1)

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 Major Problems in
American History

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 MAJOR PROBLEMS IN AMERICAN HISTORY SERIES

GENERAL EDITOR
THOMAS G. PATERSON

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 Major Problems in
American History
Volume I: To 1877

Documents and Essays

FOURTH EDITION

EDITED BY
ELIZABETH COBBS
Texas A&M University

EDWARD J. BLUM
San Diego State University

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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 Contents

P RE F A C E xvi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xi x
I N T R O D U C T I O N : H O W T O R E A D P R I M A R Y AN D
S E C O N D A R Y SO U R C E S xx

Chapter 1 Old Worlds Make New Ones 1

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 2
DOCUMENTS 3
1. The Iroquois Describe the Beginning of the World, n.d. 3
2. Native Americans Pay Tithes to the Aztecs, 1541–42 5
3. European Map-Makers Remake the World, 1595 6
4. The Portuguese Lament Military Losses in Western Africa,
1448 6
5. Christopher Columbus Details His First Encounters with Native
People, 1493 8
6. Fray Bernardino de Sahagun Relates an Aztec Chronicler’s
Account of the Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs, 1519 9
7. An Englishman Discusses Trading with Indians on the Atlantic
Coast, 1584 10
8. English Artist John White Depicts Indian Land Use, 1619 13
ESSAYS 14
Neal Salisbury  The Indians’ Old World 14
Joyce Appleby  The Europeans’ New World 22
FURTHER READING 29
vi
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 CONTENTS vii

Chapter 2 Colonial Settlements and Conflicts, 1600–1690 30

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 31
DOCUMENTS 31
1. Edward Waterhouse, a British Official, Recounts an Indian
Attack on Early Virginia Settlement, 1622 32
2. Indentured Servant Richard Frethorne Laments His Condition
in Virginia, 1623 33
3. Puritan Leader John Winthrop Provides a Model of Christian
Charity, 1630 34
4. Sugar Planters Transform Barbados, 1647–1650 35
5. Anne Bradstreet Discusses Her Children in the Colonies,
1656 38
6. A French Missionary Describes the Iroquois, 1659–1660 39
7. George Alsop, a Resident of Maryland, Argues That Servants in
Maryland Profit from Life in the Colonies, 1666 41
8. Tituba, a Servant-Slave in Salem, Massachusetts,
Answers Questions About the Devil, 1692 43
ESSAYS 45
James H. Merrell  The Indians’ New World 45
Rachel B. Herrmann  Cannibalism and Abundance in Colonial
Jamestown 54
FURTHER READING 61

Chapter 3 British Colonial Development, 1690–1770 62

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 63
DOCUMENTS 63
1. An Englishman Recounts His Travels into Western Africa, 1623 64
2. Virginia’s Statutes Illustrate the Declining Status of African
American Slaves, 1660–1705 64
3. Southern Planter William Byrd Describes His Views Toward
Learning and His Slaves, 1709–1710 67
4. Enslaved Workers Cultivate Tobacco, 1738 68
5. Dr. Alexander Hamilton Depicts the Material Acquisitions
of Northern Colonists, 1744 69
6. Gottlieb Mittelberger, a German Immigrant, Portrays the
Difficulties of Immigration, 1750 70
7. Samson Occom (Mohegan) Gives a Short Narrative of His Life,
1768 72

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 viii CONTENTS

8. Adam Smith Analyzes the British Colonies in Terms

of the Wealth of Nations, 1776 74
ESSAYS 76
David D. Hall  Worlds of Wonder in the Northern Colonies 76
T. H. Breen  Worlds of Goods in the Northern Colonies 87
FURTHER READING 95

Chapter 4 The American Revolution 96

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 97
DOCUMENTS 97
1. Congress Condemns the Stamp Act, 1765 98
2. Pamphleteer Thomas Paine Advocates the “Common Sense” of
Independence, 1776 99
3. Abigail and John Adams Debate Women’s Rights, 1776 102
4. Mohawk Leader Joseph Brant Commits the Loyalty of His
People to Britain, 1776 104
5. A New Song Inspires Revolutionaries, 1776 105
6. African Americans Petition for Freedom, 1777 106
7. General Washington Argues for Greater Military Funding by
Portraying the Plight of Soldiers at Valley Forge, 1778 107
8. Venezuela Declares Independence, 1810 108
ESSAYS 109
Christopher Paul Magra  Maritime Dimensions of the American
Revolution 110
David Armitage  The Declaration of Independence in World
Context 115
FURTHER READING 121

Chapter 5 From Confederation to Constitution 122

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 123
DOCUMENTS 123
1. The Articles of Confederation Stress the Rights of
States, 1781 124
2. Cato, an African American, Pleads for the Abolition
of Slavery in Pennsylvania, 1781 125
[Link] Iroquois and the United States Make the Treaty of
Fort Stanwix, 1784 126

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 CONTENTS ix

4. Slaveholders in Virginia Argue Against the Abolition

of Slavery, 1784–1785 127
5. Thomas Jefferson Proposes the Protection of Religious
Freedom in Virginia, 1786 127
6. Daniel Shays and Followers Declare Their Intent to Protect
Themselves Against “Tyranny,” 1787 129
7. The Federalist Papers Illustrate the Advantages of Ratification
of the Constitution, 1787–1788 130
8. France Devises a New Republican Calendar, 1793 133
ESSAYS 133
Alfred F. Young  The Pressure of the People on the Framers
of the Constitution 134
Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman  Making an American Umpire in the
Presence of European Empires 141
FURTHER READING 147

Chapter 6 Nation Among Nations 148

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 149
DOCUMENTS 149
1. A Spanish Soldier Describes the Comanche Destruction of the
San Saba Mission in Texas, 1758 150
2. Republican Thomas Jefferson Celebrates the Virtue of the
Yeoman Farmer, 1785 151
3. Judith Sargent Murray Argues for the “Equality of the Sexes,”
1790 151
4. Federalist Alexander Hamilton Envisions a Developed American
Economy, 1791 153
5. A Cartoonist Attacks the Degenerate French Over the XYZ
Affair, 1798 155
6. Thomas Jefferson Advances the Power of the States, 1798 155
7. Chief Justice John Marshall Argues for the Primacy of the
Federal Government, 1803 157
8. Thomas Jefferson’s Supporters Sing of His Victory,
ca. 1801 158
ESSAYS 160
Pekka Hämäläinen  The Comanche Empire 160
David Waldstreicher  The Making of American Nationalism 170
FURTHER READING 176

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 x CONTENTS

Chapter 7 Foreign Policy, Western Movement, and Indian

Removal 178
QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 179
DOCUMENTS 179
1. President George Washington Warns Against “Entangling
Alliances,” 1796 180
2. William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Enters into
Diplomacy with Native People, 1806 181
3. Iroquois Chief Red Jacket Decries the Day When Whites
Arrived, 1805 184
4. William Cullen Bryant Satirizes the Embargo Act, 1808 186
5. Shawnee Chief Tecumseh Recounts the Misdeeds of Whites
and Calls for Indian Unity, 1810 187
6. A Newspaper Reports on the Burning of Washington, D.C.,
1814 189
7. President James Monroe Declares That European Powers May
Not Interfere in the Americas, 1823 190
8. Francis Chardon Bemoans the Destruction of the Arikaras and
Mandans by Smallpox, 1837 191
ESSAYS 195
Alan Taylor  The War of 1812 as a Borderland War 196
Emily Conroy-Krutz  International Missions and Tenuous
Anglo-American Relations 203
FURTHER READING 210

Chapter 8 Market and Transportation Revolutions 211

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 212
DOCUMENTS 212
1. Slave Charles Ball Mourns the Growth of Cotton Culture and
“Sale Down the River,” c. 1800 213
2. President John Quincy Adams Urges Internal Improvements,
1825 214
3. A Family in Illinois Struggles with Marketing Their Crops,
1831 215
4. Harriet Hanson Robinson, a “Lowell Girl,” Describes Her
Labor in a Textile Mill, 1831 216
5. Mary Graham Describes Life on a Commercializing Farm,
1835–1844 218

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 CONTENTS xi

6. Author Charles Dickens Describes Travel on an Early Railroad

Train, 1842 220
7. A Guidebook Instructs Women on the Role of Mother,
1845 221
8. A Northern Advertisement Sells “Southerner Rights Segars,”
1859 222
ESSAYS 223
Nancy F. Cott  The Market Revolution and the Changes in
Women’s Work 223
Daniel Walker Howe  The Changes Wrought by Cotton,
Transportation, and Communication 231
FURTHER READING 239

Chapter 9 Nationalism and Sectionalism 240

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 241
DOCUMENTS 241
1. A New Song Endeavors to Put Andrew Jackson
in the White House, c. 1820s 242
2. Vice President John C. Calhoun Argues That Tariffs
Disadvantage the South, 1828 243
3. A Mexican General Describes the Borderland, 1828,
1829 245
4. Senator Daniel Webster Lays Out His Nationalist Vision,
1830 247
5. President Andrew Jackson Condemns the Rights of
“Nullification” and Secession, 1832 249
6. Lieutenant-Colonel José Enrique de la Peña Defends Mexico’s
Actions Against the Texans, 1836 251
7. Michel Chevelier, a French Visitor, Marvels at the Pageantry of
Politics, 1839 252
8. Frederick Douglass Addresses Texas and Slavery While
Speaking in Ireland, 1846 253
ESSAYS 258
Sean Wilentz  The Rise of Andrew Jackson, the Annexation of
Texas, and the Perils and Possibilities of Nationalism and
Sectionalism 258
Susan-Mary Grant  Northerners Begin to See “the South” as the
Problem 267
FURTHER READING 278

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 xii CONTENTS

Chapter 10 Reform and Religion 280

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 281
DOCUMENTS 281
1. Peter Cartwright, a Methodist Itinerant Preacher, Marvels at the
Power of Religious Revivals, 1801 282
2. A Journalist Describes a City Prophet and His Attacks on
Women, 1835 283
3. Angelina Grimké Appeals to Christian Women to Oppose
Slavery, 1836 285
4. James McCune Smith Applauds the British and French for
Ending of Slavery, 1838 286
5. Reformer Dorothea Dix Depicts the Horrible Conditions
Endured by the Mentally Ill, 1843 287
6. Joseph Smith Records a Revelation on Plural Marriage, 1843 289
7. The Seneca Falls Convention Declares Women’s Rights, 1848 289
8. Former Slave Sojourner Truth Links Women’s Rights to
Antislavery, 1851 291
ESSAYS 292
Nell Irvin Painter  Religion as Inhibiting and Liberating: The
Complicated Case of Sojourner Truth 292
Caleb McDaniel  Slavery, Sex, and Transatlantic Abolitionism 298
FURTHER READING 305

Chapter 11 Commercial Development and Immigration 306

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 307
DOCUMENTS 307
1. Alexis de Tocqueville Marvels at the Mobile Northern Society,
1831 308
2. Essayist Orestes Brownson Condemns the Plight of “Wage
Slaves,” 1840 310
3. Gustof Unonius, a Swedish Immigrant, Reflects on Life in the
United States, 1841–1842 312
4. New Yorker George Templeton Strong Berates the Immigrants
in His Midst, 1838–1857 313
5. John L. O’Sullivan, a Democratic Newspaperman, Defines
“Manifest Destiny,” 1845 314
6. Commodore Matthew C. Perry Receives Instructions for His
Expedition to Japan, 1852 315
7. A Magazine Author Reflects Upon the Impact of Gold and Silver
from California and Elsewhere in the World, 1852 317
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 CONTENTS xiii

8. Irish Americans Sing About Their Struggles and Successes,

c. 1860s 318
ESSAYS 319
Sven Beckert  Concentrating Capital and Power in New York
City 320
Edward Dolnick  The Hard Quest for Quick Riches in
California 327
FURTHER READING 333

Chapter 12 Agriculture and Slavery in the South 335

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 336
DOCUMENTS 336
1. A North Carolina Law Prohibits Teaching Slaves to Read or
Write, 1831 337
2. Ferdinand L. Steel Records Daily Life as a Yeoman,
1838–1841 337
3. Cotton Planter Bennett Barrow Describes Life in Louisiana,
1838, 1839, 1841 339
4. Samuel Cartwright, a Southern Doctor, Theorizes About the
Peculiar Diseases of Slaves, 1851 342
5. A Virginia Slave Woman Articulates Her Distress to Her
Enslaved Husband, 1852 344
6. Southern Author Daniel Hundley Robinson Depicts the White
Yeoman Farmer, 1860 344
7. Harriet Jacobs Deplores Her Risks in Being a Female Slave,
1861 345
8. Southerner Mary Chestnut Describes Her Hatred of Slavery
from a White Woman’s View, 1861 346
ESSAYS 348
Anthony E. Kaye  The Neighborhoods and Intimate Lives of
Slaves 348
Susan Eva O’Donovan  How Slaves Transformed Jails 354
FURTHER READING 363

Chapter 13 Toward Civil War 364

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 365
DOCUMENTS 365
1. J. Stoddard Johnston Answers “What Is a Yankee,” 1850 366
2. Reviewers Offer Differing Opinions About Uncle Tom’s Cabin,
1852 367
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 xiv CONTENTS

3. Axalla John Hoole, a Southerner, Depicts “Bleeding Kansas,”

1856 369
4. Senator Charles Sumner Addresses the “Crime Against Kansas,”
1856 370
5. Chief Justice Roger Taney Determines the Legal Status of
Slaves, 1857 372
6. Republican William Seward Warns of an Irrepressible Conflict,
1858 374
7. James Henry Hammond Praises King Cotton, 1858 375
8. Feuille du Commerce Eulogizes John Brown, January 21,
1860 377
9. Northerner Frederick Law Olmsted Depicts the Economic
Costs of Slavery, 1861 378
ESSAYS 379
Bruce Levine  Why Northerners Voted for Abraham
Lincoln 379
Brian Schoen  How Cotton Wove Together a Secession
Coalition 386
FURTHER READING 394

Chapter 14 The Civil War 395

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 396
DOCUMENTS 396
1. A White Virginian Argues Against Secession, 1861 397
2. The Detroit Soldiers’ Aid Society President Calls on Women to
Assist the War Effort, 1861 398
3. Cherokee Declare Their Support for the Confederacy,
1861 399
4. Margaret Junkin Preston Describes Southern Suffering in Her
Diary, 1862 400
5. President Abraham Lincoln Orders the Execution of 39 Dakotas
Involved in the 1862 Minnesota War 401
6. James Henry Gooding, an African American Soldier, Pleads for
Equal Treatment, 1863 403
7. Tally Simpson, a Confederate Soldier, Recounts the Battle of
Gettysburg, 1863 404
8. Two Artistic Representation of Emancipation, 1863,
1864 406
9. Karl Marx Applauds Abraham Lincoln, 1864 407

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 CONTENTS xv

10. Liberian Secretary of State Hilary Johnson Responds to

the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, 1866 408
ESSAYS 409
Drew Gilpin Faust  The Good Death in the Civil War 409
David Williams  The Hard Freedom of the Civil War 414
FURTHER READING 422

Chapter 15 Reconstruction 423

QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT 424
DOCUMENTS 425
1. William Howard Day, an African American Minister, Salutes
the Nation and a Monument to Abraham Lincoln, 1865 425
2. A Southern Songwriter Opposes Reconstruction,
c. 1860s 427
3. Louisiana Black Codes Reinstate Provisions of the Slave Era,
1865 428
4. Congressman Thaddeus Stevens Demands a Radical
Reconstruction, 1867 429
5. Thomas Nast Depicts Contrasting Views of Reconstruction,
1866, 1869 431
6. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Questions Abolitionist Support for
Female Enfranchisement, 1868 432
7. Charlotte Forten Reflects on Teaching Among Southern
African Americans, 1863 433
8. Lucy McMillan, a Former Slave in South Carolina, Testifies
About White Violence, 1871 435
9. Francis Miles Finch Mourns and Celebrates Civil War Soldiers
from the South and North, 1867 436
ESSAYS 438
Douglas A. Blackmon  Slavery by Another Name: The
Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War
to World War II 438
Edward J. Blum  Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion,
and American Nationalism, 1865–1898 443
FURTHER READING 452

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eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional
content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface

History is a matter of interpretation. Individual scholars rescue particular stories

from the hubbub of human experience, analyze patterns, and offer arguments
about how these events reflected or reshaped human society at a given moment.
This means that other historians might select different stories, perceive different
patterns, and arrive at contrasting interpretations of the same time period or even
the same event. All scholars use evidence, but the choice and interpretation of
evidence is to some extent an expression of professional judgment. History is not
separate from historians.
The goal of Major Problems in American History is to place meat on this bare
bones description of how the study of the past “works.” Like most instructors,
we want students to learn and remember important facts, yet we also want to
make clear that historians sometimes disagree on what is important. And, even
when historians agree on which facts are noteworthy, they often disagree on
what a certain piece of evidence signifies. For example, scholars agree fifty-six
men signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, but they debate why these
colonists felt compelled to take that dramatic step—and others did not.
The two volumes that comprise this book bring together primary docu-
ments and secondary sources on the major debates in American history. The pri-
mary sources give students evidence to work with. They represent a mix of the
familiar and unfamiliar. Certain documents are a must in any compilation for a
survey course because they had a powerful, widely noted impact on American
history, such as Tom Paine’s Common Sense (1776) or President Roosevelt’s first
inaugural address (1933). We have also selected pieces that evoke the personal
experiences of individuals, such as letters, sermons, speeches, political cartoons,
poems, and memoirs. There are accounts from European explorers, pioneer wo-
men on the frontier, immigrant workers, soldiers, eyewitnesses to the terrors of
World War I, and children in rebellion against their parents during the 1960s.
These documents often show conflicting points of view, from the “bottom
up,” the “top down,” and various layers in the middle.
xvi
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eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional
content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 PREFACE xvii

The secondary sources in these volumes fulfill a different goal. They expose
students to basic historical debates about each broad period. Sometimes we focus
on classic debates, combining very recent essays with seasoned pieces by eminent
historians who set the terms of discussion for an entire generation or more.
Other times we have selected essays that do not disagree openly—but show
that young scholars are sometimes of different minds about the most revealing
“way in” to a subject. Our purpose is to make contrasts as clear as possible for
students who are just learning to distinguish interpretation from fact, and discern
argument within description. In addition, the essays often make direct reference
to the primary documents. This allows students to examine how the historian
uses primary documents—fairly, or not. The students, therefore, can debate the
use of sources and the differing historical conclusions to which they lead.
Volume I, prepared by Edward J. Blum in collaboration with Elizabeth
Cobbs, begins with the collision of cultures in the late fifteenth century and
ends in the Reconstruction of the United States. This volume examines how
new worlds were made when Europeans, western Africans, and Native Ameri-
cans interacted. It proceeds to the birth of the United States, its growth and de-
velopment, and ultimately its fracture during the Civil War. Some of the main
themes include: the making and unmaking of a society based on slavery; com-
mercial development that included the emergence of cities, interlocking net-
works of trade, and early industrialization; the push for rights and inclusion
from groups that achieved them and from groups that did not.
This book follows the same general format as other volumes in the Major
Problems in American History series. Each chapter begins with a short introduction
that orients the student. Following this, we include a section called “Questions
to Think About” to help students focus their reading of the subsequent material.
Next come eight to ten primary documents, followed by two essays that high-
light contrasting interpretations. Headnotes at the start of the document and es-
say sections help readers identify key themes and debates. These headnotes also
show how documents relate to each other, and how the essays differ in perspec-
tive. Each chapter concludes with a brief “Further Reading” section to tempt
readers into further research. In addition, at the start of the volume, we give
suggestions on how to read sources and critically analyze their content, points
of view, and implications. This introduction encourages students to draw their
own conclusions and use evidence to back up their reasoning.

New to the Fourth Edition

The fourth edition makes several changes to previous editions. We have re-
tained many documents and essays that reviewers told us worked well in their
survey courses, but each chapter has also been updated to reflect the latest scho-
larship and replace excerpts that instructors found difficult to use. The biggest
change is the shift to “America in the world.” We have attempted to include at
least one document in every chapter that reflects globalization: the ways that
the perspectives of people in other parts of the world profoundly affected the
United States. Documents and essays in the fourth edition highlight the

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the
eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional
content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xviii PREFACE

connections between American and world trends, consistent with recent initia-
tives in our profession to internationalize U.S. history.
All content is also available in MindTap, Cengage Learning’s fully online,
highly personalized learning experience. In MindTap, students will practice cri-
tical thinking skills relevant to each primary and secondary source in every chap-
ter. Learn more at [Link].

Acknowledgments
Many friends and colleagues have contributed to these volumes. In the fourth edi-
tion we particularly wish to thank John Putman and Andrew Wiese from San
Diego State University; Brian Balogh of the University of Virginia; Drew Cayton
at Miami University of Ohio; Mona Domosh of Dartmouth University; Rebecca
Goetz of Rice University; Paul Harvey of the University of Colorado, Colorado
Springs; Eric Hinderaker at University of Utah; Anthony Kaye of Penn State
University; Bruce Levine of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Phil
Morgan of Johns Hopkins; Maria Montoya of Princeton University; Bruce
Schulman of Boston University; Jason Scott Smith of the University of New
Mexico; James Stewart of Macalester College; Matthew Avery Sutton of
Washington State University; and Ben Wright of the University of Texas at
Dallas. We also wish to thank our students, who inspire and teach us.
For this edition, we received detailed and extremely helpful outside reviews
from Marc Abrams, Penn State University; Robert Bionaz, Chicago State
University; David Brodnax, Trinity Christian College; Cara Converse, Moorpark
College; Todd Estes, Oakland University; Peter Kuryla, Belmont University;
Bernard Maegi, Normandale Community College; Todd Michney, Tulane
University; Stephen Rockenbach, Virginia State University; and Robert Schultz,
Illinois Wesleyan University. Thomas G. Paterson, the editor of the Major
Problems series, provided sound advice. We are obliged to our editor at Cengage
Learning, Alison Levy, for her kind encouragement, insightful recommendations,
and help in a pinch.
The life of the mind is exceptionally fulfilling, but it is happiest when set
within the life of the family. We wish to express our deep gratitude to our
families, especially our children, to whom this book is dedicated.
E. C.
E. J. B.

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eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional
content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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 International Relations - Research Paper
First 2021 - Research Center

Prepared by: Professor Williams

Date: July 28, 2025

Background 1: Experimental procedures and results

Learning Objective 1: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Abstract 2: Interdisciplinary approaches
Example 10: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 11: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 13: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Chapter 3: Practical applications and examples
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 28: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 4: Best practices and recommendations
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 5: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 47: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 6: Fundamental concepts and principles
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 52: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 53: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 56: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 58: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Chapter 7: Interdisciplinary approaches
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Appendix 8: Interdisciplinary approaches
Example 70: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 71: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 72: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 75: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 77: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 79: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Appendix 9: Interdisciplinary approaches
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 81: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 86: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 86: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 88: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 88: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 89: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Discussion 10: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 90: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 92: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 94: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 97: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 97: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 99: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 11: Research findings and conclusions
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 101: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 102: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 106: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 108: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 109: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 12: Historical development and evolution
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 113: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 115: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 116: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 116: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
References 13: Historical development and evolution
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 122: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 123: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 125: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 126: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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